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19. Yüzyıl Aşkenaz Yahudilerinin Monoteist Reformu İçin Bir Model Olarak Hz. Muhammed

Year 2020, , 93 - 122, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3911811

Abstract

Makalenin İngilizce orijinal versiyonunda özet bulunmamaktadır. Makalenin ilk paragrafı şöyledir: 

21 Ocak 1821’de Heinrich Heine, arkadaşı Moses Moser’a yazdığı bir mektupta hiçbir şairin [Hz.] Muhammed’i gölgede bırakamadığını ifade etmişti: “İtiraf etmem gerekir ki sen (Muhammed), Mekke’nin büyük peygamberi, en büyük şairsin ve senin Kur’an’ın kolay kolay hafızamdan çıkmayacak.” Heine, [Hz.] Muhammed’e hem peygamber hem de şair olarak hayran olan birçok şairden biriydi. Şüphesiz, Goethe için olduğu gibi Heine için de İslâm peygamberi, peygamber ile şair arasındaki çizginin ne kadar ince olduğunu göstermişti. Heine, [Hz.] Muhammed’in başta Yahudiler olmak üzere diğer dinlere gösterdiği hoşgörüye hayran kalmıştı. 19. yüzyılın birçok Yahudi yazarı için [Hz.] Muhammed ve daha genel olarak Orta Çağ İslâm’ı, Hıristiyanlığa karşı bir set vazifesi görmüştü. Wissenschaft des Judentums hareketine katılan Yahudi oryantalistler [Hz.] Muhammed’e ve erken dönem İslâm tarihine özel ilgi göstermişler, sık sık [Hz.] Peygamber’i hakiki Yahudilik ruhuna yakın bir reformcu olarak tasvir etmişlerdir. 

References

  • Almond, Philip C. Heretic and Hero: Muhammad and the Victorians. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1989.
  • Birnbaum, Pierre & Ira Katznelson. Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “Ignaz Goldziher on Ernest Renan: From Orientalist Philology to the Study of Islam”. Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Bernard Lewis & Martin Kramer, Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1999, 137-80.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “The Near East Study Tour Diary of Ignaz Goldziher”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 122 (1990): 105-26.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “The Dervish’s Disciple: On the Personality and Intellectual Milieu of the Young Ignaz Goldziher”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 122 (1990): 225-66.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “The Pilgrim from Pest: Godziher’s Study Tour to the Near East (1873-74)”. Golden Roads: Migration, Pilgrimage, and Travel in Mediaeval and Modern Islam, ed. Ian Richard Netton, Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 1993, 93-137.
  • Curthoys, Ned. “Diasporic Visions, Taboo Memories: Al-Andalus in the German Jewish Imaginary”. Arena Journal 33 (2009): 110-38.
  • Efron, John M. German Jewry and the Allure of the Sephardic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  • Elmarsafy, Ziad. The Enlightenment Qur’an: The Politics of Translation and the Construction of Islam. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009.
  • Ettinger, Shmuel & Marcus Pyka. “Graetz, Heinrich”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Michael Berenbaum & Fred Skolnik, Detroit: Macmillan, 2007, 8: 26-29.
  • Fraisse, Ottfried. Ignác Goldzihers Monotheistische Wissenschaft: zur Historisierung des Islam. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2014.
  • Garcia, Humberto. Islam and the English Enlightenment, 1670 – 1840. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume Aufgenommen? Bonn: Gedruckt auf Kosten des Verfassers bei F. Baaden, 1833.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Das Judenthum und Seine Geschichte. Breslau: Schletter, 1:1865.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Abraham Geiger’s Nachgelassene Schriften. 5 cilt. Berlin: L. Gerschel, 1875.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Judaism and Islam. Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1896.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Muhammedanische Studien. 2 cilt. Hildesheim: Olms, 1889-90.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Mohammed and Islam. Çev. Kate Chambers Seelye, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1917.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Tagebuch. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Muslim Studies. Çev. S. M. Stern, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 2006.
  • Graetz, Heinrich. History of the Jews. Vol. 3, çev. Bella Löwy, Londra: Myers, 1904.
  • Hartwig, Dirk. “Die ‘Wissenschaft des Judentums’ und die Anfنnge der Kritischen Koranforschung: Perspektiven Einer Modernen Koranhermeneutik”. Zeitschrift für Religions-und Geistesgeschichte 61 (2009): 234-56.
  • Heine, Henrich. Briefe. Ed. Friedrich Hirth, 2 cilt, Mainz: Kupferberg, 1965.
  • Heller, Bernard. Bibliographie des oeuvres de Ignace Goldziher. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1927.
  • Hermon-Belot, Rita. L’Emancipation des Juifs en France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999.
  • Heschel, Susannah. Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
  • Heschel, Susannah. “Abraham Geiger and the Emergence of Jewish Philoİslâmism”. Im vollen Licht der Geschichte: Die Wissenschaft des Judentums und Die Anfange der Kritischen Koranforschung, ed. Dirk Hartwig, Würzburg: Ergon, 2008, 65-86.
  • Heschel, Susannah. “German Jewish Scholarship on Islam as a Tool for De-orientalizing Judaism”. New German Critique 117 (2012): 91-107.
  • Irwin, Robert. Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents. Woodstock, New York: Overlook, 2006.
  • Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama. Oriental Studies and Jewish Questions: German-Jewish Encounters with Muhammad, the Qur’an, and Islamic Modernities. Doktora Tezi, University of Chicago, 2013.
  • Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama. “Jews, Muslims, and Bildung: The German-Jewish Orientalist Gustav Weil in Egypt.” Religion Compass 8 (2014): 91-107.
  • Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama. “Gustav Weil’s Koranforschung and the Transnational Circulation of Ideas: The Shaping of Muhammad as Reformer”. Beyond the Myth of “Golden Spain”: Patterns of Islamization in Modern Jewish Scholarship on Islam, ed. Ottfried Fraisse & Christian Wiese, Berlin: De Gruyter, forthcoming, t.y.
  • Jung, Dietrich. “Islamic Studies and Religious Reform: Ignaz Goldziher-A Crossroads of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam”. Der Islam 90 (2013): 49-59.
  • Klein, Rudolf. “Ludwig Fِrster’s Dohany Tempel in Pest: Moorish Cathedral for the ‘Asiates of Europe’”. Prostor 17/2 (2009): 212-25.
  • Kramer, Martin. “Introduction”. Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Bernard Lewis & Martin Kramer (Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1999, 1-48.
  • Lassner, Jacob. “Abraham Geiger: A Nineteenth-Century Jewish Reformer on the Origins of Islam”. Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Bernard Lewis & Martin Kramer Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1999, 103-35.
  • Lewis, Bernard & Martin Kramer (ed.). Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
  • Mangold, Sabine. “Ignac Goldziher et Ernest Renan”. Ignac Goldziher: Un autre orientalisme?, ed. Céline Trautmann-Waller, Paris: Geuthner, 2011, 73-88.
  • Masuzawa, Tomoko. The Invention of World Religions; or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
  • Patai, Raphael. Ignaz Goldziher and His Oriental Diary: A Translation and Psychological Portrait. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987.
  • Reeves, Minou. Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
  • Renan, Ernest. Oeuvres complètes de Ernest Renan. C. 8, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1958.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage, 1979.
  • Scholler, Marco. “Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qur’ān”. Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān, ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Leiden: Brill, 2004, 187-209.
  • Skolnik, Jonathan. “Heine and Haggadah: History, Narration, and Tradition in the Age of Wissenschaft des Judentums”. In Renewing the Past, Reconfiguring Jewish Culture: From al-Andalus to the Haskalah, ed. Ross Brann & Adam Sutcliffe, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, 213-25.
  • Simon, Robert. Ignac Goldziher: His Life and Scholarship as Reflected in His Works and Correspondence. Budapest: Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1986.
  • Simon, Robert. Goldziher Memorial Conference: June 21 – 22, 2000, Budapest. Budapest: Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2005.
  • Tolan, John. Muhammad the European: Western Portrayals of the Prophet of Islam. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Varisco, Daniel Martin. Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007.
  • Weil, Gustav. “Sur un fait relatif à Mahomet.” Journal Asiatique 14 (1842): 108-12.
  • Weil, Gustav. Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und seine Lehre: Aus handschriftlichen Quellen und dem Koran geschöpft und dargestellt. Stuttgart, 1843.
  • Weil, Gustav. Historisch-kritische Einleiting in den Koran. Bielefeld: y.y., 1844.
  • Weil, Gustav. Biblische Legenden der Muselmنnner: Aus arabischen Quellen zusammengetragen und mit jüdischen Sagen verglichen. Frankfurt: Literarische Anst., 1845.
  • Weil, Gustav. The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud. Londra: y.y., 1846.

The Prophet Muhammad: A Model of Monotheistic Reform for 19th-Century Ashkenaz

Year 2020, , 93 - 122, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3911811

Abstract

There is no abstract available for the English version of the article. This is its first paragraph: 

On January 21, 1821, Heinrich Heine, in a letter to his friend Moses Moser, proclaimed that no poet had ever surpassed Muhammad: “I must admit that you, great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran . . . will not easily escape my memory.”1 Heine was one of many Romantic poets to admire Muhammad as both a prophet and a poet: indeed, for Heine as for Goethe, the prophet of Islam showed how thin the line was between prophet and poet. Heine admired the toleration that Muhammad showed toward those of other religions, in particular to Jews. For a number of nineteenth-century Jewish writers, Muhammad and medieval Islam more generally became something of a foil for Christian Europe: various Jewish scholars, particularly those associated with the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement, took a particular interest in Muhammad and the early history of Islam, often portraying the prophet as a reformer close to the true spirit of Judaism.

References

  • Almond, Philip C. Heretic and Hero: Muhammad and the Victorians. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1989.
  • Birnbaum, Pierre & Ira Katznelson. Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “Ignaz Goldziher on Ernest Renan: From Orientalist Philology to the Study of Islam”. Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Bernard Lewis & Martin Kramer, Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1999, 137-80.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “The Near East Study Tour Diary of Ignaz Goldziher”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 122 (1990): 105-26.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “The Dervish’s Disciple: On the Personality and Intellectual Milieu of the Young Ignaz Goldziher”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 122 (1990): 225-66.
  • Conrad, Lawrence I. “The Pilgrim from Pest: Godziher’s Study Tour to the Near East (1873-74)”. Golden Roads: Migration, Pilgrimage, and Travel in Mediaeval and Modern Islam, ed. Ian Richard Netton, Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, 1993, 93-137.
  • Curthoys, Ned. “Diasporic Visions, Taboo Memories: Al-Andalus in the German Jewish Imaginary”. Arena Journal 33 (2009): 110-38.
  • Efron, John M. German Jewry and the Allure of the Sephardic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  • Elmarsafy, Ziad. The Enlightenment Qur’an: The Politics of Translation and the Construction of Islam. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009.
  • Ettinger, Shmuel & Marcus Pyka. “Graetz, Heinrich”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Michael Berenbaum & Fred Skolnik, Detroit: Macmillan, 2007, 8: 26-29.
  • Fraisse, Ottfried. Ignác Goldzihers Monotheistische Wissenschaft: zur Historisierung des Islam. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2014.
  • Garcia, Humberto. Islam and the English Enlightenment, 1670 – 1840. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume Aufgenommen? Bonn: Gedruckt auf Kosten des Verfassers bei F. Baaden, 1833.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Das Judenthum und Seine Geschichte. Breslau: Schletter, 1:1865.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Abraham Geiger’s Nachgelassene Schriften. 5 cilt. Berlin: L. Gerschel, 1875.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Judaism and Islam. Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1896.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Muhammedanische Studien. 2 cilt. Hildesheim: Olms, 1889-90.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Mohammed and Islam. Çev. Kate Chambers Seelye, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1917.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Tagebuch. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
  • Goldziher, Ignác. Muslim Studies. Çev. S. M. Stern, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 2006.
  • Graetz, Heinrich. History of the Jews. Vol. 3, çev. Bella Löwy, Londra: Myers, 1904.
  • Hartwig, Dirk. “Die ‘Wissenschaft des Judentums’ und die Anfنnge der Kritischen Koranforschung: Perspektiven Einer Modernen Koranhermeneutik”. Zeitschrift für Religions-und Geistesgeschichte 61 (2009): 234-56.
  • Heine, Henrich. Briefe. Ed. Friedrich Hirth, 2 cilt, Mainz: Kupferberg, 1965.
  • Heller, Bernard. Bibliographie des oeuvres de Ignace Goldziher. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1927.
  • Hermon-Belot, Rita. L’Emancipation des Juifs en France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999.
  • Heschel, Susannah. Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
  • Heschel, Susannah. “Abraham Geiger and the Emergence of Jewish Philoİslâmism”. Im vollen Licht der Geschichte: Die Wissenschaft des Judentums und Die Anfange der Kritischen Koranforschung, ed. Dirk Hartwig, Würzburg: Ergon, 2008, 65-86.
  • Heschel, Susannah. “German Jewish Scholarship on Islam as a Tool for De-orientalizing Judaism”. New German Critique 117 (2012): 91-107.
  • Irwin, Robert. Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents. Woodstock, New York: Overlook, 2006.
  • Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama. Oriental Studies and Jewish Questions: German-Jewish Encounters with Muhammad, the Qur’an, and Islamic Modernities. Doktora Tezi, University of Chicago, 2013.
  • Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama. “Jews, Muslims, and Bildung: The German-Jewish Orientalist Gustav Weil in Egypt.” Religion Compass 8 (2014): 91-107.
  • Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama. “Gustav Weil’s Koranforschung and the Transnational Circulation of Ideas: The Shaping of Muhammad as Reformer”. Beyond the Myth of “Golden Spain”: Patterns of Islamization in Modern Jewish Scholarship on Islam, ed. Ottfried Fraisse & Christian Wiese, Berlin: De Gruyter, forthcoming, t.y.
  • Jung, Dietrich. “Islamic Studies and Religious Reform: Ignaz Goldziher-A Crossroads of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam”. Der Islam 90 (2013): 49-59.
  • Klein, Rudolf. “Ludwig Fِrster’s Dohany Tempel in Pest: Moorish Cathedral for the ‘Asiates of Europe’”. Prostor 17/2 (2009): 212-25.
  • Kramer, Martin. “Introduction”. Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Bernard Lewis & Martin Kramer (Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1999, 1-48.
  • Lassner, Jacob. “Abraham Geiger: A Nineteenth-Century Jewish Reformer on the Origins of Islam”. Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Bernard Lewis & Martin Kramer Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1999, 103-35.
  • Lewis, Bernard & Martin Kramer (ed.). Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
  • Mangold, Sabine. “Ignac Goldziher et Ernest Renan”. Ignac Goldziher: Un autre orientalisme?, ed. Céline Trautmann-Waller, Paris: Geuthner, 2011, 73-88.
  • Masuzawa, Tomoko. The Invention of World Religions; or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
  • Patai, Raphael. Ignaz Goldziher and His Oriental Diary: A Translation and Psychological Portrait. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987.
  • Reeves, Minou. Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
  • Renan, Ernest. Oeuvres complètes de Ernest Renan. C. 8, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1958.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage, 1979.
  • Scholler, Marco. “Post-Enlightenment Academic Study of the Qur’ān”. Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān, ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Leiden: Brill, 2004, 187-209.
  • Skolnik, Jonathan. “Heine and Haggadah: History, Narration, and Tradition in the Age of Wissenschaft des Judentums”. In Renewing the Past, Reconfiguring Jewish Culture: From al-Andalus to the Haskalah, ed. Ross Brann & Adam Sutcliffe, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, 213-25.
  • Simon, Robert. Ignac Goldziher: His Life and Scholarship as Reflected in His Works and Correspondence. Budapest: Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1986.
  • Simon, Robert. Goldziher Memorial Conference: June 21 – 22, 2000, Budapest. Budapest: Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2005.
  • Tolan, John. Muhammad the European: Western Portrayals of the Prophet of Islam. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Varisco, Daniel Martin. Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007.
  • Weil, Gustav. “Sur un fait relatif à Mahomet.” Journal Asiatique 14 (1842): 108-12.
  • Weil, Gustav. Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und seine Lehre: Aus handschriftlichen Quellen und dem Koran geschöpft und dargestellt. Stuttgart, 1843.
  • Weil, Gustav. Historisch-kritische Einleiting in den Koran. Bielefeld: y.y., 1844.
  • Weil, Gustav. Biblische Legenden der Muselmنnner: Aus arabischen Quellen zusammengetragen und mit jüdischen Sagen verglichen. Frankfurt: Literarische Anst., 1845.
  • Weil, Gustav. The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud. Londra: y.y., 1846.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Translation
Authors

John Tolan This is me 0000-0003-2649-2261

Translators

Necmettin Salih Ekiz

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date April 11, 2020
Acceptance Date May 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

ISNAD Tolan, John. “19. Yüzyıl Aşkenaz Yahudilerinin Monoteist Reformu İçin Bir Model Olarak Hz. Muhammed”. Oksident. Necmettin Salih EkizTrans 2/1 (June 2020), 93-122. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3911811.