Improving Emissions by An Auxiliary Air Conditioner in Liquid Hydrogen Powered Spark Ignition Engine Vehicles

Öz

An Auxiliary Air Conditioner (AAC) system, which decreases the cabin air conditioning load of Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) powered Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (SI ICEV), has been proposed in this study. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Particulate Matters (PM10 & PM2.5), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions are theoretically calculated using GREET software developed by Argonne National Laboratory for decades between 2010 and 2050. The results of the study show that the proposed novel system decreases all emissions emitted from LH2 SI ICEVs decreasing both Well-To-Pump (WTP) and Well-To-Wheel (WTW) emissions. These decreases are around 3 g/year for VOC, 20 g/year for CO, 13 g/year for NOx, 1 g/year for both PM10 and PM2.5, 1 g/year for SOx, and 16 kg/year for CO2.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Liquid hydrogen
• Air conditioning
• Vehicles
• Emissions

References

1. Ciniviz, M. and Köse, H., (2011) "The use of hydrogen in internal combustion engine: a review". International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 1.
2. Tüccar, G., Tosun, E., Özcanlı, M. and Aydın, K., (2013) "Possibility of Turkey to transit Electric Vehicle-based transportation", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 2: 64-69.
3. Akar, M.A., Kekilli, E., Bas, O., Yildizhan, S., Serin, H. and Ozcanli, M., (2018) “Hydrogen enriched waste oil biodiesel usage in compression ignition engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 43, Issue 38, Pages 18046-18052.
4. Baltacioglu, M.K., Arat, H.T., Özcanli, M. and Aydin, K., (2016) “Experimental comparison of pure hydrogen and HHO (hydroxy) enriched biodiesel (B10) fuel in a commercial diesel engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 41, Issue 19, Pages 8347-8353.
5. Ozcanli, M., Akar, M.A., Calik, A. and Serin, H., (2017) “Using HHO (Hydroxy) and hydrogen enriched castor oil biodiesel in compression ignition engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 42, Issue 36, Pages 23366-23372.
6. Ozcanli, M., Bas, O., Akar, M.A., Yildizhan, S. and Serin, H., (2018) “Recent studies on hydrogen usage in Wankel SI engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 43, Issue 38, Pages 18037-18045.
7. Serin, H. and Yıldızhan, Ş., (2018) “Hydrogen addition to tea seed oil biodiesel: Performance and emission characteristics”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 43, Issue 38, Pages 18020-18027.
8. Ansarinasab, H., Mehrpooya, M. and Mohammadi, A., (2017) “Advanced exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of a hydrogen liquefaction plant equipped with mixed refrigerant system”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 144, Pages 248-259.

9. Lambert, M.A. and Jones, B.J., (2006) “Automotive adsorption air conditioner powered by exhaust heat. Part1: conceptual and embodiment design”, Journal of Automobile Engineering 220, 959-972.
10. Khayyam, H., (2013) “Adaptive intelligent control of vehicle air conditioning system”, Applied Thermal Engineering 51, 1154-1161.
11. Jiang, L., Wang, R.Z., Li, J.B., Wang, L.W. and Roskilly, A.P., (2018) “Performance analysis on a novel sorption air conditioner for electric vehicles”, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 156, Pages 515-524.
12. Gillet, T., Andres, E., El-Bakkali, A., Lemort, V., Rulliere, R. and Haberschill, P., (2018) “Sleeping evaporator and refrigerant maldistribution: An experimental investigation in an automotive multi-evaporator air-conditioning and battery cooling system”, International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 90, Pages 119-131.
13. Yang, X., Dong, C. and Qu, Z., (2017) “Design and dynamic analysis of a novel double-swing vane compressor for electric vehicle air conditioning systems, International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 76, Pages 52-62.
14. Dahlan, A.A., Zulkifli, A.H., Nasution, H., Aziz, A.A., Perang, M.R.M., Jamil, H.M. and Zulkifli, A.A., (2014) “Efficient and ‘Green’ Vehicle Air Conditioning System Using Electric Compressor, Energy Procedia, Volume 61, Pages 270-273.
15. Zhang, Q. and Canova, M., (2015) “Modeling air conditioning system with storage evaporator for vehicle energy management, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 87, Pages 779-787.
16. Pang, W., Yu, H., Zhang, Y. and Yan, H., (2019) “Solar photovoltaic based air cooling system for vehicles”, Renewable Energy, Volume 130, Pages 25-31.
17. Zhang, J., Qin, G., Xu, B., Hu, H. and Chen, Z., (2010) “Study on automotive air conditioner control system based on incremental-PID”, Advanced Material Research 129-131, 17-22.
18. Khayyam, H., Kouzani, A.Z., Hu, E.J. and Nahavandi, S., (2011) “Coordinated energy management of vehicle air conditioning system”, Applied Thermal Engineering 31, 750-764.
19. Khayyam, H., Kouzani, A.Z. and Hu, E.J., (2009) “Reducing energy consumption of vehicle air conditioning system by an energy management system, in: IEEE”, The 4th International Green Energy Conference, Beijing, China.
20. Thompson, R. and Dexter, A., (2005) “A fuzzy decision-making approach to temperature control in air-conditioning systems”, Control Engineering Practice 13, 689-698.
21. Calvino, F., Gennusa, M., Roizzo, G. and Scaccianoce, G., (2004) “The control of indoor thermal comfort conditions: introducing a fuzzy adaptive controller”, Energy and Buildings 36, 97-102.
22. Sousa, J.M., Babuska, R. and Verbruggen, H.B., (1997) “Fuzzy predictive control applied to air-conditioning system”, Control Engineering Practice 5, 1395-1406.
23. Farzaneh, Y. and Tootoonchi, A.A., (2008) “Controlling automobile thermal comfort using optimized fuzzy controller”, Applied Thermal Engineering 28, 1906-1917.
24. Khayyam, H., Nahavandi, S., Eric, H., Kouzani, A., Chonka, A., Abawajy, J., Marano, V. and Sam, D., (2011) “Intelligent energy management control of vehicle air conditioning via look-ahead system”, Applied Thermal Engineering 31, 3147-3160.
25. Pacheco, F.A., Martins, M.E.S. and Zhao, H., (2013) “New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) simulation of a passenger car with a HCCI engine: Emissions and fuel consumption results”, Fuel, 111, 733-739.
26. Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., (2005) “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach”, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
27. Meier, K., Kurtz, C., Weckerle, C., Hubner, M. and Bürger, I., (2018) “Air-conditioning system for vehicles with on-board hydrogen”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 129, 1150–1159.
28. Ruth, D.W., (1975) “Simulation of modelling of automobile comfort cooling requirements”, ASHRAE Journals, 53-55.