Investigations of The Relative Strength of Lattice Infilled Parts Manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling

Year 2023, , 278 - 300, 20.12.2023

Mevlüt Yunus Kayacan , Arda Çağatay Akçay , Emre Yılmaz , Ahmet Üzün

https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1207865

Abstract

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of the most common methods of additive manufacturing, has been widely used in recent years. It is generally preferred in applications for products where high mechanical properties are not required and where visuality is at the forefront instead of functionality. However, as a result of the enrichment of new materials developed for the FDM method with elastomers and composites, different application areas have emerged. This study focuses on the mechanical properties of elastomeric TPU and carbon fiber-reinforced TPU materials in addition to the traditionally used PLA filaments. The compressive strength and relative strength values resulting from the use of different processing strategies and lattice structures were investigated. Thus, lightweight, low-cost, and high-relative strength structures that can be produced in a shorter time with lattice structures and processing strategies have been obtained. Furthermore, compression tests revealed that TPU and carbon fiber-reinforced TPU materials, in particular, returned to their initial geometry with spring back.

Keywords

Additive manufacturing, PLA, TPU, Compression testing, Specific strength, Fused deposition modeling

Eriyik Yığma Modelleme ile Üretilen Kafes Yapılı Parçaların Bağıl Mukavemetinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Geniş kullanım alanına sahip Eklemeli İmalat yöntemlerinden Eriyik Yığma Modellemenin (EYM) tercih edilirliği gittikçe artmaktadır. Genellikle, yüksek mekanik özelliklere ihtiyaç duyulmayan, fonksiyonellik yerine kozmetik unsurların ön planda olduğu ürünlere yönelik uygulamalarda tercih edilmektedir. EYM yöntemi için geliştirilen yeni malzemelerin, elastomer ve kompozitlerle zenginleşmesi sonucunda farklı uygulama alanları da karşımıza çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, standart PLA filamentlerin yanı sıra, elastomer özellikteki TPU ve kompozit yapıdaki karbon elyaf takviyeli TPU malzemelerin mekanik özelliklerine odaklanılmıştır. Farklı üretim stratejileri ve kafes yapıların kullanılması sonucunda elde edilen ürünlerin basma dayanımı ve bağıl mukavemeti araştırılmıştır. Böylece kafes yapılar ve imalat stratejileri ile düşük maliyetli ve bağıl mukavemeti yüksek yapılar daha kısa imalat sürelerinde elde edilebilmiştir. Ayrıca, özellikle TPU ve karbon elyaf katkılı TPU malzemelerin basma testleri sonucunda geri yaylanma “spring back” ile başlangıç geometrisine dönme davranışı sergilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Eklemeli imalat, PLA, TPU, Basma testi, Özgül mukavemet, Eriyik yığma modelleme

References

• Akdoğan A., Vanlı AS. Natural fiber thermoplastic composites in terms of new production technologies: A review. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 2020; 26(1): 30-36.
• Alias NF., Ismail H. An overview of toughening polylactic acid by an elastomer. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials 2019; 58(13): 1399-1422.
• Anandkumar R., Babu SR. EYM filaments with unique segmentation since evolution: a critical review. Progress in Additive Manufacturing 2019; 4(2): 185-193.
• Atul ST., Babu ML. A review on effect of thinning, wrinkling and spring-back on deep drawing process. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 2019; 233(4): 1011-1036.
• Bergström JS., Hayman D. An overview of mechanical properties and material modeling of polylactide (PLA) for medical applications. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2016; 44(2): 330-340.
• Cheng L., Liang X., Belski E., Wang X., Sietins JM., Ludwick S., To A. Natural frequency optimization of variable-density additive manufactured lattice structure: theory and experimental validation. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 2018; 140(10): 1-16.
• Ergene B., Bolat Ç. An experimental investigation on the effect of test speed on the tensile properties of the PETG produced by additive manufacturing. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 2022; 6(2): 250-260.
• Ergene B., Yalçın B. Eriyik yığma modelleme (EYM) ile üretilen çeşitli hücresel yapıların mekanik performanslarının incelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 2022; 38(1): 201-218.
• Ergene B., Ispartalı H., Karakılınç U. Üç boyutlu baskı ile çeşitli katman yüksekliklerinde üretilen PET-G parçaların farklı sıcaklıklardaki ağırlık düşürme darbe yanıtı. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 2023; 38(3): 1345-1360.
• Ergene B., Şekeroğlu İ., Bolat Ç., Yalçın B. An experimental investigation on mechanical performances of 3D printed lightweight ABS pipes with different cellular wall thickness. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 2021; 15(2): 8169–8177.
• Feng J., Fu J., Lin Z., Shang C., Li B. A review of the design methods of complex topology structures for 3D printing. Visual Computing for Industry, Biomedicine, and Art 2018; 1(1): 1-16.
• Gordelier TJ., Thies PR., Turner L., Johanning L. Optimising the EYM additive manufacturing process to achieve maximum tensile strength: a state-of-the-art review. Rapid Prototyping Journal 2019; 25(6): 953-971.
• Helou M., Kara S. Design, analysis and manufacturing of lattice structures: an overview. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 2018; 31(3): 243-261.
• Holmes DW., Singh D., Lamont R., Daley R., Forrestal DP., Slattery P., Pickering E., Paxton NC., Powell SK., Woodruff MA. Mechanical behaviour of flexible 3D printed gyroid structures as a tuneable replacement for soft padding foam. Additive Manufacturing 2022; 50: 102555.
• Karkun MS., Dharmalingam S. 3D printing technology in aerospace ındustry–A review. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace 2022; 9(2): 4.
• Korkmaz ME., Gupta MK., Robak G., Moj K., Krolczyk GM., Kuntoğlu M. Development of lattice structure with selective laser melting process: A state of the art on properties, future trends and challenges. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 2022; 81: 1040-1063.
• Korshunova N., Alaimo G., Hosseini SB., Carraturo M., Reali A., Niiranen J., Auricchio F., Rank E., Kollmannsberger S. Image-based numerical characterization and experimental validation of tensile behavior of octet-truss lattice structures. Additive Manufacturing 2021; 41: 101949.
• Kristiawan RB., Imaduddin F., Ariawan D., Arifin Z. A review on the fused deposition modeling (EYM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters. Open Engineering 2021; 11(1): 639-649.
• Kumar A., Collini L., Daurel A., Jeng JY. Design and additive manufacturing of closed cells from supportless lattice structure. Additive Manufacturing 2020; 33: 101168.
• Kummert C., Schmid HJ., Risse L., Kullmer G. Mechanical characterization and numerical modeling of laser-sintered TPE lattice structures. Journal of Materials Research 2021; 36(16): 3182-3193.