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Havari Yudas Tomas’ın İnci İlahisi’nde Gnostik Düalizm

Year 2023, , 109 - 137, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1371443

Abstract

Apokrif “Tomas’ın İşleri” kitabında “Hintliler ülkesinde havari Yudas Tomas’ın ilahisi” başlıklı bir metin öteden beri Gnostisizm araştırmaları açısından dikkat çekici olmuştur. İçinde yer aldığı kitabın genel anlatısından bağımsız bir içerik taşıyan bu metin, ilahi tarzıyla ve Gnostisizmin birçok karakteristik özelliğini hatırlatan içeriğiyle tartışılmaktadır. Çeşitli araştırıcılar, her ne kadar metin içinde yer aldığı kitabın genel temasından bağımsız bir görünüm arz etse de bu ilahinin Hıristiyan teolojisi ve kurtuluş öğretisi bağlamında bir anlam yükü taşıdığı kanaatindedirler. Diğer taraftan birçok Gnostisizm araştırıcısı ise bu ilahinin erken dönem Gnostisizmini yansıtan önemli bir metin olduğu düşüncesindedir. İçeriğinden hareketle “İnci İlahisi” ya da “Ruh ilahisi” ismiyle adlandırılan metnin kökenine, ait olduğu kültür dünyasına ve muhtevasında yer alan temaların karakteristik özelliklerine yönelik olarak da çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışma, genelde “İnci İlahisi” adıyla meşhur olan bu metni Gnostisizmin karakteristik özelliklerinden birisi olan Gnostik düalizmin var olup olmadığı sorunundan hareketle ele alacak ve özellikle Sabii literatüründeki Gnostik öğretilere paralelliğine dikkat çekecektir. İnci İlahisi’nin, süflî alemde tutsak olan incinin kurtarılması temasına dayalı olarak erken dönem Hıristiyan Gnostisizmi bünyesinde Gnostik düalizmi ve kurtuluş öğretisini esas alan bir metin olduğu bu çalışmanın ana tezini oluşturmaktadır.

References

  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Işığın Elçisi Mani ve Gnostik Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Divan, 2018.
  • Asmussen, Jes Peter. Manichaean Literature. New York: Scholars’ Facsmiles & Reprints, 1975.
  • Bremmer, Jan N. “The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date and Women”. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, ed. Jan N. Bremmer, Leuven: Peeters 2001.
  • Burch, Vacher. “A Commentary of the “Syriac Hymn of the Soul””. The Journal of Theological Studies 19:74/75 (1918): 145-161.
  • Church, Forrester F. & Gedaliahu G. Stroumsa. “Mani’s Disciple Thomas and the Psalms of Thomas”. Vigiliae Christianae 34/1 (1980): 47-55.
  • Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis. The Armenian Apology and Acts of Apollonius and Other Monuments of Early Christianity. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1896.
  • Drijvers, Han J. W. Bardaisan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp., 1966.
  • Drijvers, Han J. W. “Pagan Cults in Christian Syria”. East of Byzantium. Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, ed. N. G. Garsoian, v.d., Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.
  • Drower, Ethel Stefana & Rudolf Macuch. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
  • Ellioth, James Keith. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
  • Eusebius, “Church History”. Erişim: 04.10.2023, http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm.
  • Garbe, Richard. “St. Thomas in India”. The Monist 25/1 (2015): 1-27.
  • Gardner, Iain & Samuel N. C. Lieu. (ed.), Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Grant, Robert M. Gnosticism and Early Christianity. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1961.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Edessa/Ufra Hıristiyanlığının Apostolik Dayanağı: Tomasçı Gelenek”. Din, İnanç ve Ritüel: Ekrem Sarıkçıoğlu’na Armağan, ed. Mahmut Aydın & Şinasi Gündüz, İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2022.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Sabiiler Son Gnostikler. Ankara: Vadi, 1995.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Pavlus Teolojisinde Gnostik Unsurlar”. Dinî Araştırmalar 2/6 (2000): 51-76.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Bardaysan”. Felsefe Ansiklopedisi, ed. A. Cevizci, İstanbul: Etik Yayınları 2004, 2: 110-113.
  • James, Montague R. The Apocryphal New Testament. Londra: Oxford University Press, 1924.
  • Jonas, Hans. The Gnostic Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1958.
  • Klijn, Albertus F.J. The Acts of Thomas. Introduction, Text, and Commentary, Second Revised Edition, Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • Klijn, Albertus F.J. “The Acts of Thomas Revisited”. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, ed. Jan N. Bremmer, Leuven: Peeters, 2001.
  • Klijn, Albertus F.J. “The So-called Hymn of the Pearl (Acts of Thomas, 108-113)”. Vigiliae Christianae 14/3 (1960): 154-164.
  • Layton, Bentley (çev.), “The Hypostasis of the Archons”. The Nag Hammadi Library in English, ed. J. M. Robinson, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988.
  • Layton, Bentley & David Brakke. The Gnostic Scriptures. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021.
  • Lidzbarski, Mark. Das Johannesbuch der Mandaer. Giessen: Töpelmann, 1915.
  • Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in the Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.
  • Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. “The Hymn of Jude Thomas, the Apostle, in the Country of the Indians (ATh 108-113)”. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, ed. Jan N. Bremmer, Leuven: Peeters, 2001, 101-114.
  • Mead, George R. S. The Hymn of the Robe of Glory. Londra: The Theosophical Publishing Society, 1908.
  • Niehoff-Panagiotidis, Jannis. “The Hymn of the Pearl and the Chaldaean Oracles, or About the Borders Between Platonism and Gnosticism”. Egitto e Vicino Oriente 42 (2019): 103-118.
  • Quispel, Gilles. “Gnosticism and the New Testament”, Gnostic Studies I, ed. G. Quispel, İstanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten, 1974, 196-212.
  • Quispel, Gilles. “Gnosis and the New Sayings of Jesus”, Gnostic Studies II, ed. G. Quispel, İstanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten, 1975, 180-209.
  • Rudolph, Kurt. Gnosis: The Nature and History of an Ancient Religion. çev. & ed. R. Mc. L. Wilson, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1983.
  • al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash & Hamed Mughashghash al-Saadi (çev.). Ginza Rabba, The Great Treasure: An Equivalent Translation of the Mandaean Holy Book. Second edition, Drabsha, 2019.
  • Tubach, Jürgen. “The Four World Empires in the Hymn of the Pearl”. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 56/1-4 (2004): 145-154.
  • Welch, John W. & James V. Garrison. “The Hymn of the Pearl: An Ancient Counterpart to “O My Father””. Brigham Young University Studies 36/1 (1996-1997): 127-138.
  • Yamauchi, Edwin M. Pre-Christian Gnosticism. A Survey of the Proposed Evidences. Londra: Tyndale Press, 1973.

Gnostic Dualism in the Hymn of the Pearl of Judas Thomas, the Apostle

Year 2023, , 109 - 137, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1371443

Abstract

A text entitled "The Hymn of Judas Thomas the Apostle in the country of the Indians" in the apocryphal "The Acts of Thomas" has long been noticeable for the study of Gnosticism. This text, which has a content independent of the general narrative of the book in which it appears, has been discussed for its hymn-like structure and content that recalls many characteristic features of Gnosticism. Various scholars are of the opinion that this hymn carries a burden of meaning in the context of Christian theology and doctrine of salvation, even though it is independent of the general theme of the book in which it appears. On the other hand, many scholars of Gnosticism believe that this hymn is an important text reflecting early Gnosticism. Various opinions have been put forward regarding the origin of the text, which is called “the Hymn of the Pearl" or “the Hymn of the Soul" based on its content, the cultural world to which it belongs, and the characteristics of the themes in its content. This study will examine the text, generally known as the "the Hymn of the Pearl", with reference to the question of whether Gnostic dualism, one of the characteristic features of Gnosticism exists, and will draw attention to its parallelism with the Gnostic doctrines in the Mandaean literature. The main thesis of this study is that the Hymn of the Pearl of which main theme is the salvation of the pearl, that is captive in the world of darkness, is a text within early Christian Gnosticism based on Gnostic dualism and the doctrine of salvation.

References

  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Işığın Elçisi Mani ve Gnostik Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Divan, 2018.
  • Asmussen, Jes Peter. Manichaean Literature. New York: Scholars’ Facsmiles & Reprints, 1975.
  • Bremmer, Jan N. “The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date and Women”. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, ed. Jan N. Bremmer, Leuven: Peeters 2001.
  • Burch, Vacher. “A Commentary of the “Syriac Hymn of the Soul””. The Journal of Theological Studies 19:74/75 (1918): 145-161.
  • Church, Forrester F. & Gedaliahu G. Stroumsa. “Mani’s Disciple Thomas and the Psalms of Thomas”. Vigiliae Christianae 34/1 (1980): 47-55.
  • Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis. The Armenian Apology and Acts of Apollonius and Other Monuments of Early Christianity. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1896.
  • Drijvers, Han J. W. Bardaisan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp., 1966.
  • Drijvers, Han J. W. “Pagan Cults in Christian Syria”. East of Byzantium. Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, ed. N. G. Garsoian, v.d., Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.
  • Drower, Ethel Stefana & Rudolf Macuch. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
  • Ellioth, James Keith. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
  • Eusebius, “Church History”. Erişim: 04.10.2023, http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm.
  • Garbe, Richard. “St. Thomas in India”. The Monist 25/1 (2015): 1-27.
  • Gardner, Iain & Samuel N. C. Lieu. (ed.), Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Grant, Robert M. Gnosticism and Early Christianity. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1961.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Edessa/Ufra Hıristiyanlığının Apostolik Dayanağı: Tomasçı Gelenek”. Din, İnanç ve Ritüel: Ekrem Sarıkçıoğlu’na Armağan, ed. Mahmut Aydın & Şinasi Gündüz, İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2022.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Sabiiler Son Gnostikler. Ankara: Vadi, 1995.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Pavlus Teolojisinde Gnostik Unsurlar”. Dinî Araştırmalar 2/6 (2000): 51-76.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. “Bardaysan”. Felsefe Ansiklopedisi, ed. A. Cevizci, İstanbul: Etik Yayınları 2004, 2: 110-113.
  • James, Montague R. The Apocryphal New Testament. Londra: Oxford University Press, 1924.
  • Jonas, Hans. The Gnostic Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1958.
  • Klijn, Albertus F.J. The Acts of Thomas. Introduction, Text, and Commentary, Second Revised Edition, Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • Klijn, Albertus F.J. “The Acts of Thomas Revisited”. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, ed. Jan N. Bremmer, Leuven: Peeters, 2001.
  • Klijn, Albertus F.J. “The So-called Hymn of the Pearl (Acts of Thomas, 108-113)”. Vigiliae Christianae 14/3 (1960): 154-164.
  • Layton, Bentley (çev.), “The Hypostasis of the Archons”. The Nag Hammadi Library in English, ed. J. M. Robinson, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988.
  • Layton, Bentley & David Brakke. The Gnostic Scriptures. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021.
  • Lidzbarski, Mark. Das Johannesbuch der Mandaer. Giessen: Töpelmann, 1915.
  • Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in the Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.
  • Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. “The Hymn of Jude Thomas, the Apostle, in the Country of the Indians (ATh 108-113)”. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas, ed. Jan N. Bremmer, Leuven: Peeters, 2001, 101-114.
  • Mead, George R. S. The Hymn of the Robe of Glory. Londra: The Theosophical Publishing Society, 1908.
  • Niehoff-Panagiotidis, Jannis. “The Hymn of the Pearl and the Chaldaean Oracles, or About the Borders Between Platonism and Gnosticism”. Egitto e Vicino Oriente 42 (2019): 103-118.
  • Quispel, Gilles. “Gnosticism and the New Testament”, Gnostic Studies I, ed. G. Quispel, İstanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten, 1974, 196-212.
  • Quispel, Gilles. “Gnosis and the New Sayings of Jesus”, Gnostic Studies II, ed. G. Quispel, İstanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten, 1975, 180-209.
  • Rudolph, Kurt. Gnosis: The Nature and History of an Ancient Religion. çev. & ed. R. Mc. L. Wilson, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1983.
  • al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash & Hamed Mughashghash al-Saadi (çev.). Ginza Rabba, The Great Treasure: An Equivalent Translation of the Mandaean Holy Book. Second edition, Drabsha, 2019.
  • Tubach, Jürgen. “The Four World Empires in the Hymn of the Pearl”. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 56/1-4 (2004): 145-154.
  • Welch, John W. & James V. Garrison. “The Hymn of the Pearl: An Ancient Counterpart to “O My Father””. Brigham Young University Studies 36/1 (1996-1997): 127-138.
  • Yamauchi, Edwin M. Pre-Christian Gnosticism. A Survey of the Proposed Evidences. Londra: Tyndale Press, 1973.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion, Christian Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şinasi Gündüz 0000-0003-3393-7302

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 4, 2023
Acceptance Date November 21, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

ISNAD Gündüz, Şinasi. “Havari Yudas Tomas’ın İnci İlahisi’nde Gnostik Düalizm”. Oksident 5/2 (December 2023), 109-137. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1371443.