Karai Âlim Ya‘kûb el-Kirkisânî’nin Tevrat Çevirileri Üzerine Değerlendirmeleri

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 75 - 111, 21.07.2022

Fatıma Betül Taş

https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1103865

Abstract

Orta çağın önde gelen Yahudi mezhepleri olan Rabbaniler ve Karailer çeşitli dinî meseleler hakkında birbirlerine eleştiriler yöneltmişlerdir. Karailerin en temel itirazı, Rabbani Yahudilerin Sözlü Tora olarak gördükleri Mişna ve Talmud’un vahiy mahsulü olmasına yöneliktir. Bu hareketin önemli temsilcilerinden biri, 10. asırda Bağdat’ta yaşayan Ya‘kup el-Kirkisânî’dir. Onun kaleme aldığı Kitâbu’l-Envâr ve’l-Merâkıb, Karailikle ilgili günümüze ulaşan en hacimli eserdir. El-Kirkisânî, bu eserde kronolojik olarak Yahudi gruplar hakkında değerli bilgiler vermekte ve onları farklı açılardan eleştiriye tabi tutmaktadır. Eserin en temel gündemlerinden biri, Karailerin muarızları olan Rabbanilerin inanç ve uygulamalarındaki dine aykırı hususları ortaya koymaktır. El-Kirkisânî’nin eleştiri konularından biri de Rabbani kaynaklardaki Tevrat ve çevirileriyle ilgili görüşlerdir. Bu çerçevede Septuagint, Targum Onkelos ve Targum Yonatan hakkındaki Rabbani düşünceleri ele almaktadır. Septuagint’in yazılış hikâyesiyle ilgili Hıristiyan ve Rabbani kaynaklardaki nakilleri eleştiren el-Kirkisânî, Rabbanilerin Septuagint’te Tanrı’nın ilhamıyla değişiklikler yapıldığı iddialarına karşı çıkarak bunu Tanrı inançlarındaki bozukluk olarak nitelemektedir. Targum Onkelos ve Targum Yonatan’daki çeviri hatalarını göstererek Rabbanilerin bu çevirileri ve mütercimlerini yüceltmelerine tepki gösteren el-Kirkisânî, Targum Onkelos’u Tevrat’la birlikte liturjide kullanmalarına da karşı çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kitâbu’l-Envâr’daki anlatımlar Rabbani literatürdeki bilgilerle ve Tevrat çevirileriyle karşılaştırılarak incelemeye tabi tutulmakta, aynı zamanda el-Kirkisânî’yi etkileyen İslami fikirler ortaya koyulmaktadır.

Keywords

Dinler Tarihi, Yahudilik, el-Kirkisânî, Karailer, Tevrat, Rabbaniler, Septuagint, Targum Onkelos, Targum Yonatan

Evaluations of Karaite Scholar Jacob al-Qirqisânî on Torah Translations

Abstract

Rabbanites and Karaites, the leading Jewish sects of the Middle Ages, criticize each other on various religious issues. The main objection of the Karaites is that the Mishnah and Talmud, considered the Oral Torah by Rabbinic Jews, are the products of revelation. One of the important representatives of this movement is Jacob al-Qirqisânî, who lived in Baghdad in the 10th century. His book Kitâb al-Anwâr wal-Marâqib is the most voluminous Karaite work that has survived to the present day. In this work, al-Qirqisânî gives valuable information about Jewish sects chronologically and criticizes them from different perspectives. One of the main agendas of the work is to reveal the anti-religious issues in the beliefs and practices of the Rabbanites, who are the opponents of Karaites. One of the criticisms of al-Qirqisânî is the views on the Torah and its translations in the Rabbanite sources. Rabbinic thoughts about the Septuagint, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Jonathan are discussed in this framework. Criticizing the narrations in Christian and Rabbanite sources regarding the process of inscribing the Septuagint, al-Qirqisânî opposes the claims of the Rabbis that alterations were made in the Septuagint with the inspiration of God and described this as a defect in their belief in God. Al-Qirqisânî pointed out the translation errors in Targum Onkelos and Targum Jonathan, reacted against the Rabbanites’ glorification of these translations, and opposed the use of Targum Onkelos in the liturgy together with the Torah. This article examines the narratives in Kitâb al-Anwâr by comparing them with the information in the Rabbanite literature and the translations of the Torah. Besides, it reveals the Islamic ideas that influenced al-Qirqisânî.

Keywords

History of Religions, Judaism, al-Qirqisânî, Karaites, Torah, Rabbanites, Septuagint, Targum Onkelos, Targum Jonathan

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