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KÜLTÜR MANTARLARLARINDA GÖRÜLEN VİRÜS HASTALIKLARI

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 105 - 115, 27.02.2007

Öz

Dünyanın her yerinde değişik mantar türleri yetiştirilmektedir. Dünyada 200 yenilebilir mantar türünden ancak 25’i
kültüre alınmış ve insan beslenmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach (beyaz şapkalı kültür mantarı) yaklaşık % 32’lik bir oranla dünyada en çok kültürü yapılan mantar türüdür. Kültürü yapılan diğer mantar türleri de sırasıyla şu şekilde sıralanmaktadır: Lentinus edodes (meşe mantarı), Pleurotus türleri (kayın, kavak veya istiridye mantarları), Volvariella volvacea (saman mantarı), Auricularia türleri (ağaç kulağı veya Yahudi kulağı mantarı), Flamminula velutipes (inci mantarı), Tremella fuciformis (jöle mantarı) ve Pholiota nameko (nameko mantarı). Kültür mantarlarında ciddi verim kayıplarına yol açan pek çok hastalık etmeni ve zararlı bulunmaktadır. Virüs hastalıkları kültür mantarlarının en ciddi hastalık etmenlerinden biridir. Bu virüsler yavaş ve anormal misel gelişimi, verim düşüklüğü ve şapkalarda şekil bozukluğu
belirtilerini de içeren pek çok hastalık belirtilerine yol açmaktadır. Kültür mantarlarında görülen virüs hastalıkları Türkiye de dahil olmak üzere mantarcılığın yapıldığı hemen hemen tüm ülkelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dünyada en çok üretilen kültür mantarı olmasından dolayı beyaz şapkalı kültür mantarı (Agaricus bisporus) üzerinde görülen virüs hastalıkları üzerinde ağırlıklı olarak durulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adie, B., Choi, I, Soares, A., Holcroft, S., Eastwood, D., Mead, A., Grogan, H., Kerrigan, R., Challen, M., Mills, P. 2004. MVX disease and double-stranded RNA elements in Agaricus bisporus. Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse , Miami, FL. U.S.A).
  • Ahn, I.P, Lee, Y.H., 2001. A viral double-stranded RNA up regulates the fungal virulence of Nectria radicicola. Mol. Plant Microbe. Interact., 14: 496-507.
  • Anagnostakis, S.L., Day, P.R., 1979. Hypovirulence conversion in Endothia parasitica. Phytopathology, 69: 1226-1229.
  • Anonymous, 2004. Diseases of mushrooms, chapter five. In: Guideliness for the control of plant diseases in Western Canada, Prepared by The Western Committee on Plant Diseases for the use of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and Food (Eds.: M. Desjardins, T. Shinners-Carnelley), 5.1-5.10.
  • Barroso, G., Labarere, J., 1990. Evidence for viral and naked double-stranded RNAs in the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita. Curr. Gen., 18: 231-237.
  • Beelman, R.B., Royse, D., Chikthimmah, N. 2004. Bioactive components in button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach of nutritional, medicinal, and biological importance (Review). Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse , Miami, FL. U.S.A).
  • Boland, G.J., 1992. Hypovirulence and double-stranded RNA in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 14: 10-17.
  • Bora, T., Toros, S., Özaktan, H., 1996. Kültür Mantarı Hastalıkları, Zararlıları ve Savaşımı. Afa Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 137 s.
  • Bottacin, A.M., Levesque, C.A., Punja, Z.K., 1994. Characterization of dsRNA in Chalara elegans and effects on growth and virulence. Phytopathology, 84: 303-312.
  • Boztok, K., Erkip, N., 2002. Meşe mantarının (Lentinula edodes) ağaç kütükleri üzerinde yetiştiriciliği. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 39:149-155.
  • Buck, K.W., 1986. Fungal virology: An overview. In: Fungal Virology (Ed.: K.W. Buck), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1-85.
  • Büchen-Osmond, A., 1995. ICTVdB - A Universal Virus Database Descriptions of ICTV, Approved Virus Taxa, Unassigned Viruses. [Ulaşımhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_una ss.htm#Type37: 20 Nisan 2006].
  • Büchen-Osmond, A., 2004. ICTVdb Index of viruses. Available from URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/index.htm [Ulaşım: 20 Nisan 2006].
  • Chang, S.T., 1999. World production of edible and medicinal mushrooms in 1997 with emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. in China. Int. J. Med. Mush., 1: 291-300.
  • Chang, S.T., Miles, P.G. 2004. Mushrooms: Cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact, second edition,CRC Press, 480 pp.
  • Chen, K.Y., Liang, P.Y., Chang, S.T., Yu, M.L., 1988. Volvariella volvacea virus-a new fungal dsRNA virus from mushroom. Acta-Microbiologica-Sinica- Weishengwa-Xuebao, 28: 19-23.
  • Deahl, K.L., San Antonio, J.P.S., Ciandrolo, E.L., 1987. Electrophoretic analysis of double-stranded RNA in stocks of cultivated mushroom (Agaricus brunnescens). Plant Dis., 71: 430-433.
  • Del Vechio, V.G., Dixon, C., Lemke, P.A., 1978. Immune electron microscopy of virus-like particles of Agaricus bisporus. Exp. Mycol., 2: 138-144.
  • Fidan, Ü., Bora, T., Özaktan, H., Gümüş, M. 1998. Kültür mantarı üretim merkezlerinde virüs ve ıslak kabarcık hastalıkları üzerinde araştırmalar. Türkiye VIII. Fitopatoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, 131-138.
  • Fidan, Ü., Bora, T., Özaktan, H., Gümüş, M., 1999. Türkiye’de önemli kültür mantarı üretim merkezlerinde virüs ve ıslak kabarcık (Mycogene perniciosa) hastalıkları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bornova Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü/Bornova/İzmir, Proje Kod No: BS/97/04/08/114.
  • Fletcher, J.T., White, P.F., Gaze, R.H., 1989. Mushrooms: Pest and disease control. 2. Edition. Intercept. Andover, Hants, 174 p.
  • Ghabrial, S.A., 1998. Origin, adaptation and evolutionary of fungal viruses. Vir. Gen., 16: 119-131.
  • Go, S.J., Cha, D.Y., Wessels, J.G.H., 1992. Symptoms of virus infected oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. Korean J. Mycol., 20: 229-233.
  • Goodin, M.M., Schlagnhaufer, B., Romaine, C.P., 1992. Encapsidation of the La France disease-specific double- stranded RNAs in 36 nm isometric virus like particles. Phytopathology, 82: 285-290.
  • Goodin, M.M., Schlagnhaufer, B., Weir, T., Romaine, C.P., 1997. Characterization of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with La France isometric virus. J. Virol., 71: 2264-2269.
  • Grogan, H.M, Adie, B.A. T., Gaze, R.H., Challen, M.P., Mills, P.R., 2003. Double-stranded RNA elements associated with the MVX Disease of Agaricus bisporus. Mycol. Res., 107: 147-154.
  • Grogan, H.M., Tomprefa, N., Mulcahy, J., Holcroft, S., Gaze, R.H. 2004. Transmission of mushroom virus X disease in crops. Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse, Miami, FL. U.S.A).
  • Hall, I.R., Yun, W., 2000. Edible mushrooms as secondary crops in forests. Quart. J. Forest., 94: 299-304.
  • Hansen, D.R., van Alfen, N.K., Gillies, K., Powell, W.A., 1985. Naked dsRNA associated with hypovirulence of Endothia parasitica is packaged in fungal vesicles. J. Gen. Virol., 66: 2605-2614.
  • Harmsen, M.C., van Griensven, L.J.L.D., Wessels, J.G.H., 1989. Molecular analysis of Agaricus bisporus double- stranded RNA. J. Gen. Virol., 70: 1613-1616.
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  • Poppe, J., Samyn, G., Welvaert, W., Meulewaeter, F. 1987. Mycoviroses and their control in Belgian mushroom farms, especially on Agaricus, Pleurotus, and Lentinus. Mededelingen. Faculteit van de Landbouwweten schappen, Rijksuniversiteit, Gent, 52 (3a): 1005-1013.
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  • Revill, A.P., Wright, P.J., 1997. RT-PCR detection of dsRNAs associated with La France disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. J. Virol. Methods, 63: 17-26.
  • Revill, P.A., Davidson, A.D., Wright, P.J., 1999. Identification of a subgenomic mRNA encoding the capsid protein of mushroom bacilliform virus, a single- stranded RNA mycovirus. Virology, 260: 273-276.
  • Rigling, D., van Alfen, N.K., 1993. Extra- and intracellular laccase of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59:3634-3639.
  • Rinker, D.L., Stobbs, L.W., Alm, G., 1993. Effect of virus disease on oyster mushroom production. Micol. Neotrop. Appl., 6: 73-79.
  • Robyn, L.J.H., Beaver, R.E., Pearson, M.N., Foster, R.L.S., 2001. Genomic characterization of Botrytis virus F, a flexous rod-shaped mycovirus resembling plant "potex- like" viruses. J. Gen. Virol., 82: 67–78.
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KÜLTÜR MANTARLARLARINDA GÖRÜLEN VİRÜS HASTALIKLARI

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 105 - 115, 27.02.2007

Öz

Dünyanın her yerinde değişik mantar türleri yetiştirilmektedir. Dünyada 200 yenilebilir mantar türünden ancak 25’i kültüre alınmış ve insan beslenmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach (beyaz şapkalı kültür mantarı) yaklaşık % 32’lik bir oranla dünyada en çok kültürü yapılan mantar türüdür. Kültürü yapılan diğer mantar türleri de sırasıyla şu şekilde sıralanmaktadır: Lentinus edodes (meşe mantarı), Pleurotus türleri (kayın, kavak veya istiridye mantarları), Volvariella volvacea (saman mantarı), Auricularia türleri (ağaç kulağı veya Yahudi kulağı mantarı), Flamminula velutipes (inci mantarı), Tremella fuciformis (jöle mantarı) ve Pholiota nameko (nameko mantarı). Kültür mantarlarında ciddi verim kayıplarına yol açan pek çok hastalık etmeni ve zararlı bulunmaktadır. Virüs hastalıkları kültür mantarlarının en ciddi hastalık etmenlerinden biridir. Bu virüsler yavaş ve anormal misel gelişimi, verim düşüklüğü ve şapkalarda şekil bozukluğu belirtilerini de içeren pek çok hastalık belirtilerine yol açmaktadır. Kültür mantarlarında görülen virüs hastalıkları Türkiye de dahil olmak üzere mantarcılığın yapıldığı hemen hemen tüm ülkelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dünyada en çok üretilen kültür mantarı olmasından dolayı beyaz şapkalı kültür mantarı (Agaricus bisporus) üzerinde görülen virüs hastalıkları üzerinde ağırlıklı olarak durulmuştur

Kaynakça

  • Adie, B., Choi, I, Soares, A., Holcroft, S., Eastwood, D., Mead, A., Grogan, H., Kerrigan, R., Challen, M., Mills, P. 2004. MVX disease and double-stranded RNA elements in Agaricus bisporus. Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse , Miami, FL. U.S.A).
  • Ahn, I.P, Lee, Y.H., 2001. A viral double-stranded RNA up regulates the fungal virulence of Nectria radicicola. Mol. Plant Microbe. Interact., 14: 496-507.
  • Anagnostakis, S.L., Day, P.R., 1979. Hypovirulence conversion in Endothia parasitica. Phytopathology, 69: 1226-1229.
  • Anonymous, 2004. Diseases of mushrooms, chapter five. In: Guideliness for the control of plant diseases in Western Canada, Prepared by The Western Committee on Plant Diseases for the use of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and Food (Eds.: M. Desjardins, T. Shinners-Carnelley), 5.1-5.10.
  • Barroso, G., Labarere, J., 1990. Evidence for viral and naked double-stranded RNAs in the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita. Curr. Gen., 18: 231-237.
  • Beelman, R.B., Royse, D., Chikthimmah, N. 2004. Bioactive components in button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach of nutritional, medicinal, and biological importance (Review). Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse , Miami, FL. U.S.A).
  • Boland, G.J., 1992. Hypovirulence and double-stranded RNA in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 14: 10-17.
  • Bora, T., Toros, S., Özaktan, H., 1996. Kültür Mantarı Hastalıkları, Zararlıları ve Savaşımı. Afa Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 137 s.
  • Bottacin, A.M., Levesque, C.A., Punja, Z.K., 1994. Characterization of dsRNA in Chalara elegans and effects on growth and virulence. Phytopathology, 84: 303-312.
  • Boztok, K., Erkip, N., 2002. Meşe mantarının (Lentinula edodes) ağaç kütükleri üzerinde yetiştiriciliği. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 39:149-155.
  • Buck, K.W., 1986. Fungal virology: An overview. In: Fungal Virology (Ed.: K.W. Buck), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1-85.
  • Büchen-Osmond, A., 1995. ICTVdB - A Universal Virus Database Descriptions of ICTV, Approved Virus Taxa, Unassigned Viruses. [Ulaşımhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_una ss.htm#Type37: 20 Nisan 2006].
  • Büchen-Osmond, A., 2004. ICTVdb Index of viruses. Available from URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/index.htm [Ulaşım: 20 Nisan 2006].
  • Chang, S.T., 1999. World production of edible and medicinal mushrooms in 1997 with emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. in China. Int. J. Med. Mush., 1: 291-300.
  • Chang, S.T., Miles, P.G. 2004. Mushrooms: Cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact, second edition,CRC Press, 480 pp.
  • Chen, K.Y., Liang, P.Y., Chang, S.T., Yu, M.L., 1988. Volvariella volvacea virus-a new fungal dsRNA virus from mushroom. Acta-Microbiologica-Sinica- Weishengwa-Xuebao, 28: 19-23.
  • Deahl, K.L., San Antonio, J.P.S., Ciandrolo, E.L., 1987. Electrophoretic analysis of double-stranded RNA in stocks of cultivated mushroom (Agaricus brunnescens). Plant Dis., 71: 430-433.
  • Del Vechio, V.G., Dixon, C., Lemke, P.A., 1978. Immune electron microscopy of virus-like particles of Agaricus bisporus. Exp. Mycol., 2: 138-144.
  • Fidan, Ü., Bora, T., Özaktan, H., Gümüş, M. 1998. Kültür mantarı üretim merkezlerinde virüs ve ıslak kabarcık hastalıkları üzerinde araştırmalar. Türkiye VIII. Fitopatoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, 131-138.
  • Fidan, Ü., Bora, T., Özaktan, H., Gümüş, M., 1999. Türkiye’de önemli kültür mantarı üretim merkezlerinde virüs ve ıslak kabarcık (Mycogene perniciosa) hastalıkları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bornova Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü/Bornova/İzmir, Proje Kod No: BS/97/04/08/114.
  • Fletcher, J.T., White, P.F., Gaze, R.H., 1989. Mushrooms: Pest and disease control. 2. Edition. Intercept. Andover, Hants, 174 p.
  • Ghabrial, S.A., 1998. Origin, adaptation and evolutionary of fungal viruses. Vir. Gen., 16: 119-131.
  • Go, S.J., Cha, D.Y., Wessels, J.G.H., 1992. Symptoms of virus infected oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. Korean J. Mycol., 20: 229-233.
  • Goodin, M.M., Schlagnhaufer, B., Romaine, C.P., 1992. Encapsidation of the La France disease-specific double- stranded RNAs in 36 nm isometric virus like particles. Phytopathology, 82: 285-290.
  • Goodin, M.M., Schlagnhaufer, B., Weir, T., Romaine, C.P., 1997. Characterization of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with La France isometric virus. J. Virol., 71: 2264-2269.
  • Grogan, H.M, Adie, B.A. T., Gaze, R.H., Challen, M.P., Mills, P.R., 2003. Double-stranded RNA elements associated with the MVX Disease of Agaricus bisporus. Mycol. Res., 107: 147-154.
  • Grogan, H.M., Tomprefa, N., Mulcahy, J., Holcroft, S., Gaze, R.H. 2004. Transmission of mushroom virus X disease in crops. Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse, Miami, FL. U.S.A).
  • Hall, I.R., Yun, W., 2000. Edible mushrooms as secondary crops in forests. Quart. J. Forest., 94: 299-304.
  • Hansen, D.R., van Alfen, N.K., Gillies, K., Powell, W.A., 1985. Naked dsRNA associated with hypovirulence of Endothia parasitica is packaged in fungal vesicles. J. Gen. Virol., 66: 2605-2614.
  • Harmsen, M.C., van Griensven, L.J.L.D., Wessels, J.G.H., 1989. Molecular analysis of Agaricus bisporus double- stranded RNA. J. Gen. Virol., 70: 1613-1616.
  • Hollings, M., 1982. Mycoviruses and plant pathology. Plant Dis., 66: 1106-1112.
  • Hong, Y., Cole, T.E., Brasier, C.M., Buck, K.W., 1998. Evolutionary relationships among putative RNA- dependent RNA polymerases encoded by a mitochondrial virus-like RNA in the Dutch elm disease fungus, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, by other viruses and virus-like RNAs and by the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome. Virology, 246: 158-169.
  • Howard, R.J., Garland, J.A., Seaman, W.L. 1994. Diseases and pests of vegetable crops in Canada, Chapter 26. Mushrooms. The Canadian Phytopathological Society and the Entomological Society of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, 363-379.
  • Howitt, R.L, Beever, R.E., Pearson, M.N., Forster, R.L., 2006. Genome characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, Botrytis virus X, reveals high amino acid identity to genes from plant 'potex-like' viruses. Arch. Virol. 151: 563-79.
  • Huttinga, H., Wichers, H.J., Van Zaayen, A.D., 1975. Filamentous and polyhedral virus-like particles in Boletus edulis. Europ. J. Pl. Pathol. 81: 102-106.
  • Kim, S.W., Lee, K., Lee, H.S., Ro, H.S., 2005. Expression and characterization of oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV) genome-encoding proteins. Annual Meeting and International Symposium Microorganisms and Human Well-Being. The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology.
  • Koons, K., Schlagnhaufer, B., Romaine, P., 1989. Double- stranded RNAs in mycelial cultures of Agaricus bisporus affected by La France disease. Phytopathology, 79: 1272-1275.
  • Küçükomuzlu, B., Pekşen, A., 2005. Yetiştirme ortamı ağırlıklarının Pleurotus mantar türlerinin verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkileri. OMÜ Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 20: 64- 71.
  • Lakshman, D.K., Jian, J., Tavantzis, S.M., 1998. A double- stranded RNA element from a hypovirulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani occurs in DNA from and is genetically related to the pentafunctional AROM protein of the shikimate pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 6425-6429.
  • Lee, H.S., 2001. Kit production for diagnosis of viruses in oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Available from http://www.mushworld.com/disease/view.asp?cline=15 &cata_id=3200&vid=537 [Ulaşım 25 Nisan 2006].
  • Lemke, P.A., Nash, C.E., 1974. Fungal viruses. Bact. Rev., 38: 29-56.
  • Lim, W.S, Jeong, J.H., Jeong, R.D., Yoo, Y.B., Yie, S.V., Kim, K.H., 2005. Complete nucleotide sequence and genome organisation of a dsRNA partitivirus infecting Pleurotus ostreatus. Virus Res., 108: 111-119.
  • Magae, Y., Hayashi, N., 1999. Double-stranded RNA and virus-like particles in the edible basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes (enokitake). FEMS Microbiology Letters, 180: 331-335.
  • Magliani, W., Conti, S., Gerloni, M., Bertolotti, D., Polonelli, L., 1997. Yeast killer systems. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 10: 369-400.
  • Milgroom, M.G., Cortesi, P., 2004. Biological control of chestnut blight with hypovırulence: A critical analysis. Ann. Rev. Phytopath., 42:311-338.
  • Nair, N.G., 1979. Studies on the behaviour of mushroom spores in relation to the epidemiology of virus disease. Austr. J. Agric. Res., 30: 1123-1132.
  • Newhouse, J.R., Hoch, H.C., MacDonald, W.L., 1983. The ultra structure of Endothia parasitica. comparison of a virulent with a hypovirulent isolate. Can. J. Bot., 61: 389-399.
  • Ormrod, D.J., van Dalfsen, B., 1993. Wood preservation on the farm. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food, Resource Management-Crop Protection, 20 pp.
  • Özbayram, K., Savaşkan, Ç., 1983. Yameklik mantar üretimi. T.C. Köy İşleri ve Kooperatifler Bakanlığı Topraksu Genel Müdürlüğü Merkez Topraksu Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları Genel Yayın No:91, Çiftçi Yayın No: 8, 28 s.
  • Poppe, J., Samyn, G., Welvaert, W., Meulewaeter, F. 1987. Mycoviroses and their control in Belgian mushroom farms, especially on Agaricus, Pleurotus, and Lentinus. Mededelingen. Faculteit van de Landbouwweten schappen, Rijksuniversiteit, Gent, 52 (3a): 1005-1013.
  • Revill, P.A., Davidson, A.D., Wright, P.J., 1994. The nucleotide sequence and genome organization of mushroom bacilliform virus: A single-stranded RNA virus of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Virology, 202: 904-911.
  • Revill, A.P., Wright, P.J., 1997. RT-PCR detection of dsRNAs associated with La France disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. J. Virol. Methods, 63: 17-26.
  • Revill, P.A., Davidson, A.D., Wright, P.J., 1999. Identification of a subgenomic mRNA encoding the capsid protein of mushroom bacilliform virus, a single- stranded RNA mycovirus. Virology, 260: 273-276.
  • Rigling, D., van Alfen, N.K., 1993. Extra- and intracellular laccase of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59:3634-3639.
  • Rinker, D.L., Stobbs, L.W., Alm, G., 1993. Effect of virus disease on oyster mushroom production. Micol. Neotrop. Appl., 6: 73-79.
  • Robyn, L.J.H., Beaver, R.E., Pearson, M.N., Foster, R.L.S., 2001. Genomic characterization of Botrytis virus F, a flexous rod-shaped mycovirus resembling plant "potex- like" viruses. J. Gen. Virol., 82: 67–78.
  • Romaine, C.P., Schlagnhaufer, B., 1989. Prevalence of double-stranded RNAs in healthy and La France desease-affected basidiocarps of Agaricus bisporus. Mycologia, 81: 822-825.
  • Romaine, C.P., Ulhrich, P., Schlagnhaufer, B., 1993. Transmission of La France isometric virus during basidiosporogenesis in Agaricus bisporus. Mycologia, 85: 175-179.
  • Romaine, C.P., Schlagnhaufer, B., 1995. PCR analysis of the viral complex associated with la France disease of Agaricus bisporus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 2322– 2325.
  • Romaine, C.P. 2002. Virus diseases. In: Pennsylvania mushroom integrated pest management handbook, Pennsylvania State University, CAT AGRS-83, 91 pp.
  • Sonnenberg, A.S.M., van Kempen, I.P.J., van Griensven, L.J.D.L., 1995. Detection of Agaricus bisporus viral dsRNAs in pure cultures, spawn and spawn-run compost by RT-PCR. In: Mushroom Science, 14 (Eds.: T.J. Elliott. A.A. Balkema), Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 587-594.
  • Tavantzis, S.M., Romaine, C.P., Smith, S.H., 1980. Purification and partial characterization of a bacilliform virus from Agaricus bisporus: a single stranded RNA mycovirus. Virology, 105: 94-102.
  • Ushiyama, R., Nakai, Y., 1982. Ultrastructural features of virus-like particles from Lentinus edodes. Virology, 123: 93-101.
  • van der Lende, T.R., Harmsen, M.C., Wessels, J.G., 1994. Double-stranded RNAs and proteins associated with the 34 nm virus particles of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. J. Gen. Virol., 75: 2533-2536.
  • van der Lende, T.R., Harmsen, M.C., Go, S.J., Wessel, J.G.H., 1995. Double-stranded RNA mycoviruses in mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 125: 51.
  • van der Lende, T. R., Duitman, E. H., Gunnewijk, M. G. H., Li, Y., Wessels, J.G.H., 1996. Functional analysis of dsRNAs (L1, L3, L5, and M2) associated with isometric 34-nm virions of Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom). Virology, 217: 88-96 van Zaayen, A.D., 1972. Mushroom virus disease in the Netherlands: Symptoms, etiology, electron microscopy, spread and control. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, 130 p. van Zaayen, A., 1979. Mushroom viruses. In: Viruses and plasmids in fungi (Ed.: P.A. Lemke), Marcel Dekker
  • Inc. New York and Basel, 240-324.
  • Wach, M.P., Sriskantha, A., Romaine, C.P., 1987. Double- stranded RNAs associated with La France disease of the commercial mushroom. Phytopathology, 77: 1321-1325.
  • Yokoi, T., Takemoto, Y., Suzuki, M., Yamashita, S., Hibi, T., 1999. The nucleotide sequence and genome orgnization of Sclerophthora macrospora virus B. Virology, 264: 344–349.
  • Yu, H.J., Lim, D., Lee, H.S., 2003. Characterization of a novel single-stranded RNA mycovirus in Pleurotus streatus. Virology, 314: 9-15.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Tarım Bilimleri (Agricultural Sciences) Eski Sayılar (Back Issues)
Yazarlar

İ. Özer Elibüyük Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Şubat 2007
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2007 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Elibüyük, İ. Ö. (2007). KÜLTÜR MANTARLARLARINDA GÖRÜLEN VİRÜS HASTALIKLARI. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2007.22.1.105-115
Online ISSN: 1308-8769