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Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 82 - 99, 17.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1493959

Abstract

The durability and performance of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites for strengthening reinforced concrete structures under various environmental conditions are critical for their long-term efficacy. This study investigates the effects of water immersion and freeze-thaw cycles on the pull-off strength of epoxy-bonded FRP concrete slabs, simulating conditions typical for waterfront structures such as piles, beams, and decks. Concrete slabs, fabricated to EN 1766 standards, were reinforced with Basalt (BFRP), Glass (GFRP), and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets using Duratek® AV21 epoxy resin. The samples were conditioned in a controlled laboratory environment (23±2°C, 50±5% RH) for 24 hours before being subjected to water immersion and freeze-thaw cycling tests. Pull-off tests, conducted per EN 1542, revealed cohesive failures in the concrete substrate. The average pull-off strength for the control samples was 3.26 N/mm² for concrete and 3.97 N/mm² for epoxy resin. Water immersion results showed a slight decrease in pull-off strength for CFRP and GFRP, by 9% and 2% respectively, while BFRP exhibited a 14% increase. Freeze-thaw cycling led to increased pull-off strength across all FRP types: 7% for GFRP, 7.3% for BFRP, and 3.75% for CFRP. The findings indicate that water immersion and freeze-thaw conditions have a marginal impact on the pull-off strength of FRP-reinforced concrete. Despite the environmental exposure, all test results remained above the required pull-off strength of 2.5 MPa, demonstrating the robustness of the FRP-concrete bond. The study supports the use of FRP composites for structural reinforcement in harsh environments, highlighting their resilience under adverse conditions. Further research is recommended to explore long-term performance and additional environmental factors to ensure comprehensive durability assessments of FRP-reinforced systems.

Ethical Statement

Metehan CALIS reports equipment, drugs, or supplies (only epoxy resins) was provided by DURATEK. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Thanks

The author is sincerely grateful to the Turkish Standards Institution for allowing the use of the laboratory infrastructure and Eng. A. Fazıl KARA and Mr. Osman AYDOĞDU for their collaboration in conducting the laboratory tests at the Turkish Standards Institution (TSE).

References

  • Allen, DG., Rebecca AA. Evaluating the long-term durability of externally bonded FRP via field assessments. Journal of Composites for Construction 2012; 16(6): 737–746.
  • ASTM D7522, Standard test method for pull-off strength for FRP laminate systems bonded to concrete or masonry substrates. ASTM International, 2021.
  • Ayoub, H., Sweis, G., Abu-Khader, W., & Sweis, R. A framework to evaluate sustainable construction principles in government building projects: the case of Jordan. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2022; 30(9), 4080–4098.
  • Benzarti, K., Sylvain C., Marc Q., Céline M., Christophe A. Accelerated ageing behaviour of the adhesive bond between concrete specimens and CFRP overlays. Construction and Building Materials 2011; 25(2): 523–38.
  • Bisby, L., Green, M. Resistance to freezing and thawing of fiber-reinforced polymer-concrete bond. ACI Structural Journal 2002; 99(2):215-223.
  • Dai, JG., Hiroshi Y., Mitsuyasu I., Ema K. Experimental investigation of the influence of moisture on the bond behavior of FRP to concrete interfaces 2010; 14(6): 834-844.
  • EN 1504-4, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures- Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity- Part 4: Structural bonding, 2005.
  • EN 1542, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures- Test methods- Measurement of bond strength by pull-off, 1999.
  • EN 1766, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete- Test methods- Reference concretes for testing, 2017.,
  • EN 12004-2, Adhesives for ceramic tiles- Part 2: Test methods, 2017.
  • Green, MF., Luke AB., Amir ZF., Venkatesh KRK. FRP confined concrete columns: Behaviour under extreme conditions. Cement and Concrete Composites 2006; 28(10): 928–937.
  • Lai, WL., Kou, SC., Poon, CS., Tsang, WF., Lee, KK. A durability study of externally bonded FRP-concrete beams via full-field infrared thermography (IRT) and quasi-static shear test. Construction and Building Materials 2013; 40: 481-491.
  • Moodi, F., Bagheri, M., Dashti, P., Ramezanianpour, AA. Mechanical properties and durability of injected SCC panels by epoxy against freezing and thawing. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 2023; 124: 103380.
  • Tran, DB., Nguyen, VT., Tran, VT., Pham, XA. A General framework for sustainability assessment of buildings: A life-cycle thinking approach. Sustainability 2023; 15(14): 10770.
  • Yaman, Z., Öztürk, İŞ., Emiroğlu, M. Donma/çözülme ve sıcaklığın BFRP kompozitlerle güçlendirilmiş betonların davranışlarına etkisi. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2022; 5(2): 551-569.
  • Yun, Y., Wu, YF. Durability of CFRP–concrete joints under freeze–thaw cycling. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2010; 65(3): 401–412.
  • Zheng, XH., Huang, PY., Guo, XY., Huang JL. Experimental study on bond behavior of FRP-concrete interface in hygrothermal environment. International Journal of Polymer Science 2016; 2016(5): 1–12.

Suya Daldırma ve Donma-Çözülme Döngülerinin Betona Yapıştırılan FRP Epoksinin Çekme Dayanımına Etkisi: Deneysel bir çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 82 - 99, 17.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1493959

Abstract

Fiber Takviyeli Polimer (FRP) kompozitlerin çeşitli çevre koşullarında betonarme yapıların güçlendirilmesine yönelik dayanıklılığı ve performansı, uzun vadeli etkinlikleri açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, suya daldırma ve donma-çözülme döngülerinin, kazıklar, kirişler ve tabliyeler gibi kıyı yapıları için tipik koşulları simüle ederek epoksi bağlı FRP beton levhaların çekme mukavemeti üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktadır. EN 1766 standartlarına göre üretilen beton plakalar, Duratek® AV21 epoksi reçine kullanılarak Bazalt (BFRP), Cam (GFRP) ve Karbon Fiber Takviyeli Polimer (CFRP) levhalarla güçlendirilmiştir. Numuneler, suya daldırma ve donma-çözülme döngüsü testlerine tabi tutulmadan önce kontrollü bir laboratuvar ortamında (23±2°C, %50±5 RH) 24 saat süreyle şartlandırılmıştır. EN 1542'ye göre gerçekleştirilen çekme testleri, beton alt katmandaki yapışma hasarlarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kontrol numunelerinin ortalama çekme mukavemeti beton için 3,26 N/mm² ve epoksi reçine için 3,97 N/mm² olarak ölçülmüştür. Suya daldırma sonuçları, CFRP ve GFRP için çekme mukavemetinde sırasıyla %9 ve %2 oranında hafif bir düşüş gösterirken, BFRP %14'lük bir artış sergilemiştir. Donma-çözülme döngüsü, tüm FRP türlerinde çekme mukavemetinin artmasına yol açmıştır: GFRP için %7, BFRP için %7,3 ve CFRP için %3,75. Bulgular, suya daldırma ve donma-çözülme koşullarının, FRP takviyeli betonun çekme mukavemeti üzerinde marjinal bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Çevresel maruziyete rağmen tüm test sonuçları, FRP-beton bağının sağlamlığını ortaya koyan 2,5 MPa'lık gerekli çekme dayanımının üzerinde kalmıştır. Çalışma, zorlu ortamlarda yapısal güçlendirme için FRP kompozitlerin kullanımını desteklemekte ve olumsuz koşullar altında dayanıklılıklarını vurgulamaktadır. FRP ile güçlendirilmiş sistemlerin kapsamlı dayanıklılık değerlendirmelerini sağlamak amacıyla uzun vadeli performansı ve ek çevresel faktörleri araştırmak için daha fazla araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir.

References

  • Allen, DG., Rebecca AA. Evaluating the long-term durability of externally bonded FRP via field assessments. Journal of Composites for Construction 2012; 16(6): 737–746.
  • ASTM D7522, Standard test method for pull-off strength for FRP laminate systems bonded to concrete or masonry substrates. ASTM International, 2021.
  • Ayoub, H., Sweis, G., Abu-Khader, W., & Sweis, R. A framework to evaluate sustainable construction principles in government building projects: the case of Jordan. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2022; 30(9), 4080–4098.
  • Benzarti, K., Sylvain C., Marc Q., Céline M., Christophe A. Accelerated ageing behaviour of the adhesive bond between concrete specimens and CFRP overlays. Construction and Building Materials 2011; 25(2): 523–38.
  • Bisby, L., Green, M. Resistance to freezing and thawing of fiber-reinforced polymer-concrete bond. ACI Structural Journal 2002; 99(2):215-223.
  • Dai, JG., Hiroshi Y., Mitsuyasu I., Ema K. Experimental investigation of the influence of moisture on the bond behavior of FRP to concrete interfaces 2010; 14(6): 834-844.
  • EN 1504-4, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures- Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity- Part 4: Structural bonding, 2005.
  • EN 1542, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures- Test methods- Measurement of bond strength by pull-off, 1999.
  • EN 1766, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete- Test methods- Reference concretes for testing, 2017.,
  • EN 12004-2, Adhesives for ceramic tiles- Part 2: Test methods, 2017.
  • Green, MF., Luke AB., Amir ZF., Venkatesh KRK. FRP confined concrete columns: Behaviour under extreme conditions. Cement and Concrete Composites 2006; 28(10): 928–937.
  • Lai, WL., Kou, SC., Poon, CS., Tsang, WF., Lee, KK. A durability study of externally bonded FRP-concrete beams via full-field infrared thermography (IRT) and quasi-static shear test. Construction and Building Materials 2013; 40: 481-491.
  • Moodi, F., Bagheri, M., Dashti, P., Ramezanianpour, AA. Mechanical properties and durability of injected SCC panels by epoxy against freezing and thawing. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 2023; 124: 103380.
  • Tran, DB., Nguyen, VT., Tran, VT., Pham, XA. A General framework for sustainability assessment of buildings: A life-cycle thinking approach. Sustainability 2023; 15(14): 10770.
  • Yaman, Z., Öztürk, İŞ., Emiroğlu, M. Donma/çözülme ve sıcaklığın BFRP kompozitlerle güçlendirilmiş betonların davranışlarına etkisi. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2022; 5(2): 551-569.
  • Yun, Y., Wu, YF. Durability of CFRP–concrete joints under freeze–thaw cycling. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2010; 65(3): 401–412.
  • Zheng, XH., Huang, PY., Guo, XY., Huang JL. Experimental study on bond behavior of FRP-concrete interface in hygrothermal environment. International Journal of Polymer Science 2016; 2016(5): 1–12.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Metehan Çalış 0000-0003-1169-6413

Early Pub Date January 15, 2025
Publication Date January 17, 2025
Submission Date June 1, 2024
Acceptance Date August 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çalış, M. (2025). Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1493959
AMA Çalış M. Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno. January 2025;8(1):82-99. doi:10.47495/okufbed.1493959
Chicago Çalış, Metehan. “Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An Experimental Study”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8, no. 1 (January 2025): 82-99. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1493959.
EndNote Çalış M (January 1, 2025) Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8 1 82–99.
IEEE M. Çalış, “Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study”, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 82–99, 2025, doi: 10.47495/okufbed.1493959.
ISNAD Çalış, Metehan. “Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An Experimental Study”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8/1 (January 2025), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1493959.
JAMA Çalış M. Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno. 2025;8:82–99.
MLA Çalış, Metehan. “Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An Experimental Study”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, pp. 82-99, doi:10.47495/okufbed.1493959.
Vancouver Çalış M. Effect of Water Immersion and Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Pull-off Strength of FRP Epoxy Bonded on Concrete: An experimental study. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno. 2025;8(1):82-99.

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