Farklı Seviyelerde Gübre Uygulamalarının Değişik Dönemlerde Hasat Edilen Yem Bitkileri Karışımının, Yem Değeri, Yem Kalitesi ve İn Vitro Fermantasyon Parametreleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 243 - 257, 08.03.2022

Esra Gürsoy Gürkan Sezmiş Ali Kaya

https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1019116

Abstract

Farklı hasat zamanı ve farklı dozlarda gübre uygulamalarının yem bitkileri karışımının (%35 macar fiği, %35 yem bezelyesi, %10 yulaf, %10 tritikale, %10 buğday) kimyasal kompozisyonu, nispi yem değeri (NYD), nispi yem kalitesi (NYK), enerji içerikleri (ME, NEL), in vitro sindirilebilirlik parametreleri (GNDFS, TOMS, TSB, KMA), in vitro gaz üretimi, metan (CH4) üretimi, taksimat faktörü (PF), mikrobiyal protein (MP) ile mikrobiyal protein sentezleme etkinliği (MPSE) ve gerçek sindirim derecesi (GSD) üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülen araştırmada Ankom Daisy in vitro fermentasyon sistemi ve in vitro gaz üretim tekniği kullanılmıştır. Farklı zamanlarda yapılan hasat karışımın, HP, HS, NYD, NYK, ME ile NEL, GNDFS, TOMS, TSB, KMA, GÜ, Metan (ml), GSKM ve GSD değerlerini önemli derecede (P<0.05) etkilemiştir. Farklı miktarlarda üre ve DAP uygulamalarının yem bitkileri karışımının besin madde değerleri NYD, NEL, GNDFS, TOMS, TSB, KMA, NYK ile gaz üretimi, mikrobiyal protein ve gerçek sindirim derecesi parametreleri üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Dönüme 10 kg DAP+10 kg üre ve sadece 20 kg üre uygulamasının diğer uygulamalara göre daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak elde edilen bulgular değişik zamanlarda yapılan hasadın ve farklı dozlarda gübre uygulamalarının karışımın kimyasal kompozisyonuna ve sindirilebilirlik derecesine katkıda bulunarak nispi yem kalitesi ve değeri bakımından yem kalitesini iyileştirdiği ve erken hasat döneminde gaz üretimini düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

İn vitro gaz, Yem bitkileri karışımı, Mikrobiyal protein, Metan, Nispi yem değeri, Nispi yem kalitesi

Determination of the Effects of Fertilizer Applications at Different Levels on Feed Value, Feed Quality and In Vitro Fermentation Parameters of Forage Crops Mixture Harvested at Different Periods

Abstract

Chemical composition of forage crops (35% hungarian vetch, 35% forage peas, 10% oats, 10% triticale, 10% wheat) of different harvest times and fertilizer applications at different doses, relative feed value (RFV), relative feed quality (RFQ , energy contents (ME, NEL), in vitro digestibility parameters (TNDFD, TOMD, TDN, DMI), in vitro gas production, methane (CH4) production, fractionation factor (PF), microbial protein (MP) and microbial protein synthesis efficiency Ankom Daisy in vitro fermentation system and in vitro gas production technique were used in the research carried out to determine their effects on (MPSE) and true degree of digestion (TDD). Harvesting at different times significantly affected (P<0.05) the CP (crude protein), CC (crude cellulose), RFV, RFQ, ME and NEL, TNDFD (true NDF digestion), TOMD (true organic matter digestion), TDN (total digestible nutrients), DMI (dry matter intake), GP (gas production), Methane (ml), TDCM (true digestible dry matter) and TDD values of the mixture. The effects of different amounts of urea and DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) applications on the nutrient values of the forage plant mixture RFV, NEL, TNDFD, TOMD, TDN, DMI, RFQ and gas production, microbial protein and actual digestion degree parameters were found to be significant (P<0.05). It was determined that 10 kg of DAP + 10 kg of urea and only 20 kg of urea per decare gave better results than other applications. As a result, it was determined that harvesting at different times and fertilizer applications at different doses contributed to the chemical composition and digestibility of the mixture, improving the feed quality in terms of relative feed quality and value, and reducing gas production in the early harvest period.

Keywords

In vitro gas, Forage plant mix, Microbial protein, Methane

References

• Aksoy, İ., Nursoy, H. Vejetasyonun farklı dönemlerinde biçilen macar fiği buğday karışımının besin madde kompozisyonu, rumende yıkılım özellikleri, in vitro sindirilebilirlik ve rölatif yem değerinin belirlenmesi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak J., 2010; 16(6): 925-931.
• AOAC. Officinal methods of analysis. 16th ed., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. 1998.
• AOCS. Official procedure, approved procedure Am 5-04, Rapid determination of oil/fat utilizing high temperature solvent extraction. J Am Oil Chem Soc, Urbana, IL. 2005.
• Atalay, A.I., Ozkan, C.O., Kaya, E., Kurt, O., Kamalak, A. Effect of maturity on chemical composition and nutritive value of leaves of Arbutus andrachne shrub and rumen in vitro methane production. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2017; 29(7): 2017.
• Ball, D.M., Hoveland, C.S., Lacefıeld, G.D. Forage quality in southern forages. Potash&Phosphate Institute. Norcross, Georgia, 1996; s. 124-132.
• Başer, A., Kamalak, A. Türkiye’nin akdeniz bölgesinde yetişen bazı baklagil ağaç yapraklarının yem değerleri ve in vitro fermantasyon özellikleri. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020; 7(4): 940-947.
• Bates G. High-quality hay production. The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, SP437-A-3.5M-7. 2007.
• Beck, P.A., Stewart, C.B., Gray, H.C., Smith, J.L., Gunter, S.A. Effect of wheat forage maturity and preservation method on forage chemical composition and performance of growing calves fed mixed diets. J. Anim. Sci., 2009; 87: 4133-4142.
• Blümmel, M., Steingass, H., Becker, K. The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and Nile15 incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. Brit J Nutr, 1997a; 77: 911-921.
• Blümmel, M., Makkar, H.P.S., Chisanga, G., Mtimuni, J., Becker, K. The prediction of dry matter intake of temperate and tropical roughages from in vitro digestibility/gas-production data, and the dry matter intake and in vitro digestibility of African roughages in relation to ruminant liveweight gain. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997b; 69(1-3): 131-141.
• Boman, R.L., New forage analysis: Increased feed efficiency potential. USU Dairy Newsletter, 26, 3. 2003.
• Boureanu, C., Stavarache, M., Samuil, C., Vintu, V. Influence of fertilization on forage quality of the simple mixtures between Bromus inermis Leyss. and Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Lucrări Ştiinţifice, 2016; 59(1): 189-192.
• Çelik, H., Selçuk, Z. Karambanın fiğ otu ve yonca otu ile farklı oranda karışımlarının in vitro gerçek sindirilebilirliğinin belirlenmesi, Van Vet Fak., 2019; 30(3): 145-149.
• Ghanbari–Banjar, A., Lee, H.C. Intercropped wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and bean (Vicia faba L.) as a whole–crop forage: Effect of harvest time on forage yield and quality. Grass and Forage Science, 2003; 58: 28-36.
• Goel, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K. Effect of sesbania sesban and carduus pycnocephalus leaves and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumilegraecum L) seeds and their extract on partitioning of nutrients from roughageileand concentrateilebased feeds to methane. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 2008; 147(1-3): 72-89.
• Gürsoy, E., Macit, M. Hasat zamanının kaba yemin kimyasal kompozisyonu ve kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences International Indexed & Refereed, 2020; 8(9): 168-177.
• İşler, N., Kılınç, M. Tarla tarımı. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Ders Kitabı, Hatay, s. 184. 2016.
• Jilani, M., Ajam, N.H., Faraji, A. Effect of bed planting on the quantity and quality of hay in different mixing ratios of vetch and barley in the north of Iran. Applıed Ecology and Envıronmental Research, 2018; 16(4): 4477-4490.
• Johnston, J., Mckinlay, J., Wheeler, B. Forage production from spring cereals and cereal-pea mixtures. Agdex no. 120. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture. Food and Rural Affairs Toronto, Canada. 2001.
• Kılıçalp, N., Avcı, M., Hızlı, H. Farklı azot dozları ile gübrelenen meradan elde edilen otların organik madde ve ham proteinlerinin ın situ rumen parçalanabilirliği. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2016; 33(3): 61-68, doi:10.13002/jafag953
• Korkmaz, M. Adi Fiğ (Vicia Sativa L.) ve arpa (Hordeum Vulgare L.) karışımında farklı dozlarda P ve N uygulamalarının ot verimi ve kalitesine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, Kahramanmaraş, 2016.
• Lacefield GJ., Henning, C., Collins, M., Swetnam, DL. Quality hay production, Cooperative Extension Service, Univ. Kentucky, Coll. Agric., Agr., 1999; 62, 3 (77) 1-4.
• Lanyasunya, TP., Rong, W.H., Mukisira, E.A., Abdulrazak, S.A., Ayako, W.O. Influence of manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of Vicia villosa intercropped with Sorghum almum in Ol-joro-orok, Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2006; 18 (10): http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/10/lany18141.htm
• Lee, M.J., Hwang, S.Y., Chiou, P.W.S. Metabolizable energy of roughages in Taiwan. Small Rum. Res., 2000; 36: 251-259.
• Lin, B., Wang, J.H., Lu, Y., Liang, Q., Liu, J.X. In vitro rumen fermentation and methane production are influenced by active components of essential oils combined with fumarate. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 2013; 97(1): 1-9.
• Lopez, S., Makkar, H.P.S., Soliva, C.R. Screening plants and plant products for methane inhibitors. In: Vercoe, P.E., Makkar, H.P.S., Schlink, A. (Eds): In vitro screening of plant resources for extra nutritional attributes in ruminants: Nuclear and related methodologies. Springer London, New York. pp. 191-231. 2010.
• Mariotti, M., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L., Arduini, I. Above–and below–ground competition between barley, wheat, lupin and vetch in a cereal and legume intercropping system. Grass and Forage Science, 2009; 64: 401-412.
• Menke, K.H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D., Schneider, W. The estimation of digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J Agric Sci, 1979; 92: 217-222.
• Menke, K.H., Steingass, H. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development. 1988; 28: 7-55.
• Moore, J.E., Undersander, D.J. Relative forage quality: An alternative to relative feed value and quality index. pp. 16ile31. In: Proceedings 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. January 10-11, University of Florida, Gainesville. 2002.
• Newman, Y.C., Lambert, B., Muir, J.P. Defining forage quality. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating: Texas, SCS-09. 2006; 1-13.
• Özkan, Ç.Ö. Cengiz, T., Yanık, M., Evlice, S., Selçuk, B., Ceren, B., Kamalak, A. ruminant hayvan beslemede kullanılan bazı kaba ve kesif yemlerin in vitro gaz üretiminin, metan üretiminin, sindirim derecesinin ve mikrobiyal protein üretiminin belirlenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 2020; 3(1): 56-60.
• Rivera D., Parish J. Interpreting forage and feed analysis report. 2620, Mississippi State University. 2010.
• Rosser, C.L, Gorka, P., Beattie, A.D., Block, H.C., Mckinnon, J.J., Lardner, H.A., Penner, G.B. Effect of maturity at harvest on yield, chemical composition, and in situ degradability for annual cereals used for swath grazing. J. Anim. Sci., 2013; 91: 3815-3826.
• Rustas, B.O., Bertilsson, J., Martinsson, K., Elverstedt, T., Nadeau, E. Intake and digestion of wholecrop barley and wheat silages by dairy heifers. J. Anim. Sci., 2011; 89: 4131-4141.
• Salama, H.S.A., Zeid, M.M.K. Hay quality evaluation of summer grass and legume forage monocultures and mixtures grown under irrigated conditions. AJCS, 2016; 10(11):1543-1550.
• Sarunaite, L., Deveikyte, I., Kadziuliene, Z. Intercropping spring wheat with grain legume for increased production in an organic crop rotation. Zewdirbyste–Agriculture, 2010; 97: 51-58.
• Schut. A., Gherardi, S., Wood, D. Empirical models to quantify the nutritive characteristics of annual pastures in south-west Western Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 2010; 61: 32-43.
• Seo, J.K., Yang, J., Kim, H.J., Upadhaya, S.D., Cho, W.M., Ha J.K. Effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and protein supply on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in Holstein steers. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 2010; 23:1455-1461.
• Sevim, B., Ayaşan, T., Kaliber, M., Mizrak, C., Ergül, Ş., Ülger, İ., Aykanat, S., Ucak, A.B., 2017. Effect of varieties on potential nutritive value of barley using in vitro methods and gas production technique. 8th International Balkan Animal Science Conference (BALNIMALCON 2017), 6-8 September 2017, Prizren, Kosovo.
• Şeker, E. The determination of the energy values of some ruminant feeds by using digestibility trial and gas test. Revue Med. Vet., 2002; 153(5): 323-328.
• Temel, S., Şurgun, N. Farklı dozlarda uygulanan azot ve fosforlu gübrelemenin kinoa’nın ot verimi ve kalitesine etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2019; 9(3): 1785-1796.
• Türk, M., Alagöz, M. The Effects of different nitrogen fertilization and harvesting stages on forage yield and quality of Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 2019; 14(2): 286-293.
• Thang, C.M., Winding, S., Hang, L.T. Effects of different foliages and drying methods on mitigation methane production based on cassava root meal using in vitro gas production. J Anim Sci Technol, 2012; 34: 40-50.
• Trotter, D.J., Johnson, K.D. Forage-testing: why, how, and where, Purdue Univ. Cooperative Extension Service, 1992; 337.
• Uludere, E.I.E. Farklı gelişme dönemlerinde bazı arpa hasılının besin madde içeriği ve sindirilebilir organik madde miktarına etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Tekirdağ. 2019.
• Van Dyke, N.J., Anderson, P.M. Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama cooperative extension. 2000; Circular ANR-890.
• Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B., Lewis B.A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 1991; 74, 3583-3597.
• Ward, R., Ondarza, M.B. Relative feed value (RFV) vs. Relative Forage Quality (RFQ, Cumberland Valley Analytical Services, ıNC. Hagestown, MD, Paradox Nutrition, LLC, West Chazy, NY. 2008.
• Yıldırım, S., Parlak, A.Ö. Tritikale ile bezelye, bakla ve fiğ karışım oranlarının belirlenerek yem verimi ve kalitesine etkileri. ÇOMÜ Zir. Fak. Derg. 2016; 4(1): 77-83. Yolcu, H., Serin, Y. The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and seeding patterns on chemical composition of lucerne and smooth brome grass intercropping system. Asian J. Chem., 2009; 21: 1460-1468.
• Yörük, N. Bursa koşullarında yetiştirilen adi fiğ-tritikale karışımında farklı azotlu ve fosforlu gübre dozlarının ot verimi ile ot ve silaj kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, Bursa. 2019.
• Yuksel, O., Turk, M. The effects of phosphorus fertılızatıon and harvestıng stages on forage yıeld and qualıty of pea (Pısum satıvum L.). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2019; 28(5): 4165-4170.
• Zhang, T., Ramakrishnon, R., Livny, M. BIRCH: An efficient data clustering method for very large databases. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, 1996; 103-114.