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Hıristiyanlığın İlk Dönemlerinde Milenyalizm Meselesi

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908635

Abstract

Milenyalizm (binyılcılık), eskatolojik bir mesele olarak tamamen teolojik bağlamı ile değerlendirilmişse de, yeryüzünde belirli bir zümrenin kurtuluşuna ilişkin dünyevî bir mesele olduğundan, bu düşünce ortaya çıktığı toplumun durumu ile yakından ilişkilidir. Hıristiyanlığın ilk dönemlerinde, milenyalizm meselesi ile ilgili görüşler dönemin sosyo-politik etkilerinden uzak kalamamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Hıristiyanlığın ilk dönemlerinde binyılcı fikirlerin Kilise dışında görüşler olarak nitelenmediği, aksine, bazı kilise babalarının söz konusu fikirleri büyük ölçüde taşıdığı savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, binyılcı fikirlere karşı çıkan bazı yazarların aslında doğrudan binyılcılığa değil, bu yaklaşımın uzun vadede Kilise için doktrinel ya da kurumsal anlamda bir tehdit unsuru olabilecek yönlerine eleştiriler getirdikleri iddia edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Kilise’nin binyılcılıkla ilgili kanaatini değiştirmesinde etkili olmuş heretik hareketlerden, Hıristiyanlığın emperyal güçle ilişkilerindeki değişimin söz konusu inançlara yansımalarından ve Yahudiliğin içinden çıkan bir din olarak Hıristiyanlığın kendini tanımlaması ile binyılcılığın reddi arasındaki ilişkiden bahsedilmektedir.

References

  • Adler, William. “The Apocalyptic Survey of History Adapted by Christians: Daniel’s Prophect of 70 Weeks”. The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, ed. James C. VanderKam & William Adler, Assen: Van Gorcum Fortress Press, 1996, 4: 201-238.
  • Aguzzi, Steven D. Israel the Church and Millennarianism: A Way Beyond Replacement Theology. New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Armstrong, Karen. Tanrı’nın Tarihi. Çev. Oktay Özel v.dğr., İstanbul: Pegasus, 2017.
  • Barnard, L. W. Justin Martyr His Life and Thought. Londra: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
  • Batuk, Cengiz. “Millenarianist Bir Hareket Olarak Montanizm”. Milel ve Nihal 1/1 (2003): 41-71.
  • Beal, Timothy. The Book of Revelation: A Biography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Bietenhard, Hans. “The Millennial Hope in the Early Church”. Scottish Journal of Theology 6/1 (Mart 1953): 12-30.
  • Blaising, Craig A. “The Future of Israel as a Theological Question”. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 44/3 (Eylül 2001): 435-450.
  • Boyer, Paul. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Londra: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Clouse, Robert G. “Millennialism”. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, ed. Walter A. Elwell, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: Baker Book House, 1985, 714-718.
  • Cohn, Norman. Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
  • Court, John M. Approaching the Apocalypse: A Short History of Christian Millenarianism. Londra: I.B.Tauris, 2008.
  • Cross, George. “Millenarianism in Christian History”. The Biblical World 46/1 (1915): 3-8.
  • Dewick, Edmond Chisholm. Primitive Christian Eschatology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. (ed.). The Apostolic Fathers. Çev. Bart D. Ehrman, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Frankfurter, David. “The Legacy of Jewish Apocalypses in Early Christianity”. The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, ed. James C. VanderKam & William Adler, Assen: Van Gorcum Fortress Press, 1996, 4: 129-200.
  • Fuller, Robert C. Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Horbury, William. “Jewish-Christian Relations in Barnabas and Justin Martyr”. Jews and Christians The Partings of the Ways, ed. James D. G. Dunn, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
  • Kalafian, Michael. The Impact of the Book of Daniel on Christology. Doktora Tezi, New York: New York University, 1988.
  • Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. Londra: Adam & Charles Black, 1968.
  • Landes, Richard. “Eschatology”. Encyclopaedia Britannica, erişim: 22.01.2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/eschatology.
  • Landes, Richard. “Lest the Millennium be Fulfilled: Apocalyptic Expectations and the Pattern of Western Chronography 100-800 CE”. The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages, ed. W. Verbeke & D. Verhelst, Leuven: Catholic University, 1988, 137-211.
  • Marjanen, Antti. “Montanism: Egalitarian Ecstatic ‘New Prophecy’”. A Companion to Second-Century Christian Heretics, Leiden: Brill, 2005, 185-213.
  • Martyr, Justin. Dialogue with Trypho. Ed. Michael Slusser; çev. Thomas P. Falls, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2003.
  • Martyr, Justin. The First Apology, The Second Apology, Dialogue with Trypho, Exhortation to the Greeks, Discourse to the Greeks, The Monarchy or The Rule of God. Çev. Thomas B. Falls, Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Peters, George. The Theocratic Kingdom. 3 cilt, New York: Funk&Wagnalls, 1884.
  • Reasoner, Mark. “What Does the Bible Say About the End Times? A Biblical Studies Discussion of Interpretive Methods”. Rapture, Revelation, and the End Times, ed. Bruce D. Forbes & Jeanne H. Kilde, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, 71-98.
  • Roman, Reinaldo L. “Christian Themes: Mainstream Traditions and Millenarian Violence”. Millennialism and Violence, ed. Michael Barkun, Londra: Frank Cass, 2005, 51-82.
  • Saint Augustine. The City of God. Çev. Gerald G. Walsh & Daniel J. Honan, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Skarsaune, Oskar & Reidar Hvalvik (ed.). Jewish Believers in Jesus. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2007.
  • Tabor, James B. “Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Millennialism”. Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, ed. Catherine Wessinger, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, 252-266.
  • VanderKam, James C. “1 Enoch, Enochic Motfis, and Enoch in Early Christian Literature”. The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, ed. James C. VanderKam & William Adler, Assen: Van Gorcum Fortress Press, 1996, 4: 33-101.
  • Walvoord, John F. The Millennial Kingdom. Michigan: Zondervan Publishing, 1983.
  • Weber, Timothy P. “Millennialism”. [E-kitap] The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, ed. Jerry L. Walls, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 365-383.
  • Wessinger, Catherine. “Introduction”. Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000, 1-40.
  • Whalen, Robert K. “Premillennialism”. Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements, ed. Richard Landes, New York: Routledge, 2000, 584-589.
  • Wilken, Robert L. “Chiliasm Jewish Messianism and the Idea of the Holy Land”. The Harvard Theological Review 79/1/3 (1986): 298-307.

A Study of Millennialism in Early Christianity

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908635

Abstract

Although being an eschatological matter and examined usually with its theological context, millennialism is related to the environment and the society in which these thoughts emerge, since it is very related to this world and salvation of a group of people. In early Christianity, millennial matters were not apart from the socio-political conditions of the period. The article argues that in early Christianity, the Church did not expurgate millennial ideas; on the contrary, the writings of some Church Fathers hold it widely. Additionally, this article states that the authors who opposed millennialism were not actually against the teaching itself, but they saw that some aspects of this idea would cause a doctrinal or institutional threat to the Church in the long term. In this context, the article mentions heretical movements, the change in the relationship of Christianity with the imperial power, and the matter of self-definition of Christianity as a religion emerging from Judaism as matters which influenced Church’s opinions about the millennialism.

References

  • Adler, William. “The Apocalyptic Survey of History Adapted by Christians: Daniel’s Prophect of 70 Weeks”. The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, ed. James C. VanderKam & William Adler, Assen: Van Gorcum Fortress Press, 1996, 4: 201-238.
  • Aguzzi, Steven D. Israel the Church and Millennarianism: A Way Beyond Replacement Theology. New York: Routledge, 2018.
  • Armstrong, Karen. Tanrı’nın Tarihi. Çev. Oktay Özel v.dğr., İstanbul: Pegasus, 2017.
  • Barnard, L. W. Justin Martyr His Life and Thought. Londra: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
  • Batuk, Cengiz. “Millenarianist Bir Hareket Olarak Montanizm”. Milel ve Nihal 1/1 (2003): 41-71.
  • Beal, Timothy. The Book of Revelation: A Biography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Bietenhard, Hans. “The Millennial Hope in the Early Church”. Scottish Journal of Theology 6/1 (Mart 1953): 12-30.
  • Blaising, Craig A. “The Future of Israel as a Theological Question”. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 44/3 (Eylül 2001): 435-450.
  • Boyer, Paul. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Londra: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Clouse, Robert G. “Millennialism”. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, ed. Walter A. Elwell, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: Baker Book House, 1985, 714-718.
  • Cohn, Norman. Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
  • Court, John M. Approaching the Apocalypse: A Short History of Christian Millenarianism. Londra: I.B.Tauris, 2008.
  • Cross, George. “Millenarianism in Christian History”. The Biblical World 46/1 (1915): 3-8.
  • Dewick, Edmond Chisholm. Primitive Christian Eschatology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912.
  • Ehrman, Bart D. (ed.). The Apostolic Fathers. Çev. Bart D. Ehrman, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
  • Frankfurter, David. “The Legacy of Jewish Apocalypses in Early Christianity”. The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, ed. James C. VanderKam & William Adler, Assen: Van Gorcum Fortress Press, 1996, 4: 129-200.
  • Fuller, Robert C. Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Horbury, William. “Jewish-Christian Relations in Barnabas and Justin Martyr”. Jews and Christians The Partings of the Ways, ed. James D. G. Dunn, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
  • Kalafian, Michael. The Impact of the Book of Daniel on Christology. Doktora Tezi, New York: New York University, 1988.
  • Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. Londra: Adam & Charles Black, 1968.
  • Landes, Richard. “Eschatology”. Encyclopaedia Britannica, erişim: 22.01.2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/eschatology.
  • Landes, Richard. “Lest the Millennium be Fulfilled: Apocalyptic Expectations and the Pattern of Western Chronography 100-800 CE”. The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages, ed. W. Verbeke & D. Verhelst, Leuven: Catholic University, 1988, 137-211.
  • Marjanen, Antti. “Montanism: Egalitarian Ecstatic ‘New Prophecy’”. A Companion to Second-Century Christian Heretics, Leiden: Brill, 2005, 185-213.
  • Martyr, Justin. Dialogue with Trypho. Ed. Michael Slusser; çev. Thomas P. Falls, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2003.
  • Martyr, Justin. The First Apology, The Second Apology, Dialogue with Trypho, Exhortation to the Greeks, Discourse to the Greeks, The Monarchy or The Rule of God. Çev. Thomas B. Falls, Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Peters, George. The Theocratic Kingdom. 3 cilt, New York: Funk&Wagnalls, 1884.
  • Reasoner, Mark. “What Does the Bible Say About the End Times? A Biblical Studies Discussion of Interpretive Methods”. Rapture, Revelation, and the End Times, ed. Bruce D. Forbes & Jeanne H. Kilde, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, 71-98.
  • Roman, Reinaldo L. “Christian Themes: Mainstream Traditions and Millenarian Violence”. Millennialism and Violence, ed. Michael Barkun, Londra: Frank Cass, 2005, 51-82.
  • Saint Augustine. The City of God. Çev. Gerald G. Walsh & Daniel J. Honan, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Skarsaune, Oskar & Reidar Hvalvik (ed.). Jewish Believers in Jesus. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2007.
  • Tabor, James B. “Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Millennialism”. Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, ed. Catherine Wessinger, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, 252-266.
  • VanderKam, James C. “1 Enoch, Enochic Motfis, and Enoch in Early Christian Literature”. The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity, ed. James C. VanderKam & William Adler, Assen: Van Gorcum Fortress Press, 1996, 4: 33-101.
  • Walvoord, John F. The Millennial Kingdom. Michigan: Zondervan Publishing, 1983.
  • Weber, Timothy P. “Millennialism”. [E-kitap] The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, ed. Jerry L. Walls, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 365-383.
  • Wessinger, Catherine. “Introduction”. Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000, 1-40.
  • Whalen, Robert K. “Premillennialism”. Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements, ed. Richard Landes, New York: Routledge, 2000, 584-589.
  • Wilken, Robert L. “Chiliasm Jewish Messianism and the Idea of the Holy Land”. The Harvard Theological Review 79/1/3 (1986): 298-307.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Büşra Elmas 0000-0001-7586-7491

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date June 1, 2020
Acceptance Date June 16, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Elmas, Büşra. “Hıristiyanlığın İlk Dönemlerinde Milenyalizm Meselesi”. Oksident 2/1 (June 2020), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908635.