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Fighting Epidemics and Approaches to Vaccination in Judaism: The Case of Covid-19

Year 2021, , 181 - 205, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1019240

Abstract

The Covid-19 epidemic that broke out in China at the end of 2019 has spread worldwide in early 2020. In the struggle with pandemia, many countries imposed quarantines on carriers of the disease and even on entire civilian populations. At the end of 2020, Covid 19 vaccines have been started to administer worldwide. These developments have led to the emergence of discussions about the methods to be followed in the fight against the disease and the vaccines approved in a short time in Jewish communities as well as all over the world. This study offers religious approaches in Judaism to preserve the public’s health in general, particularly in the presence of the Covid-19 epidemic. Hereof, the preservation of health and the sanctity of human life have taken place as a basic tenet in Jewish thought from the Tanakh period to the present day. Since the time of the Tanakh, Judaism has viewed the maintenance of health as a religious tenet. For centuries, rabbis have considered it necessary to isolate the diseased person and other individuals who are at the risk of catching the disease, as is the case in the coronavirus epidemic that the world is experiencing now. They have issued orders for the suspension of religious observances to prevent the spread of disease. In addition, they have accepted a religious obligation to comply with health authorities’ recommendations against epidemics and be vaccinated by their recommendations. Nevertheless, although they are few, there are groups within Judaism who are opposed to the methods and practices in question.

References

  • Açıklamalı Kutsal Kitap. İstanbul: Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2010.
  • Blas, Elisheva. “One Measly Change: An Unorthodox Approach to Addressing Ultra-Orthodox Measles Outbreak”. Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences Capstones 5 (2019): 75.
  • Bleich, J. David. “Survey of Recent Halakhic Periodical Literature”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 48/2/3 (2015): 41-64.
  • Bush, Asher. “Vaccination in Halakhah and in Practice in the Orthodox Jewish Community”. Hakirah 13 (2012): 185-212.
  • Carmody, Ellie R. v.dğr. “Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Covid-19 and Vaccines Among a New York Haredi-Orthodox Jewish Community”. Journal of Community Health 46 (2021): 1161-1169.
  • Israel National News. “Coronavirus Pandemic: Hasidic Groups Ban Unvaccinated, Not Recovered from Synagogues”. Erişim: 22.10.2021, https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/312695.
  • Colby. “Covid-19 Vaccine Guidance”. Erişim: 20.10.2021, https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/files/2020/12/OU-RCA-Vaccine-Guidance.pdf.
  • Dorff, Elliot N. Matters of Life and Death: A Jewish Approach to Modern Medical Ethics. Illinois: Varda Books, 2004.
  • Eiger, Akiva v.dğr. Sefer Igrot Sofrim: Mikhteve Ḳodesh Mi-Geʼone ha-Dor. Viyana, 1929.
  • Friedman, Menachem. “The Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) Society-Sources, Trends and Processes”. The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies Research Series 41 (1991): 1-8.
  • Gilad, Elon. “How Judaism Handled Epidemics Down the Ages”. Haaretz, erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/.premium-coronavirus-epidemic-history-jewish-1.8724141.
  • Golinkin, Rabbi David. “Does Halakhah Require Vaccination Against Dangerous Diseases Such as Measles, Rubella, Polio and Covid-19?”. The Schechter Institutes, erişim: 25.10.2021, https://schechter.edu/does-halakhah-require-vaccination/.
  • Golinkin, Rabbi David. “Ten Brief Responsa/Halakhic Reactions to the Corona Crisis”. Corona Guidance: Religious Norms for Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic, erişim: 21.10.2021, https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/2020/04/02/golinkin-ten-responsa/.
  • Greenberg, Rabbi Yitz. “Coronavirus Is A Wake Up Call For Ultra-Orthodox Jews”. Jewish Journal, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/314354/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-for-ultra-orthodox-jews/.
  • Grossman, Sharon Galper & Shamai Grossman. “Halakha Approaches the COVID-19 Vaccine”. Tradition Online, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://traditiononline.org/halakha-approaches-the-covid-19-vaccine/.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. 6. bs., İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2017.
  • Halbfinger, David M. “Virus Soars Among Ultra-Orthodox Jews as Many Flout Israel’s Rules”. The New York Times, erişim: 20.10.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/middleeast/coronavirus-israel-cases-orthodox.html.
  • Haleem, Abid v.dğr. “Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic in Daily Life”. Current Medicine Research and Practice 10/2 (2020): 78-79.
  • Hamburg, Ha-Rav Abraham. Ale Terufa -עלה תרופה. Jerusalem, 1818.
  • Hanau, Shira. “Hundreds Pack Brooklyn Study Hall and Street for Hasidic Rabbi’s Funeral”. The Times of Israel, 08.03.2021, https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-pack-brooklyn-study-hall-and-street-for-hasidic-rabbis-funeral/.
  • Hanau, Shira. “Major Orthodox Rabbis in Israel Say Everyone 12 and up Should Be Vaccinated”. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/major-orthodox-rabbis-in-israel-say-everyone-12-and-up-should-be-vaccinated.
  • Heller, Rabbi Joshua. Counting a Minyan via Video Conference. Erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/heller%20-%20zoom%20minyan.pdf.
  • Henderson, Lesley v.dğr. “Perceptions of Childhood Immunization in a Minority Community: Qualitative Study”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 101/5 (01 Mayıs 2008): 244-251, https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2008.070363.
  • Hermann, Tamar & Or Anabi. “Haredim Trust Rabbis More Than the Health Ministry on COVID-19”. The Israel Democracy Institute, erişim: 26.10.2021, https://en.idi.org.il/articles/32950.
  • Horowitz, Yehoshua. “Hillel”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik & Michael Berenbaum, New York: Thomson Gale, 2007, 9: 108-100.
  • Ilan, Shahar. “Eli Paley Interviewed in Calcalist, January 28, 2021”. The Haredi Institute for Public Affairs, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://machon.org.il/en/eli-paley-interviewed-in-calcalist/.
  • Jacobs, Louis & David Devoran. “Hermeneutics”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik & Michael Berenbaum, New York: Thomson Gale, 2007, c. 9.
  • Kader, Çiğdem. “Aşı Karşıtlığı: Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Aşı Reddi”. Eskişehir Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Halk Sağlığı Dergisi 4/3 (2019): 377-388, https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.590304.
  • Kingsley, Patrick. “How Many Funerals Will Come Out of This One?”. The New York Times, erişim: 20.11.2021, nytimes.com/interactive/2021/02/17/world/middleeast/israel-orthodox-jews-haredim.html.
  • Lipstchitz, Yisrael. Tiferet Yisrael. Çev. Sefaria Community, Vilna, 1913.
  • Magid, Shaul. “COVID-19, Haredi Jewry, and ‘Magical’ Thinking”. Tablet, erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/covid-haredi-magical-thinking.
  • Malach, Gilad & Lee Cahaner. “2019 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel: Highlights”. The Israel Democracy Institute, erişim: 26.10.2021, https://en.idi.org.il/articles/29348.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudi Kaynakları Işığında Yahudilik. İstanbul: Milel ve Nihal Yayınları, 2021.
  • Moelin, Yaakov Levi. Şe’elot u-Teşuvot Maharil. Krakow, 1881.
  • Muhsen, Khitam v.dğr. “Risk Factors of Underutilization of Childhood Immunizations in Ultraorthodox Jewish Communities in Israel Despite High Access to Health Care Services”. Vaccine 30/12 (2012): 2109-2115.
  • Nachshoni, Kobi. “Rabbi Kanievsky, a Second Before the Instruction About Holding Studies for Haredim: ‘I Haven’t Heard About Any Pandemic’”. Ynet, erişim: 20.11.2021, https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5698287,00.html.
  • Neuschloss, Andrej Simcha. Rabbi Akiba Eger: His Life and Times. Philadelphia: The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1956.
  • Pirutinsky, Steven v.dğr. “COVID‑19, Mental Health, and Religious Coping Among American Orthodox Jews”. Journal of Religion and Health 59/5 (2020): 2288-2301.
  • Popper-Giveon, Ariela & Yael Keshet. “Non-Vaccination Stage Model (NVST): The Decision-Making Process Among Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Parents”. Health, Mayıs 2021, 1-16.
  • RAA Igud HaRabbonim. “Rav Yitzchak Yosef: Coronavirus and Cellphones on Shabbos”. Erişim: 20.10.2021, https://rabbinicalalliance.org/2020/03/18/rav-yitzchak-yosef-coronavirus-and-cellphones-on-shabbos/.
  • Reichman, Edward. “Halachic Aspects of Vaccinations”. Jewish Action 69/2 (2008): 10-14.
  • Reinherz, Adam. “Rabbi’s Pandemic Edicts Save Lives — During the Cholera Crisis of 1831”. Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle, erişim: 30.10.2021, https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/rabbis-pandemic-edicts-save-lives-during-the-cholera-crisis-of-1831/.
  • Riedel, Stefan. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination”. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) 18/1 (2005): 21-25.
  • Ruderman, David B. “Some Jewish Responses to Smallpox Prevention in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A New Perspective on the Modernization of European Jewry”. Aleph 2 (2002): 111-144.
  • Schternbach, A. & Y. Eli. “Riots in Mea Shearim: A Girl Was Hurt by a Stun Grenade Thrown by a Policeman.” Channel 13 News, erişim: 20.11.2021, https://13news.co.il/item/news/ domestic/crime-law/crime/jerusalem-corona-1046659/.
  • Shtern, Marik & Hani Vayzer. Keeping Our (social) Distance? The Coronavirus Pandemic and the Relationships Between the Various Groups in Jerusalem. Çev. Gilah Kahn-Hoffman, Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research, 2021.
  • Staff, Toi. “Around Half of Israelis Hospitalized with Coronavirus Are Ultra-Orthodox – Tv”. The Times of Israel, erişim: 20.10.2021, https://www.timesofisrael.com/around-half-of-israelis-hospitalized-with-coronavirus-are-ultra-orthodox-tv/.
  • Steinberg, Rabbi Avraham. “The Coronavirus Pandemic: Historical, Medical, and Halakhic Perspectives”. Corona Guidance: Religious Norms for Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic, erişim: 15.10.2021, https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/files/2020/06/Coronavirus-pandemic_historical-medical-and-halakhic-perspectives_2nd-edition_Steinberg.pdf.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. “Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlıkta Tıp”. Sağlık Düşüncesi ve Tıp Kültürü 41 (2016-2017): 36-41.
  • Trencher, Mark L. “The Orthodox Jewish Community and the Coronavirus: Halacha Grapples with the Pandemic”. Contemporary Jewry 41 (2021): 123-139.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & Food and Drug Administration. Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 Guidance for Industry. USA: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 2020.
  • Central Conference of American Rabbis. “Virtual Minyan in Time of COVID-19 Emergency”. Erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-responsa/5780-2/.
  • Walzer, Michael v.dğr. The Jewish Political Tradition. 4 cilt, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Williams, Dan & Maayan Lubell. “More than half Israelis receive both COVID-19 vaccine doses”. Reuters, erişim: 27.10.2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-israel-vaccine-idUSKBN2BH0HO.

Yahudilikte Salgın Hastalıklarla Mücadele ve Aşılanmaya Karşı Yaklaşımlar: Covid-19 Örneği

Year 2021, , 181 - 205, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1019240

Abstract

2019 yılının sonunda Çin’de ortaya çıkan Covid-19 salgını 2020 yılının başlarında tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır. Hastalığın yayılmasıyla mücadelede pek çok ülke, hastalığı taşıyanlara ve hatta tüm nüfusa karantina uygulaması başlatmıştır. 2020 yılının sonunda ise Covid-19 aşılarının üretimine başlanmıştır. Bu gelişmeler tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Yahudi cemaatlerinde de gerek hastalıkla mücadelede izlenmesi gereken yöntemler gerekse kısa sürede onay alan aşılar hakkında tartışmaların ortaya çıkmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu makalede, Yahudilikte genel olarak salgın hastalıklar ve özelde Covid-19 salgını karşısında insan hayatını korumaya yönelik dinî yaklaşımlar sunulmaktadır. Buna göre, Tanah döneminden itibaren günümüze değin Yahudi düşüncesinde, sağlığın korunması ve insan hayatının kutsallığı temel bir ilke olarak yer almıştır. Yahudi hahamlar yüzyıllardır, günümüzde yaşanan koronavirüs salgınında olduğu gibi, hastayı ve hastalığa yakalanma riski olan diğer kişileri izole etmeyi gerekli görmüşlerdir. Hastalığın yayılmasını önlemek için dinî ayinlerin askıya alınmasına yönelik talimatlar vermişlerdir. Ayrıca salgın hastalıklara karşı sağlık alanındaki yetkililerin uyarılarına uymayı ve bu doğrultuda onların tavsiyeleri gereğince aşı olmayı dinî bir yükümlülük kabul etmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte Yahudilik içinde azınlık olmakla birlikte söz konusu yöntem ve uygulamalara muhalif grupların bulunduğu da görülmektedir.

References

  • Açıklamalı Kutsal Kitap. İstanbul: Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2010.
  • Blas, Elisheva. “One Measly Change: An Unorthodox Approach to Addressing Ultra-Orthodox Measles Outbreak”. Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences Capstones 5 (2019): 75.
  • Bleich, J. David. “Survey of Recent Halakhic Periodical Literature”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 48/2/3 (2015): 41-64.
  • Bush, Asher. “Vaccination in Halakhah and in Practice in the Orthodox Jewish Community”. Hakirah 13 (2012): 185-212.
  • Carmody, Ellie R. v.dğr. “Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Covid-19 and Vaccines Among a New York Haredi-Orthodox Jewish Community”. Journal of Community Health 46 (2021): 1161-1169.
  • Israel National News. “Coronavirus Pandemic: Hasidic Groups Ban Unvaccinated, Not Recovered from Synagogues”. Erişim: 22.10.2021, https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/312695.
  • Colby. “Covid-19 Vaccine Guidance”. Erişim: 20.10.2021, https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/files/2020/12/OU-RCA-Vaccine-Guidance.pdf.
  • Dorff, Elliot N. Matters of Life and Death: A Jewish Approach to Modern Medical Ethics. Illinois: Varda Books, 2004.
  • Eiger, Akiva v.dğr. Sefer Igrot Sofrim: Mikhteve Ḳodesh Mi-Geʼone ha-Dor. Viyana, 1929.
  • Friedman, Menachem. “The Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) Society-Sources, Trends and Processes”. The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies Research Series 41 (1991): 1-8.
  • Gilad, Elon. “How Judaism Handled Epidemics Down the Ages”. Haaretz, erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/.premium-coronavirus-epidemic-history-jewish-1.8724141.
  • Golinkin, Rabbi David. “Does Halakhah Require Vaccination Against Dangerous Diseases Such as Measles, Rubella, Polio and Covid-19?”. The Schechter Institutes, erişim: 25.10.2021, https://schechter.edu/does-halakhah-require-vaccination/.
  • Golinkin, Rabbi David. “Ten Brief Responsa/Halakhic Reactions to the Corona Crisis”. Corona Guidance: Religious Norms for Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic, erişim: 21.10.2021, https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/2020/04/02/golinkin-ten-responsa/.
  • Greenberg, Rabbi Yitz. “Coronavirus Is A Wake Up Call For Ultra-Orthodox Jews”. Jewish Journal, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/314354/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-for-ultra-orthodox-jews/.
  • Grossman, Sharon Galper & Shamai Grossman. “Halakha Approaches the COVID-19 Vaccine”. Tradition Online, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://traditiononline.org/halakha-approaches-the-covid-19-vaccine/.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. 6. bs., İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2017.
  • Halbfinger, David M. “Virus Soars Among Ultra-Orthodox Jews as Many Flout Israel’s Rules”. The New York Times, erişim: 20.10.2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/middleeast/coronavirus-israel-cases-orthodox.html.
  • Haleem, Abid v.dğr. “Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic in Daily Life”. Current Medicine Research and Practice 10/2 (2020): 78-79.
  • Hamburg, Ha-Rav Abraham. Ale Terufa -עלה תרופה. Jerusalem, 1818.
  • Hanau, Shira. “Hundreds Pack Brooklyn Study Hall and Street for Hasidic Rabbi’s Funeral”. The Times of Israel, 08.03.2021, https://www.timesofisrael.com/hundreds-pack-brooklyn-study-hall-and-street-for-hasidic-rabbis-funeral/.
  • Hanau, Shira. “Major Orthodox Rabbis in Israel Say Everyone 12 and up Should Be Vaccinated”. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/major-orthodox-rabbis-in-israel-say-everyone-12-and-up-should-be-vaccinated.
  • Heller, Rabbi Joshua. Counting a Minyan via Video Conference. Erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/heller%20-%20zoom%20minyan.pdf.
  • Henderson, Lesley v.dğr. “Perceptions of Childhood Immunization in a Minority Community: Qualitative Study”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 101/5 (01 Mayıs 2008): 244-251, https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2008.070363.
  • Hermann, Tamar & Or Anabi. “Haredim Trust Rabbis More Than the Health Ministry on COVID-19”. The Israel Democracy Institute, erişim: 26.10.2021, https://en.idi.org.il/articles/32950.
  • Horowitz, Yehoshua. “Hillel”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik & Michael Berenbaum, New York: Thomson Gale, 2007, 9: 108-100.
  • Ilan, Shahar. “Eli Paley Interviewed in Calcalist, January 28, 2021”. The Haredi Institute for Public Affairs, erişim: 22.10.2021, https://machon.org.il/en/eli-paley-interviewed-in-calcalist/.
  • Jacobs, Louis & David Devoran. “Hermeneutics”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik & Michael Berenbaum, New York: Thomson Gale, 2007, c. 9.
  • Kader, Çiğdem. “Aşı Karşıtlığı: Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Aşı Reddi”. Eskişehir Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Halk Sağlığı Dergisi 4/3 (2019): 377-388, https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.590304.
  • Kingsley, Patrick. “How Many Funerals Will Come Out of This One?”. The New York Times, erişim: 20.11.2021, nytimes.com/interactive/2021/02/17/world/middleeast/israel-orthodox-jews-haredim.html.
  • Lipstchitz, Yisrael. Tiferet Yisrael. Çev. Sefaria Community, Vilna, 1913.
  • Magid, Shaul. “COVID-19, Haredi Jewry, and ‘Magical’ Thinking”. Tablet, erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/covid-haredi-magical-thinking.
  • Malach, Gilad & Lee Cahaner. “2019 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel: Highlights”. The Israel Democracy Institute, erişim: 26.10.2021, https://en.idi.org.il/articles/29348.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudi Kaynakları Işığında Yahudilik. İstanbul: Milel ve Nihal Yayınları, 2021.
  • Moelin, Yaakov Levi. Şe’elot u-Teşuvot Maharil. Krakow, 1881.
  • Muhsen, Khitam v.dğr. “Risk Factors of Underutilization of Childhood Immunizations in Ultraorthodox Jewish Communities in Israel Despite High Access to Health Care Services”. Vaccine 30/12 (2012): 2109-2115.
  • Nachshoni, Kobi. “Rabbi Kanievsky, a Second Before the Instruction About Holding Studies for Haredim: ‘I Haven’t Heard About Any Pandemic’”. Ynet, erişim: 20.11.2021, https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5698287,00.html.
  • Neuschloss, Andrej Simcha. Rabbi Akiba Eger: His Life and Times. Philadelphia: The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1956.
  • Pirutinsky, Steven v.dğr. “COVID‑19, Mental Health, and Religious Coping Among American Orthodox Jews”. Journal of Religion and Health 59/5 (2020): 2288-2301.
  • Popper-Giveon, Ariela & Yael Keshet. “Non-Vaccination Stage Model (NVST): The Decision-Making Process Among Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Parents”. Health, Mayıs 2021, 1-16.
  • RAA Igud HaRabbonim. “Rav Yitzchak Yosef: Coronavirus and Cellphones on Shabbos”. Erişim: 20.10.2021, https://rabbinicalalliance.org/2020/03/18/rav-yitzchak-yosef-coronavirus-and-cellphones-on-shabbos/.
  • Reichman, Edward. “Halachic Aspects of Vaccinations”. Jewish Action 69/2 (2008): 10-14.
  • Reinherz, Adam. “Rabbi’s Pandemic Edicts Save Lives — During the Cholera Crisis of 1831”. Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle, erişim: 30.10.2021, https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/rabbis-pandemic-edicts-save-lives-during-the-cholera-crisis-of-1831/.
  • Riedel, Stefan. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination”. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) 18/1 (2005): 21-25.
  • Ruderman, David B. “Some Jewish Responses to Smallpox Prevention in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: A New Perspective on the Modernization of European Jewry”. Aleph 2 (2002): 111-144.
  • Schternbach, A. & Y. Eli. “Riots in Mea Shearim: A Girl Was Hurt by a Stun Grenade Thrown by a Policeman.” Channel 13 News, erişim: 20.11.2021, https://13news.co.il/item/news/ domestic/crime-law/crime/jerusalem-corona-1046659/.
  • Shtern, Marik & Hani Vayzer. Keeping Our (social) Distance? The Coronavirus Pandemic and the Relationships Between the Various Groups in Jerusalem. Çev. Gilah Kahn-Hoffman, Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research, 2021.
  • Staff, Toi. “Around Half of Israelis Hospitalized with Coronavirus Are Ultra-Orthodox – Tv”. The Times of Israel, erişim: 20.10.2021, https://www.timesofisrael.com/around-half-of-israelis-hospitalized-with-coronavirus-are-ultra-orthodox-tv/.
  • Steinberg, Rabbi Avraham. “The Coronavirus Pandemic: Historical, Medical, and Halakhic Perspectives”. Corona Guidance: Religious Norms for Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic, erişim: 15.10.2021, https://web.colby.edu/coronaguidance/files/2020/06/Coronavirus-pandemic_historical-medical-and-halakhic-perspectives_2nd-edition_Steinberg.pdf.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. “Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlıkta Tıp”. Sağlık Düşüncesi ve Tıp Kültürü 41 (2016-2017): 36-41.
  • Trencher, Mark L. “The Orthodox Jewish Community and the Coronavirus: Halacha Grapples with the Pandemic”. Contemporary Jewry 41 (2021): 123-139.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & Food and Drug Administration. Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 Guidance for Industry. USA: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 2020.
  • Central Conference of American Rabbis. “Virtual Minyan in Time of COVID-19 Emergency”. Erişim: 21.10.2021, https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-responsa/5780-2/.
  • Walzer, Michael v.dğr. The Jewish Political Tradition. 4 cilt, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Williams, Dan & Maayan Lubell. “More than half Israelis receive both COVID-19 vaccine doses”. Reuters, erişim: 27.10.2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-israel-vaccine-idUSKBN2BH0HO.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sema Nur Uzun 0000-0003-0866-3768

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date November 4, 2021
Acceptance Date December 13, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

ISNAD Uzun, Sema Nur. “Yahudilikte Salgın Hastalıklarla Mücadele Ve Aşılanmaya Karşı Yaklaşımlar: Covid-19 Örneği”. Oksident 3/2 (December 2021), 181-205. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1019240.