YAPAY BİR MERADA OTLATMANIN BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜ VE TOPRAK ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2012, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 80 - 88, 31.01.2012

Müjde Çetiner Ahmet Gökkuş , Mehmet Parlak

https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2012.272.80

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Mera Kanunu yürürlüğe girdikten sonra kayıtlarda mera olarak görülmesine rağmen tarla olarak kullanılan alanlar yeniden meraya dönüştürülmektedir. Bu şekilde tesis edilen Çanakkale ili Biga ilçesi Hacıpehlivan köyü merasına 2004 yılı sonbaharında yonca, gazal boynuzu, çok yıllık çim ve kılçıksız bromdan oluşan yem bitkileri karışımı ekilmiştir. Deneme bu yapay merada iki yıl süreyle yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada meranın kuru ot üretimi, yenen ot miktarı ve oranı, bitki bileşimi, otun besleme değerleri ile toprakların pH, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), organik madde, toplam azot (N), alınabilir fosfor (P), değişebilir K, Ca ve Mg, hacim ağırlığı ve toplam porozite özellikleri ele alınmıştır. Her iki yılda da meranın toplam ot üretimi (449.1 ve 437.8 kg/da), buna bağlı olarak da ot tüketimi (431.4 ve 412.9 kg/da) yüksek bulunmuştur. Ot üretimi mevsime yayılmış olmakla beraber en yüksek üretim (ortalama 327.3 kg/da) ilkbaharda gerçekleşmiş, yazın ve sonbaharda daha az ot üretilmiştir (ortalama 64.5 ve 51.7 kg/da). İlkbahardan sonbahara kadar giderek azalan miktarlarda ot tüketilmiştir. Toplam üretilen otun yaklaşık % 95’i otlanmıştır. Meraya buğdaygil ve baklagil yem bitkileri karışımı ekildiği için botanik bileşimin büyük kısmını bu iki familyaya ait türler oluşturmuştur. Ancak denemenin ikinci yılından itibaren ağır otlanmaya bağlı olarak çok yıllık çimde ciddi azalma olduğu için buğdaygil oranı %76.8’den %59.7’ye inmiştir. Yaz ve sonbaharda azalan buğdaygillerin bir kısmının yerini diğer familyalardan türler almıştır. Mera otu otlatma başı ve sonbaharda daha yüksek ham protein miktarına sahip olmuştur (ortalama 150.6 ve 141.1 g/kg). Ottaki NDF ve ADF miktarı otlatma başında az (ortalama 450.0 ve 379.8 g/kg), diğer zamanlarda yüksek bulunmuştur. İki yıllık otlatma sonucunda toprakların organik madde, toplam N, değişebilir K ve hacim ağırlığı artmış, alınabilir P, değişebilir Ca ve toplam porozite azalmıştır. pH, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) ve değişebilir Mg seviyeleri ise önemli oranda değişmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, yüksek üretim ve tüketim için uygun yerlerde yapay mera kurulması akılcı bir çözüm olarak görülmektedir

Keywords

Yapay mera, ot üretimi, yenen ot, kimyasal kompozisyon, toprak

EFFECT OF GRAZING ON VEGETATION AND SOIL TRAITS OF AN ARTIFICIAL RANGELAND

Abstract

After the rangeland law has been implemented, the areas used for field have been started to be converted to rangelands. A forage mixture of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, perennial ryegrass, and smooth brome was sown in the rangeland of Hacıpehlivan village, Biga, Çanakkale in 2004 fall. Trial was carried out for two years (2006-2007) in this artificial pasture to determine dry forage production, the amount and ratio of forage consumed, botanical composition, nutritional composition of forage, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, bulk density and total porosity. Total forage production (449.1 and 437.8 kg/da) and forage consumption (431.4 and 412.9 kg/da) of the pasture were found to be high in both years. Although the forage production spread over seasons, the highest production with average 327.3 kg/da was observed in the spring, followed by summer and fall (average 64.5 and 51.7 kg/da, respectively). The amount of forage consumed decreased from spring to fall, and about 95% of the production was consumed. Botanical composition of the rangeland was composed of mostly grasses and legumes as the mixture of these species were sown. However, the ratio of the grasses decreased from 76.8 to 59.7% in the second year due to heavy grazing. Some of the grasses were replaced with the species in other families in summer and fall. The forage of rangeland contained high level of protein at the beginning of grazing and in fall (150.6 and 141.1 g/kg, respectively). NDF and ADF contents were low (450.0 and 379.8 g/kg, respectively) at the beginning of grazing and high at other times. At the end of two year grazing, organic matter, total N, exchangeable K and bulk density significantly increased in the soil, while available P, exchangeable Ca, and total porosity decreased. Soil pH, EC, and exchangeable Mg levels did not vary significantly. Consequently, establishing artificial pastures in suitable places seems reasonable for high production and consumption. However, heavy grazing may cause big losses in the species sown and increase low quality species. Chemical and physical properties of the soil could be improved in the artificial pasture soils in spite of the heavy grazing.

Keywords

Artificial rangeland, forage production, forage consumed, crude protein, NDF, ADF, soil

References

• Gökkuş, A. 1994. Türkiye’nin kaba yem üretiminde çayır mera ve yem bitkilerinin yeri ve önemi. Atatürk Üni. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 25: 250-261
• Henning, J., Lacefield, G., Rasnake, M., Burris, R., Johns, J., Johnson, K., Turner, L. 2000. Rotational Grazing.Univ. of Kentucy, Col. of Agric., Coop. Ext. Serv., D-143, 16 p
• Holechek, J.L., Preper, R.D., Herbel, C.H. 2004. Range Management Principles and Practices. Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey, 607 p.
• Langevelde, F., Drescher, M., Heitkonig, I.M.A., Prins, H.H.T. 2008. Instantaneous intake rate of herbivores as function forage quality and mass: effects on facilitative and competitive interactions. Ecol. Model., 213(3/4): 273-284.
• Larcher, W. 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology (Third Ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin, 506 p.
• Lyons, R.K., Machen, R.V., Forbes, T.D.A., 1999. Why Range Forage Quality Changes. Texas Agric. Ext. Serv., B-6036, 7 p.
• McCloud, D.E., Bula, R.J. 1985. Climatic Factors in Forage Production. In: Healt, M.E., Barnes, R.F., Metcalfe, D.S. (Eds.) Forages the Science of Grassland Agriculture. Eds. Iowa State Univ. Press, 33-42
• McKenzie, F.R. 1997. Influence of grazing frequency and intensity on tiller appearance and dealt rates of Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions. Australian J. Agric. Res., 48: 337-342.
• Miller, D.A. 1984. Forage Crops. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 530p.
• Moore, K.J., Hatfield, R.D. 1994. Carbohydrates and Forage Quality. In: Fahey, G.C., Collins, M., Mertens, D.R., Moser, L.E. (Eds.) Forage Quality, Evaluation and Utilization. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Wisconsin, 229-280.
• Nelson, C.J., Moser, L.E. 1994. Plant Factors Affecting Forage Quality. In: Fahey, G.C., Collins, M., Mertens, D.R., Moser, L.E. (Eds.) Forage Quality, Evaluation and Utilization. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Wisconsin, 115-154.
• Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, Chemical Methods, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, SSSA Book Series No: 5: 961-1010.
• Olsen, S.R., Cole, V., Watanable, F.S., Dean, L.A. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. USDA Cir. 939, Washington D.C.
• Özaslan-Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., Hakyemez, B.H., Baytekin, H. 2011. Shrub yield and forage quality in Mediterranean shrublands of West Turkey for a period of one year. African J. Agric. Res., 6(7): 1726-1734.
• Pietola, L., Horn, R., Yli-Halla, M. 2004. Effects of trampling by cattle on the hydraulic and mechanical properties of soil. Soil Till. Res., 82: 99-108
• Riewe, M.E., Mondart, J.R. 1985. Theryegrasses. In: Heath, M.E., Barnes, R.F., Metcalfe, D.S. (Eds.) Forages The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Iowa State Univ. Press, 241-246.
• Sandage, L.J. 1999. Controlled Grazing Management Systems. Univ. Arkansas, Coop. Ext. Serv., FSA-2130, 4p
• Serin, Y., Tan, M. 1998. Buğdaygil Yem Bitkileri. Atatürk Üni. Ziraat Fak. Yay. No: 334, Ders Kitapları No: 81, Erzurum, 172 s.
• Soya, H., Avcıoğlu, R., Geren, H. 2004. Yem Bitkileri (İkinci Baskı). Hasad Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 223 s.
• Sumner, M.E., Miller, W.P. 1996. Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchange Cations. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, Chemical Methods, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, SSSA Book Series No: 5: 1201-1229
• Thurow, T.L. 1991. Hydrology and Erosion. In: Grazing Management An Ecological Perspective Heitschmidt, R.K., Stuth, J.W. (Eds) Timber Press, Inc., 141-159.
• Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., Beaton, J.D., Havlin, J.L. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. McMillan Publ. Corp., New York.
• TÜİK, 2010. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri . Başbakanlık Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
• U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. USDA Agricultural Handbook, No: 60.
• Ünal, Y. 2005. Near infrared reflektans spektroskopinin hayvan besleme bilim alanında kullanım imkanları. Lalahan Hay. Arş. Ens. Derg. 45 , 33-39
• Vallentine, J.F. 1989. Range Development and Improvements (Third Edition). Academic Press, Inc., 524 p
• Van Keuren, R.W., Matches, A.G. 1988. Pasture Production and Utilization. In: Hanson, A.A., Barnes, D.K., Hill,R.R. (Eds.) Alfalfa and Alfalfa Improvement. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Agronomy: 29, 515-538
• Wilkins, R.J., Garwood, E.A. 1986. Effects of Treading, Poaching and Fouling on Grassland Production and Utilization. In: Frame, J. (Ed.) Grazing British Grassland Soc. Hurley, Berks, England, 19-31
• Winer, B.J., Brown, D.R., Michels, K.M. 1991. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design (Third Edition). Mc Graw Hill, New York, USA, 1057 p.
• Xie, Y., Wittig, R. 2004. The impact of grazing intensity on soil characteristics of Stipa grandis and Stipa bungeana steppe in northern China (autonomous region of Ningxia). Acta Oecol., 25: 197-204.