EKTOMİKORİZANIN TARIM VE ORMANCILIK BAKIMINDAN ÖNEMİ
Year 2007,
Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 232 - 238, 20.06.2007
Beyhan Kibar
Aysun Pekşen
Abstract
Mikoriza, mantar miselleri ile yüksek bitkilerin kökleri arasındaki karşılıklı yararlanmaya dayanan bir ilişkidir. Bu
ilişkide mantar bitkiden karbon ve esansiyel organik maddeleri temin ederken, bunun karşılığında bitkiye su, mineral tuzlar ve metabolitlerin alımında yardımcı olmaktadır. Ektomikoriza ise mikorizanın tarım ve ormancılık açısından önemli bir tipidir. Ektomikorizal mantarlar ekonomik açıdan mantarların en önemli gruplarından biridir. Birçok ekosistemde ektomikorizal mantarlar topraktaki mikrobiyal kitlenin en önemli üyelerindendir. Bu makalede ektomikorizanın tanımı, ektomikoriza oluşumunu etkileyen faktörler ve tarımsal açıdan önemi üzerinde durulmuştur.
References
- Ajungla, T., Sharma, G.D., Dkhar, M.S., 2003. Heavy metal toxicity on dehydrogenase activity on rhizospheric soil of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings in field condition. Journal of Environmental Biology, 24 (4): 461-463.
- Araujo, A.A. ou De Araujo, A.A., Hannibal, L., Plassard, C., Mousain, D., Roussos, S., 1998. Apical growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus, Suilluis and Lactarius on agar media. Micol Neotrop Apl., 11: 23-34.
- Anonymous, 2007a. The Microbial World: Mycorrhizas. (Produced by J. Deacon). http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/ microbes/mycorrh.htm (Ulaşım tarihi: 30.01.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007b. Ectomycorrhiza. http://www.biologie. uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e33/3.htm (en son düzenleme 07/31/2003, Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007c. Mycorrhiza. http://www.ibot.cas.cz/ mykosym/mycorrhiza.html (Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007d. http://www.pflanzenkultur.de/ index_e.html?ektomykorrhiza (Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007e. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. http://www.nifg.org.uk/ecto.htm.
- Anonymous, 2007f. Mycorrhizas.http://www.crop.cri.nz/ home/products-services/publications/broadsheets/ mycorrhizas.pdf. (Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Berman, J.T., Bledsoe, C.S., 1998. Soil transfers from valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) stans increase ectomycorrhizal diversity and alter root and shoot growth on valley oak seedlings. Mycorrhiza, 7: 223-235.
- Brundrett, M., Bougher, N., Dell, B., Grove, T., Malajczuk, N., 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, p.374.
- Dosskey, M.G., Boersma L., Linderman, R.G., 1991. Role for the photosynthate demand of ectomycorrhizas in the response of Douglas fir seedlings to drying soil. New Phytologist, 117 (2): 327-334.
- Glowa, K.R., Arocena, J.M., Massicotte, H.B., 2004. Properties of soils influenced by ectomycorrhizal fungi in hybrid spruce [Picea glauca x engelmannii (Moench.) Voss]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 84 (1): 91-102.
- Guehl, J.M., Garbaye, J., 1991. The effects of ectomycorrhizal status on carbon dioxide assimilation capacity, water-use efficiency and response to transplanting in seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco. Amer. Sci. For., 21: 551-563.
- Guerin-Laguette, A., Conventi, S., Ruiz, G., Plassard, C., Mousain, D., 2003. The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Lactarius deliciosus and Pinus sylvestris in forest soil samples: symbiotic efficiency and development on roots of a rDNA internal transcribed spacer-selected isolate of L. deliciosus. Mycorrhiza, 13 (1): 17-25.
- Gür, K., 1998. Mikorizal Sınıflama (Mikorizal Enfeksiyon Tipleri). Toprak ve Bitkide Mikoriza.(Workshop notları, 20-22 Mayıs), 56-58, Adana.
- Gür, K., Uyanöz, R., Akın, N., Özkan, V.K., 1993. Vesiküler-arbüsküler mikorizanın Konya yöresi topraklarındaki dağılımı üzerine bir araştırma. 8. Kükem Kong. (20-22 Eylül 1993), Ankara.
- Hagerberg, D., Thelin, G., Wallander, H., 2003. The production of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests: Relation between forest nutrient status and local mineral sources. Plant and Soil, 252 (2): 279-290.
- Haktanır, K., Arcak, S., 1997. Toprak Biyolojisi Ders Kitabı. A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yay. No: 447, Ankara.
- Harley, J.L., Smith, S.E., 1983. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. London.
- Hatat, G., Bozoğlu, H., Pekşen, A.U., 1999. Mikorizanın bitkisel üretim açısından önemi. Karadeniz Bölgesi Tarım Sempozyumu. Bildiriler, Cilt 2, O.M.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma Seri No: 5, 657-666.
- Hees, P.A.W., Jones, D.L., Jentschke, G., Godbold, D.L., 2004. Mobilization of aluminium, iron and silicon by Picea abies and ectomycorrhizas in a forest soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 55 (1): 101-111.
- Isaac, S., 1992. Fungal Plant Interactions. Chapman and Hall, London, UK, p.418.
- Jonsson, L., 1998. Community Structure of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Swedish Boreal Forests, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
- Liang, Y., Guo, L.D., Ma, K.P., 2004. Spatial pattern of the most common late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi in a subtropical forest in Dujiangyan, Southwest of China. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46 (1): 29-34.
- Lu, X., Malajczuk, N., Dell, B., 1998. Mycorrhiza formation and growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings inoculated with spores of various ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 8: 81-86.
- Marschner, H., 1993. Zinc uptake from soils. In: Zinc in Soil and Plants. (Ed. Robson, A.D.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of High Plants. Second Edition. Academic Press London.
- Meharg, A.A., Cairney, J.W.G., 2000. Ectomycorrhizas- extending the capabilities of rhizosphere remediation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32: 1475-1484.
- Molina, R., Trappe, J.M., 1982. Patterns of ectomycorrhizal host specificity and potential among Pacific Northwest conifers and fungi. For Sci., 28: 423-458.
- Niemi, K., Scagel, C., Haggman, H., 2004. Application of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vegetative propagation of conifers. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 78 (1): 83-91.
- Oliveira, P., Barriga, J., Cavaleiro, C., Peixe, A., Potes, A.Z., 2003. Sustained in vitro root development obtained in Pinus pinea L. inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Forestry, 76 (5): 579-587.
- Ortaş, İ., 1997. Mikoriza nedir? TÜBİTAK Dergisi, Şubat 1997, Sayı 351, Ankara.
- Ortaş, İ., 1998. Mikorizanın narenciye tarımındaki önemi ve kullanım olanakları. Turunçgil Bülteni, 8 (23): 9-15.
- Osonubi, O., Mulongoy, K., Awotoye, O.O., Atayese, M.O., Okali, D.U.U., 1991. Effects of ectomycorrhizal and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of four leguminous woody seedlings. Plant and Soil, 136 (1): 131-143.
- Perrin, R., Salerno, M.I., 1994. Current developments in research related to the influence of mycorrhizae and plant protection and resistance to abiotic stresses. In: Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems From Genes to Plant development Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, 11-14 July, Granada, (Eds. Azcon-Aguilar C. and J.M. Barea), pp: 401-406.
- Peterson, R.L., Massicotte, H.B., Melville, L.H., 2004. Mycorrhizas: Anatomy and Cell Biology. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 173. http://www.namyco.org/book_reviews/Mycorrhizas.htm l (Ulaşım Tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Rincon, A., Alvarez, I.F., Pera, J., 2001. Inoculation of containerized Pinus pinea L. seedlings with seven ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 11 (6): 265-271.
- Sanchez, D.M., 1994. Survival of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants in drying soil. In: Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems From Genes to Plant development Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, 11- 14 July, Granada, (Eds. Azcon-Aguilar C. and J.M. Barea), pp: 407-412.
- Setala, H., Kulmala, P., Mikola, J., Markkola, A.M., 1999. Influence of ectomycorrhiza on the structure of detrital food webs in pine rhizosphere. Oikos, 87: 113-122.
- Smith, S.E., Read, D.J., 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Second Edition, Academic Pres., London, UK.
- Sylvia, D.M., Hammond, L.C., Bennett, J.M., Haas, J.H., Linda, S.B., 1993. Field response of maize to VAM fungus and water management. Agron. J., 85: 193-198.
- Treseder, K.K., Masiello, C.A., Lansing, J.L., Allen, M.F., 2004. Species-specific measurements of ectomycorrhizal turnover under N-fertilization: combining isotopic and genetic approaches. Oecologia,138 (3): 419-425.
- Wallander, H., Goransson, H., Rosengren, U., 2004. Production, standing biomass and natural abundance of N-15 and C-13 in ectomycorrhizal mycelia collected at different soil depths in two forest types. Oecologia, 139 (1): 89-97.
EKTOMİKORİZANIN TARIM VE ORMANCILIK BAKIMINDAN ÖNEMİ
Year 2007,
Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 232 - 238, 20.06.2007
Beyhan Kibar
Aysun Pekşen
Abstract
Mikoriza, mantar miselleri ile yüksek bitkilerin kökleri arasındaki karşılıklı yararlanmaya dayanan bir ilişkidir. Bu ilişkide mantar bitkiden karbon ve esansiyel organik maddeleri temin ederken, bunun karşılığında bitkiye su, mineral tuzlar ve metabolitlerin alımında yardımcı olmaktadır. Ektomikoriza ise mikorizanın tarım ve ormancılık açısından önemli bir tipidir. Ektomikorizal mantarlar ekonomik açıdan mantarların en önemli gruplarından biridir. Birçok ekosistemde ektomikorizal mantarlar topraktaki mikrobiyal kitlenin en önemli üyelerindendir. Bu makalede ektomikorizanın tanımı, ektomikoriza oluşumunu etkileyen faktörler ve tarımsal açıdan önemi üzerinde durulmuştur
References
- Ajungla, T., Sharma, G.D., Dkhar, M.S., 2003. Heavy metal toxicity on dehydrogenase activity on rhizospheric soil of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings in field condition. Journal of Environmental Biology, 24 (4): 461-463.
- Araujo, A.A. ou De Araujo, A.A., Hannibal, L., Plassard, C., Mousain, D., Roussos, S., 1998. Apical growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus, Suilluis and Lactarius on agar media. Micol Neotrop Apl., 11: 23-34.
- Anonymous, 2007a. The Microbial World: Mycorrhizas. (Produced by J. Deacon). http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/ microbes/mycorrh.htm (Ulaşım tarihi: 30.01.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007b. Ectomycorrhiza. http://www.biologie. uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e33/3.htm (en son düzenleme 07/31/2003, Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007c. Mycorrhiza. http://www.ibot.cas.cz/ mykosym/mycorrhiza.html (Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007d. http://www.pflanzenkultur.de/ index_e.html?ektomykorrhiza (Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Anonymous, 2007e. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. http://www.nifg.org.uk/ecto.htm.
- Anonymous, 2007f. Mycorrhizas.http://www.crop.cri.nz/ home/products-services/publications/broadsheets/ mycorrhizas.pdf. (Ulaşım tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Berman, J.T., Bledsoe, C.S., 1998. Soil transfers from valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) stans increase ectomycorrhizal diversity and alter root and shoot growth on valley oak seedlings. Mycorrhiza, 7: 223-235.
- Brundrett, M., Bougher, N., Dell, B., Grove, T., Malajczuk, N., 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, p.374.
- Dosskey, M.G., Boersma L., Linderman, R.G., 1991. Role for the photosynthate demand of ectomycorrhizas in the response of Douglas fir seedlings to drying soil. New Phytologist, 117 (2): 327-334.
- Glowa, K.R., Arocena, J.M., Massicotte, H.B., 2004. Properties of soils influenced by ectomycorrhizal fungi in hybrid spruce [Picea glauca x engelmannii (Moench.) Voss]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 84 (1): 91-102.
- Guehl, J.M., Garbaye, J., 1991. The effects of ectomycorrhizal status on carbon dioxide assimilation capacity, water-use efficiency and response to transplanting in seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb) Franco. Amer. Sci. For., 21: 551-563.
- Guerin-Laguette, A., Conventi, S., Ruiz, G., Plassard, C., Mousain, D., 2003. The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Lactarius deliciosus and Pinus sylvestris in forest soil samples: symbiotic efficiency and development on roots of a rDNA internal transcribed spacer-selected isolate of L. deliciosus. Mycorrhiza, 13 (1): 17-25.
- Gür, K., 1998. Mikorizal Sınıflama (Mikorizal Enfeksiyon Tipleri). Toprak ve Bitkide Mikoriza.(Workshop notları, 20-22 Mayıs), 56-58, Adana.
- Gür, K., Uyanöz, R., Akın, N., Özkan, V.K., 1993. Vesiküler-arbüsküler mikorizanın Konya yöresi topraklarındaki dağılımı üzerine bir araştırma. 8. Kükem Kong. (20-22 Eylül 1993), Ankara.
- Hagerberg, D., Thelin, G., Wallander, H., 2003. The production of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests: Relation between forest nutrient status and local mineral sources. Plant and Soil, 252 (2): 279-290.
- Haktanır, K., Arcak, S., 1997. Toprak Biyolojisi Ders Kitabı. A.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yay. No: 447, Ankara.
- Harley, J.L., Smith, S.E., 1983. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. London.
- Hatat, G., Bozoğlu, H., Pekşen, A.U., 1999. Mikorizanın bitkisel üretim açısından önemi. Karadeniz Bölgesi Tarım Sempozyumu. Bildiriler, Cilt 2, O.M.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma Seri No: 5, 657-666.
- Hees, P.A.W., Jones, D.L., Jentschke, G., Godbold, D.L., 2004. Mobilization of aluminium, iron and silicon by Picea abies and ectomycorrhizas in a forest soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 55 (1): 101-111.
- Isaac, S., 1992. Fungal Plant Interactions. Chapman and Hall, London, UK, p.418.
- Jonsson, L., 1998. Community Structure of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Swedish Boreal Forests, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
- Liang, Y., Guo, L.D., Ma, K.P., 2004. Spatial pattern of the most common late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi in a subtropical forest in Dujiangyan, Southwest of China. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46 (1): 29-34.
- Lu, X., Malajczuk, N., Dell, B., 1998. Mycorrhiza formation and growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings inoculated with spores of various ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 8: 81-86.
- Marschner, H., 1993. Zinc uptake from soils. In: Zinc in Soil and Plants. (Ed. Robson, A.D.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of High Plants. Second Edition. Academic Press London.
- Meharg, A.A., Cairney, J.W.G., 2000. Ectomycorrhizas- extending the capabilities of rhizosphere remediation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32: 1475-1484.
- Molina, R., Trappe, J.M., 1982. Patterns of ectomycorrhizal host specificity and potential among Pacific Northwest conifers and fungi. For Sci., 28: 423-458.
- Niemi, K., Scagel, C., Haggman, H., 2004. Application of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vegetative propagation of conifers. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 78 (1): 83-91.
- Oliveira, P., Barriga, J., Cavaleiro, C., Peixe, A., Potes, A.Z., 2003. Sustained in vitro root development obtained in Pinus pinea L. inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Forestry, 76 (5): 579-587.
- Ortaş, İ., 1997. Mikoriza nedir? TÜBİTAK Dergisi, Şubat 1997, Sayı 351, Ankara.
- Ortaş, İ., 1998. Mikorizanın narenciye tarımındaki önemi ve kullanım olanakları. Turunçgil Bülteni, 8 (23): 9-15.
- Osonubi, O., Mulongoy, K., Awotoye, O.O., Atayese, M.O., Okali, D.U.U., 1991. Effects of ectomycorrhizal and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of four leguminous woody seedlings. Plant and Soil, 136 (1): 131-143.
- Perrin, R., Salerno, M.I., 1994. Current developments in research related to the influence of mycorrhizae and plant protection and resistance to abiotic stresses. In: Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems From Genes to Plant development Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, 11-14 July, Granada, (Eds. Azcon-Aguilar C. and J.M. Barea), pp: 401-406.
- Peterson, R.L., Massicotte, H.B., Melville, L.H., 2004. Mycorrhizas: Anatomy and Cell Biology. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 173. http://www.namyco.org/book_reviews/Mycorrhizas.htm l (Ulaşım Tarihi: 02.02.2007).
- Rincon, A., Alvarez, I.F., Pera, J., 2001. Inoculation of containerized Pinus pinea L. seedlings with seven ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 11 (6): 265-271.
- Sanchez, D.M., 1994. Survival of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants in drying soil. In: Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems From Genes to Plant development Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, 11- 14 July, Granada, (Eds. Azcon-Aguilar C. and J.M. Barea), pp: 407-412.
- Setala, H., Kulmala, P., Mikola, J., Markkola, A.M., 1999. Influence of ectomycorrhiza on the structure of detrital food webs in pine rhizosphere. Oikos, 87: 113-122.
- Smith, S.E., Read, D.J., 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Second Edition, Academic Pres., London, UK.
- Sylvia, D.M., Hammond, L.C., Bennett, J.M., Haas, J.H., Linda, S.B., 1993. Field response of maize to VAM fungus and water management. Agron. J., 85: 193-198.
- Treseder, K.K., Masiello, C.A., Lansing, J.L., Allen, M.F., 2004. Species-specific measurements of ectomycorrhizal turnover under N-fertilization: combining isotopic and genetic approaches. Oecologia,138 (3): 419-425.
- Wallander, H., Goransson, H., Rosengren, U., 2004. Production, standing biomass and natural abundance of N-15 and C-13 in ectomycorrhizal mycelia collected at different soil depths in two forest types. Oecologia, 139 (1): 89-97.