Ceratophyllum submersum'un Antioksidan, Antikolinesteraz ve Antiproliferatif Aktivitelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 1768 - 1779, 16.09.2025

Nuh Korkmaz

https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1670581

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Ceratophyllum submersum etanol özütünün antioksidan, antikolinesteraz ve antiproliferatif aktivitelerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Antioksidan aktivite, toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS), toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS) ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) parametreleri ile belirlenmiştir. C. submersum'un TAS değeri 4,271±0,126 mmol/L, TOS değeri 10,505±0,147 µmol/L ve OSI değeri 0,246±0,004 olarak belirlenmiştir. Düşük OSI değeri bitkinin güçlü bir antioksidan savunma sistemine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Antikolinesteraz aktivitesi açısından, C. submersum özütü asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) ve bütirilkolinesteraz (BChE) enzimlerine karşı sırasıyla 139,68±2,40 µg/mL ve 171,99±1,81 µg/mL seviyelerinde inhibisyon göstermiştir. Bu değerler standart inhibitör galantamin ile karşılaştırıldığında düşük olsa da özütün potansiyel biyoaktif bileşikler içerdiğini göstermektedir. A549 akciğer kanseri hücre hattında antiproliferatif aktivite değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar C. submersum etanol özütünün artan konsantrasyonlarda hücre canlılığını önemli ölçüde azalttığını ve antiproliferatif etki gösterdiğini göstermiştir. Elde edilen bulgular C. submersum'un biyolojik olarak aktif bileşikler içerdiğini ve oksidatif stresle mücadelede etkili bir bitki türü olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu bitkinin biyoyararlanımı, moleküler mekanizmaları ve terapötik potansiyelini daha iyi anlamak için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

Ceratophyllum submersum , Antioksidan aktivite , Antikolinesteraz aktivite , Antiproliferatif etki , Oksidatif stres , Biyoaktif bileşikler

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase and Antiproliferative Activities of Ceratophyllum submersum

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antiproliferative activities of Ceratophyllum submersum ethanol extract. Antioxidant activity was determined by the parameters of total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). TAS value of C. submersum was determined as 4,271±0,126 mmol/L, TOS value as 10,505±0,147 µmol/L and OSI value as 0,246±0,004. Low OSI value indicates that the plant has a strong antioxidant defense system. In terms of anticholinesterase activity, C. submersum extract showed inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes at 139,68±2,40 µg/mL and 171,99±1,81 µg/mL levels, respectively. Although these values are low compared to the standard inhibitor galantamine, they indicate that the extract contains potential bioactive compounds. Antiproliferative activity assessment was performed on A549 lung cancer cell line. The results showed that C. submersum ethanol extract significantly reduced cell viability at increasing concentrations and showed antiproliferative effect. The findings obtained show that C. submersum contains biologically active compounds and is an effective plant species in combating oxidative stress. However, further studies are needed to better understand the bioavailability, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of this plant.

Keywords

Ceratophyllum submersum , Antioxidant activity , Anticholinesterase activity , Antiproliferative effect , Oxidative stress , Bioactive compounds

References

• Akgul H., Korkmaz N., Dayangaç A., Sevindik M. Antioxidant potential of endemic Salvia absconditiflora. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2020; 8(10): 2222–2224.
• Awati SS., Singh SK., Wadkar KA. In vitro antioxidant potential and anticancer activity of Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. extracts on HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 2021; 14(1): 28-36.
• Bal C., Eraslan EC., Sevindik M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, total phenolic and element contents of wild edible mushroom Bovista nigrescens. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023; 21(2): 37–41.
• Efenberger-Szmechtyk M., Nowak A., Czyzowska A. Plant extracts rich in polyphenols: Antibacterial agents and natural preservatives for meat and meat products. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2021; 61(1): 149–178.
• El-Beltagi HS., Mohamed AA., Mohamed HI., Ramadan KM., Barqawi AA., Mansour AT. Phytochemical and potential properties of seaweeds and their recent applications: A review. Marine Drugs 2022; 20(6): 342.
• El-Chaghaby GA., Mohammed FS., Rashad S., Uysal I., Koçer O., Lekesiz Ö., Doğan M., Şabik AE., Sevindik M. Genus Hypericum: General properties, chemical contents and biological activities. Egyptian Journal of Botany 2024; 64(1): 1–26.
• El-Gammal MI., Abou-Dobara MI., Ibrahim HA., Abdulhafith SA., Okbah MA. Polyphenols in selected marine algae and aromatic herbs with antimicrobial properties: A comparative study. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 2024; 50(1): 71–77.
• Ellman GL., Courtney KD., Andres JrV., Featherstone, RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology 1961; 7(2): 88–95.
• Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry 2004; 37(4): 277–285.
• Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry 2005; 38(12): 1103–1111.
• Esmeeta A., Adhikary S., Dharshnaa V., Swarnamughi P., Maqsummiya ZU., Banerjee A., Pathak S., Duttaroy AK. Plant-derived bioactive compounds in colon cancer treatment: An updated review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2022; 153: 113384.
• Ganesan AR., Tiwari U., Rajauria G. Seaweed nutraceuticals and their therapeutic role in disease prevention. Food Science and Human Wellness 2019; 8(3): 252–263.
• Grina F., Ullah Z., Kaplaner E., Moujahid A., Eddoha R., Nasser B., Terzioğlu P., Yılmaz MA., Ertaş A., Öztürk M., Essamadi A. In vitro enzyme inhibitory properties, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical fingerprints of five Moroccan seaweeds. South African Journal of Botany 2020; 128: 152-160.
• Gürgen A., Sevindik M. Application of artificial neural network coupling multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize Pleurotus ostreatus extraction parameters. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 2022; 46(11): e16949.
• Gürgen A., Sevindik M. Single and multi-objective optimization of the red pine mushroom Lactarius deliciosus (Agaricomycetes) Extraction conditions using artificial intelligence methods and biological activities of optimized extracts. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2025; 27(2): 59–73.
• Hoang NN., Nguyen TK., Vo TH., Nguyen NH., Nguyen DH., Tran DL. Isolation, characterization, and biological activities of fucoidan derived from Ceratophyllum Submersum L. Macromolecular Research 2022; 30(2): 136-145.
• Islek C., Saridogan BGO., Sevindik M., Akata I. Biological activities and heavy metal contents of some Pholiota species. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2021; 30(6): 6109–6114.
• Jebamalar J., Sumathy VJH. A Comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of Chaetomorpha antennina and Ceratophyllum submersum. International Journal of Current Research in Multidisciplinary 2016; 5(2): 06-11.
• Jebamalar J., Sumathy VJH. A comparative analysis of the anticoagulant property of Chaetomorpha Antennina and Ceratophyllum Submersum. Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2018; 4(5): 06-14.
• Kına E., Uysal İ., Mohammed FS., Doğan M., Sevindik M. In-vitro antioxidant and oxidant properties of Centaurea rigida. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2021; 9(10): 1905-1907.
• Korkmaz N. Extract optimization of Ulva lactuca L. and biological activities of optimized extracts. BMC Biotechnology 2025; 25(1): 21.
• Krupodorova T., Sevindik M. Antioxidant potential and some mineral contents of wild edible mushroom Ramaria stricta. AgroLife Scientific Journal 2020; 9(1): 186–191.
• Lowden RM. Studies on the submerged genus Ceratophyllum L. in the neotropics. Aquatic Botany 1978; 4: 127–142.
• Martínez KA., Saide A., Crespo G., Martín J., Romano G., Reyes F., Lauritano C., Ianora A. Promising antiproliferative compound from the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta against human cancer cells. Frontiers in Marine Science 2022; 9: 778108.
• Martínez-Taberner A., Moya G. Submerged vascular plants and water chemistry in the coastal marsh Albufera de Mallorca (Balearic Islands). Hydrobiologia 1993; 271: 129-139.
• Matos J., Cardoso C., Serralheiro ML., Bandarra NM., Afonso C. Seaweed bioactives potential as nutraceuticals and functional ingredients: A review. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2024; 106453.
• Mishra N., Jiang C., Chen L., Paul A., Chatterjee A., Shen G. Achieving abiotic stress tolerance in plants through antioxidative defense mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science 2023; 14: 1110622.
• Mohammed FS., Sevindik M., Uysal I. Total phenolic, flavonoid, protein contents and biological activities of wild mustard. Acta Alimentaria 2023; 52(3): 449-457.
• Mohammed FS., Sevindik M., Uysal I., Sevindik E., Akgül H. A natural material for suppressing the effects of oxidative stress: biological activities of Alcea kurdica. Biology Bulletin 2022; 49: S59-S66.
• Mridha A., Gopal PK., Paul S. Screening data reveals that Spirogyra triplicata, a fresh water alga induces robust anti-proliferative activity against A549 cells. Pharmacognosy Journal 2020; 12(3): 569–577.
• Nagengast B., Gąbka M. Apparent niche partitioning of two congeneric submerged macrophytes in small water bodies: The case of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and C. submersum L. Aquatic Botany 2017; 137: 1–8.
• Olasehinde TA., Olaniran AO., Okoh AI. Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical composition of Chlorococcum sp. extracts. Journal of Food Biochemistry 2021; 45(3): e13395.
• Pehlivan M., Mohammed FS., Şabik AE., Kına E., Dogan M., Yumrutaş Ö., Sevindik M. Some Biological activities of ethanol extract of Marrubium globosum. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2021; 9(6): 1129–1132.
• Pradhan B., Nayak R., Patra S., Jit BP., Ragusa A., Jena M. Bioactive metabolites from marine algae as potent pharmacophores against oxidative stress-associated human diseases: A comprehensive review. Molecules 2020; 26(1): 37.
• Rengasamy KR., Mahomoodally MF., Aumeeruddy MZ., Zengin G., Xiao J., Kim DH. Bioactive compounds in seaweeds: An overview of their biological properties and safety. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020; 135: 111013.
• Sabik AE., Sevindik M., Mohammed FS., Dogan M. A new natural source against a549 lung cancer cells anthemis cotula and its Biological Activities and Phenolic Contents. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 2024; 1–7.
• Sadeghi A., Rajabiyan A., Nabizade N., Nezhad NM., Zarei-Ahmady A. Seaweed-derived phenolic compounds as diverse bioactive molecules: A review on identification, application, extraction and purification strategies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024; 266: 131147.
• Saridogan BGO., Islek C., Baba H., Akata I., Sevindik M. Antioxidant antimicrobial oxidant and elements contents of Xylaria polymorpha and X. hypoxylon (Xylariaceae). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2021; 30(5): 5400–5404.
• Sevindik M. The novel biological tests on various extracts of Cerioporus varius. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2019; 28(5): 3713–3717.
• Sevindik M., Gürgen A., Krupodorova T., Uysal İ., Koçer O. A hybrid artificial neural network and multi-objective genetic algorithm approach to optimize extraction conditions of Mentha longifolia and biological activities. Scientific Reports 2024; 14(1): 31403.
• Sevindik M., Mohammed FS., Uysal I. Autism: plants with neuro-psychopharmacotherapeutic potential. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023; 21(3): 38–48.
• Sevindik M., Krupodorova T., Sevindik E., Koçer O., Uysal I., Ünal O. Elaeagnus angustifolia L.: A comprehensive review of its biological activities, phenolic and chemical constituents, and applications. Applied Fruit Science 2025; 67(2): 70.
• Silvestre F. Signaling pathways of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms exposed to xenobiotics. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 2020; 333(6): 436–448.
• Uysal İ., Mohammed FS., Şabik AE., Kına E., Sevindik M. Antioxidant and oxidant status of medicinal plant Echium italicum collected from different regions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2021; 9(10): 1902-1904.
• Uysal I., Koçer O., Mohammed FS., Lekesiz Ö., Doğan M., Şabik AE., Sevindik E., Özbas-Gerçeker F., Sevindik M. Pharmacological and nutritional properties: Genus Salvia. Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy 2023; 11(2): 140–155.
• Ünal O., Gürgen A., Krupodorova T., Sevindik M., Kabaktepe Ş., Akata I. Optimization of Phellinus hartigii extracts: Biological activities, and phenolic content analysis. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2025; 25: 113.
• Wilmot-Dear M. Ceratophyllum revised: a study in fruit and leaf variation. Kew Bulletin 1985; 243–271.