BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ÇİFTLİK HAYVANLARINDA MAJOR GENLERİN BELİRLENMESİ VE GENOTİP AYRIMI

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 105 - 115, 15.02.2006

Öz

Bu makalede, çiftlik hayvanlarında major genlerin belirlenmesine yönelik metotların detaylı bir şekilde ortaya konması ve tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda istatistik ve moleküler genetik alanında gerçekleşen gelişmeler çiftlik hayvanlarının genetik ıslahında, büyük etkili kantitatif karakter lokuslarından yararlanabilme olanağını ortaya koymuştur.
Hayvan populasyonlarında major genlerin ortaya çıkartılması ve bireylerin major lokustaki genotiplerinin belirlenmesi için çok basit (Major Gen İndeksi, Bartlett Testi, Skewness ve Kurtosis Katsayıları gibi) ve çok ayrıntılı istatistiki metotlar (segregasyon analizi) ortaya konmuştur. Bu basit metotlar, etkin olmamalarına karşın hesaplanmaları kolaydır ve bu metotlar major gen varlığının ön belirleyicisi olarak sistematik bir şekilde kullanılabilir. Günümüzde, “Segregasyon Analizi” en iyi major gen belirleme metodu olarak göz önüne alınmaktadır.
Genotiplerin belirlenmesi için moleküler genetik alanında birçok uygulamaya girişilmiştir. Yakın zamanlarda kimi genetik markörler ile Booroola, Callipyge, Çift Kas, RN ve diğer major genler arasında bağlantı ortaya çıkartılmıştır.
Major genler, çiftlik hayvanlarında genetik değerin hızlı bir şekilde ıslahında büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. İstatistiki metotlar major genlerin belirlenmesinde ve genotip tayininde, genetik markör kullanımı gibi moleküler genetik metotlar ise çok daha doğru genotip tayininde kullanılabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Andersson, L., C.H. Haley, H. Ellegren, S.A. Knott, M. Johansson, K. Andersson, L. Andersson-Eklund, I. Edfors-Lilja, M. Fredholm, I. Hansson, J. Håkansson and K. Lundström, 1994. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness in pigs. Science, 263:1771-1774.
  • Andersson-Eklund, L., 1993. Genetic Markers and Quantitative Traits in Dairy Cattle. Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish Univ. Agric.Sci., Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Archibald, A.L. and P. Imlah, 1985. The halothane sensitivity locus and its linkage relationships. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics, 16:253-263.
  • Bowman, J.C. and L.R. Shenton, 1975. Omnibus test contours for departures from normality based on and b2. Biometrika, 62:243-250. b1
  • Bradford, G.E., I. Inounu, L.C., Iniguez, B. Tiessnamurti and D.L. Thomas, 1991. The prolificacy gene of Javanese sheep. Major Genes for Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin and J. Thimonier, p.67- 73, INRA, Paris.
  • Brascamp, E.W., C.S. Haley, M.A.M. Groenen and L.L.G. Janss, 1995. PiGMaP: gene mapping and its contribution to meat quality parameters. Pig News and Information, 16, 2, 41N-46N.
  • Cemal, İ., 1996. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Major Genler: Bunların Belirlenmesi, Transferi ve Endüstriyel Kullanımı. Y. Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van.
  • Cemal, İ., O. Karaca ve O. Atay, 1996. Koyunlarda döl verimine etkili major genler. Y.Y.Ü. Zir. Fak. Der., 6(4):31-48, Van.
  • Cheverud, J.M. and E. Routman, 1993. Quantitative trait loci: individual gene effects on quantitative characters (Mini-review). J. Evol. Biol., 6:463-480.
  • Cockett, N.E., S.P. Jackson, R.D. Green, T.L. Shay and M. George, 1993. Identification of genetic markers for and the location of a gene (callipyge) causing muscle hypertrophy in sheep. Texas Tech Univ. Agric. Sci. Tech. Rep. T-5-327, p.4-6.
  • Crawford, A.M., K.G. Dodds and J.C. McEwan, 2000. DNA markers, genetic maps and the identification of QTL: General principles. Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals, Ed.: R.F.E. Axford, S.C. Bishop, F.W. Nicholas and J.B. Owen, Chapter 1, p.3-25, CAB International, UK.
  • Davis, G.H., G.H. Shackell, S.E. Kyle, P.A. Farquhar, J.C. McEwan and P.F. Fennessy, 1988. High prolificacy in screened Romney family line. Proc. Aust. Assn. Anim. Breed. Genet., 7:406-409.
  • Davis, G.H., G.W. Montgomery, A.J. Allison, R.W. Kelly and M.R. Bray, 1982. Segregation of a major gene influencing fecundity in progeny of Booroola sheep. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 25:525-529.
  • Davis, G.H., K.G. Dodds, R. Wheeler and N.P. Jay, 2001. Evidence that an imprinted gene on the X chromosome increases ovulation rate in sheep. Biology of Reproduction. 64:216-221.
  • Echard, G., T.E. Broad, D. Hill and P. Pearce, 1994. Present status of the ovine gene map (Ovis aries); comparison with the bovine map (Bos taurus). Mammalian Genome, 5:324-332.
  • Eide, D.M., T. Ådnİy, G. Klemetsdal, L.L. Nesse and H.J. Larsen, 1991. Selection for immune response in goats: the antibody response to Diphtheria toxoid after 12 years of selection. J. Anim. Sci., 69:3967-3976.
  • Ellegren, H., 1993. Genome Analysis with Microsatellite Markers. Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish Univ.Agric. Sci., Sweden.
  • Elsen, J.M. and P. Le Roy, 1989. Simplified version of segregation analysis for detection of major genes in animal breeding data. 40th Annual Meeting of EAAP, 27-31 August 1989, Dublin.
  • Elsen, J.M. and P. Le Roy, 1995. Optimal design for the detection of a major gene segregation in crosses between 2 pure lines. Genet. Selec. Evol., 27:275-285.
  • Elston, R.C. and J. Stewart, 1971. A general model for the genetic analysis of pedigree data. Human Heredity, 21:523-542.
  • Falconer, D.S. and T.F.C. Mackay, 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4th edn., Longman Group Ltd, UK.
  • Famula, T.R., 1986. Identifying single genes of large effect in quantitative traits using bet linear unbiased prediction. J. Anim. Sci., 63:68-76.
  • Fernandez, X., E. Tornberg, J. Naveau, A. Talmant and G. Monin, 1992. Bimodal distribution of the muscle glycolytic potential in French and Swedish populations of Hampshire crossbred pigs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 59: 307–311.
  • Fernando, R.L., C. Stricker and T. Wang, 1998. Detection and use of single genes without DNA assays. J. Dairy Sci., 81(2):64-75.
  • Fries, R., A. Eggen and J.E. Womack, 1993. The bovine genome map. Mammalian Genome, 4:405-428.
  • Fujii, J., K. Otsu, F. Zorzato, S. De Leon, V.K. Khanna, J.E. Veiler, P.J. O'Brien and D.H., McLenan, 1991. Identification of a mutation in porcine ryanodine receptor associated with malignant hyperthermia. Science (Wash. DC), 253:448-451.
  • Hanrahan, J.P. and J.B. Owen, 1985. Variation and repeatability of ovulation rate in Cambridge ewes. In: Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Prod., Paper No: 37, 2pp.
  • Hanset, R. and C. Michaux, 1985a. On the genetic determinism of muscular hypertrophy in the Belgian White and Blue cattle breed. I - Experimental data. Génét. Sél. Evol., 17(3):359-368.
  • Hanset, R. and C. Michaux, 1985b. On the genetic determinism of muscular hypertrophy in the Belgian White and Blue cattle breed. I - Population data. Génét. Sél. Evol., 17(3):369-386.
  • Henderson, C.R., 1985. Best linear unbiased prediction of non-additive genetic merit in noninbred populations. J. Anim. Sci., 60:111-123.
  • Hill, W.G. and S. Knott, 1990. Identification of genes with large effect. Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Ed.: Gianola, D. and Hammond, K., Springer-Verlag, p.517-538, Berlin.
  • Hoeschele, I., 1988. Statistical techniques for detection of major genes in animal breeding data. Theor. Appl. Genet., 16:311-319.
  • Janss, L.LG., 1996. Statistical identification of major genes in pigs. Ph. D. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
  • Jónmundsson, J.V., S. Adalsteinsson, O.R. Dyrmundsson and S. Thorgeirson, 1991. The possible utilization of the Thoka gene in Icelandic sheep flock. Major Genes for Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin and J. Thimonier, p.416-422, INRA, Paris.
  • Kammerer, C.M., J.W. MacCluer and J.M. Bridges, 1984. An evaluation of three statistics of Structured Exploratory Data Analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 36:187-196.
  • Karaca, O., 1998. Ekstansif Yetiştirme Koşullarında Yöresel Sentetik Koyun Tipleri ve Sakız Irkı Koyunlarda Döl Verimine İlişkin Kimi Fenotipik ve Genetik Parametre Tahminleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Aydın.
  • Karaca, O., İ. Cemal ve O. Atay, 1996. Hayvancılıkta Kimi Major Genlerin Aktarımı ve Kullanımı. Hayvancılık-96 Kongresi, 28-21 Eylül 1996, s.728-732, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Karaca, O., İ. Cemal ve T. Altın, 2002. Çine Tipi Koyunlarda Batın Genişliği ve Kuzu Yaşama Gücüne İlişkin Kimi Parametre Tahminleri. III. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, 14-16 Ekim 2002, Ankara Üniv., Zir. Fak., Zootekni Bölümü, Ankara.
  • Karaca, O., M. Kaymakçı ve Y. Vanlı, 1992. Koyunlarda döl veriminin genetiği ve yeni yaklaşımlar. Y. Y. Ü. Zir. Fak. Der., 2(1):138-157.
  • Karlin, S., D. Carmelli and R. Williams, 1979. Index measures for assessing the mode of inheritance of continuously distributed traits. I. Theory and justification. Theor. Popul. Biol., 16:81-106.
  • Karlin, S., R. Williams and D. Carmelli, 1981. Structured Exploratory Data Analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance of quantitative traits. I. Simulation studies on the effect of background distributions. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 33:262-281.
  • Kennedy, B.W., M. Quinton and J.A.M. van Arendonk, 1992. Estimation of effects of major genes on quantitative traits. J. Anim. Sci., 70:2000-2012.
  • Kinghorn, B.P., J.A.M. van Arendonk and D.J.S. Hetzel, 1994. Detection and use of major genes in animal breeding. AgBiotech News and Information, 6(12): 297N-302N.
  • Knott, S.A., C.S. Haley and R. Thompson, 1991. Methods of segregation analysis for animal breeding data: a comparison of power. Heredity, 68:299-311.
  • Le Roy, P. and J.M. Elsen, 1991. First statistical approaches of the major gene detection with special reference to discrete traits. Major Genes for Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin and J. Thimonier, p.431-440, INRA, Paris.
  • Le Roy, P. and J.M. Elsen, 1992. Simple test statistics for major gene detection: a numerical comparison. Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:635-644.
  • Le Roy, P., 1989. Methodes de Detection de Genes Majeurs Application aux Animaux Domestiques. Thèse de I'Université Paris XI Orsay, 229p.
  • Le Roy. P., J. Naveau, J.M. Elsen and P. Sellier, 1990. Evidence for a new major gene influencing meat quality in pigs. Genet. Res., Camb., 55:33-40.
  • Mahieu, M., Y. Jego, M.A. Driancourt and P. Chemineau, 1989. Reproductive performances of Creole and Black- Belly ewes in the West Indies. A new major gene controlling ovulation rate. Animal Reproduction Science, 19:235-243.
  • Mérat, P., 1968. Distributions de fréquences, interprétation du déterminisme génétique des carecteres quantitatifs et recherche de “gène majeurs”. Biometrics, 24 (2):277- 293.
  • Merat, P., 1990. Pleiotropic and associated effects of major genes. In: R.D. Crawford (ed.). Poultry Breeding and Genetics., p.429-467, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Milan, D., J-T. Jeon, C. Looft, V. Amarger, A. Robic, M. Thelander, C. Rogel-Gaillard, S. Paul, N. Lannuccelli, L. Rask, H. Ronne, K. Lundström, N. Reinsch, J. Gellin, E. Kalm, P. Le Roy, P. Chardon and L. Andersson, 2000. A mutation in PRKAG3 associated with excess glycogen content in pig sceletal muscle. Science, 288:1248-1251.
  • Milan, D., P. Le Roy, N. Woloszyn, J.C. Caritez, J.M. Elsen, P. Sellier and J. Gellin, 1995. The RN locus for meat quality maps to pig chromosome 15. Genet. Sel. Evol., 27 (2):195-199.
  • Montaldo, H.H. and C.A. Meza-Herrara, 1998. Use of molecular markers and major genes in the genetic improvement of livestock. EJB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 1(2), 7p.
  • Montgomery, G.W., E.A. Lord, J.M. Penty, K.G. Dodds, T.E. Broad, L. Cambridge, S.L.F. Sunden, R.T. Stone and A.M. Crawford, 1994. The Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene maps to sheep chromosome 6. Genomics, 22:148-153.
  • Morton, N.E. and C.J. MacLean, 1974. Analysis of family resemblance. III. Complex segregation of quantitative traits. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 26:489-503.
  • Piper, L.R. and B.M. Bindon, 1982 Genetic segregation for fecundity in Booroola Merino sheep. Proceedings of the World Congress on Sheep and Beef Cattle Breeding, Ed.: R.A. Barton and D.W. Robinson, Vol. 1, p.395-400, The Dunmore Press Ltd., New Zealand.
  • Roberts, R.C. and C. Smith, 1982. Genes with large effects- theoretical aspects in livestock breeding. Proc. 2nd World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod., 4-8 October 1982, Madrid, 6:420-438.
  • Rothschild, M., C. Jacobson, D. Vaske, C. Tuggle, L. Wang, T. Short, G. Eckardt, S. Sasaki, A. Vincent, D. McLaren, O. Southwood, H. van der Steen, A. Mileham and G. Plastow, 1996. The estrogen receptor locus is associated with a major gene influencing litter size in pigs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:201-205.
  • SAS, 1999. SAS OnlineDoc®, Version 8, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA.
  • Simm, G., 1998. Genetic Improvement of Cattle and Sheep. Farming Press, UK,
  • Smith, C., 1985. Utilization of major genes. Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: R.B. Land and D.W. Robinson, p.151-158, Butterworth, London.
  • Steane, D.D. and V. Timon, 1994. Practical consideration in the aplication of ONBS schemes. Strategies for the Development of Fat-Tail Sheep in the Near East. EAAP Publication No: 68, p.2-12, Adana, Turkiye.
  • Stricker, C., R.L. Fernando and R.C. Elston, 1995. Linkage analysis with an alternative formulation for the mixed model of inheritance: The finite polygenic mixed model. Genetics, 141:1651-1656.
  • Szwaczkowski, T., 1993. Identification of major animal genes in field collected data by use of statistical methods. A review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2:91-103.
  • Tanksley, S.D., 1993. Mapping polygenes. Annu. Rev. Genet., 27:205-233.
  • Woolaston, R.R., G.D. Gray, G.A.A. Albers, L.R. Piper and J.F.S. Barker, 1990. Analysis for a major gene affecting parasite resistance in sheep. In: Proc. 4th World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod., Vol. 15, p.131-134, Edinburgh.

ÇİFTLİK HAYVANLARINDA MAJOR GENLERİN BELİRLENMESİ VE GENOTİP AYRIMI

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 105 - 115, 15.02.2006

Öz

Bu makalede, çiftlik hayvanlarında major genlerin belirlenmesine yönelik metotların detaylı bir şekilde ortaya konması ve tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda istatistik ve moleküler genetik alanında gerçekleşen gelişmeler çiftlik hayvanlarının genetik ıslahında, büyük etkili kantitatif karakter lokuslarından yararlanabilme olanağını ortaya koymuştur. Hayvan populasyonlarında major genlerin ortaya çıkartılması ve bireylerin major lokustaki genotiplerinin belirlenmesi için çok basit (Major Gen İndeksi, Bartlett Testi, Skewness ve Kurtosis Katsayıları gibi) ve çok ayrıntılı istatistiki metotlar (segregasyon analizi) ortaya konmuştur. Bu basit metotlar, etkin olmamalarına karşın hesaplanmaları kolaydır ve bu metotlar major gen varlığının ön belirleyicisi olarak sistematik bir şekilde kullanılabilir. Günümüzde, “Segregasyon Analizi” en iyi major gen belirleme metodu olarak göz önüne alınmaktadır. Genotiplerin belirlenmesi için moleküler genetik alanında birçok uygulamaya girişilmiştir. Yakın zamanlarda kimi genetik markörler ile Booroola, Callipyge, Çift Kas, RN ve diğer major genler arasında bağlantı ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Major genler, çiftlik hayvanlarında genetik değerin hızlı bir şekilde ıslahında büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. İstatistiki metotlar major genlerin belirlenmesinde ve genotip tayininde, genetik markör kullanımı gibi moleküler genetik metotlar ise çok daha doğru genotip tayininde kullanılabilir

Kaynakça

  • Andersson, L., C.H. Haley, H. Ellegren, S.A. Knott, M. Johansson, K. Andersson, L. Andersson-Eklund, I. Edfors-Lilja, M. Fredholm, I. Hansson, J. Håkansson and K. Lundström, 1994. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness in pigs. Science, 263:1771-1774.
  • Andersson-Eklund, L., 1993. Genetic Markers and Quantitative Traits in Dairy Cattle. Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish Univ. Agric.Sci., Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Archibald, A.L. and P. Imlah, 1985. The halothane sensitivity locus and its linkage relationships. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics, 16:253-263.
  • Bowman, J.C. and L.R. Shenton, 1975. Omnibus test contours for departures from normality based on and b2. Biometrika, 62:243-250. b1
  • Bradford, G.E., I. Inounu, L.C., Iniguez, B. Tiessnamurti and D.L. Thomas, 1991. The prolificacy gene of Javanese sheep. Major Genes for Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin and J. Thimonier, p.67- 73, INRA, Paris.
  • Brascamp, E.W., C.S. Haley, M.A.M. Groenen and L.L.G. Janss, 1995. PiGMaP: gene mapping and its contribution to meat quality parameters. Pig News and Information, 16, 2, 41N-46N.
  • Cemal, İ., 1996. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Major Genler: Bunların Belirlenmesi, Transferi ve Endüstriyel Kullanımı. Y. Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van.
  • Cemal, İ., O. Karaca ve O. Atay, 1996. Koyunlarda döl verimine etkili major genler. Y.Y.Ü. Zir. Fak. Der., 6(4):31-48, Van.
  • Cheverud, J.M. and E. Routman, 1993. Quantitative trait loci: individual gene effects on quantitative characters (Mini-review). J. Evol. Biol., 6:463-480.
  • Cockett, N.E., S.P. Jackson, R.D. Green, T.L. Shay and M. George, 1993. Identification of genetic markers for and the location of a gene (callipyge) causing muscle hypertrophy in sheep. Texas Tech Univ. Agric. Sci. Tech. Rep. T-5-327, p.4-6.
  • Crawford, A.M., K.G. Dodds and J.C. McEwan, 2000. DNA markers, genetic maps and the identification of QTL: General principles. Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals, Ed.: R.F.E. Axford, S.C. Bishop, F.W. Nicholas and J.B. Owen, Chapter 1, p.3-25, CAB International, UK.
  • Davis, G.H., G.H. Shackell, S.E. Kyle, P.A. Farquhar, J.C. McEwan and P.F. Fennessy, 1988. High prolificacy in screened Romney family line. Proc. Aust. Assn. Anim. Breed. Genet., 7:406-409.
  • Davis, G.H., G.W. Montgomery, A.J. Allison, R.W. Kelly and M.R. Bray, 1982. Segregation of a major gene influencing fecundity in progeny of Booroola sheep. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 25:525-529.
  • Davis, G.H., K.G. Dodds, R. Wheeler and N.P. Jay, 2001. Evidence that an imprinted gene on the X chromosome increases ovulation rate in sheep. Biology of Reproduction. 64:216-221.
  • Echard, G., T.E. Broad, D. Hill and P. Pearce, 1994. Present status of the ovine gene map (Ovis aries); comparison with the bovine map (Bos taurus). Mammalian Genome, 5:324-332.
  • Eide, D.M., T. Ådnİy, G. Klemetsdal, L.L. Nesse and H.J. Larsen, 1991. Selection for immune response in goats: the antibody response to Diphtheria toxoid after 12 years of selection. J. Anim. Sci., 69:3967-3976.
  • Ellegren, H., 1993. Genome Analysis with Microsatellite Markers. Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish Univ.Agric. Sci., Sweden.
  • Elsen, J.M. and P. Le Roy, 1989. Simplified version of segregation analysis for detection of major genes in animal breeding data. 40th Annual Meeting of EAAP, 27-31 August 1989, Dublin.
  • Elsen, J.M. and P. Le Roy, 1995. Optimal design for the detection of a major gene segregation in crosses between 2 pure lines. Genet. Selec. Evol., 27:275-285.
  • Elston, R.C. and J. Stewart, 1971. A general model for the genetic analysis of pedigree data. Human Heredity, 21:523-542.
  • Falconer, D.S. and T.F.C. Mackay, 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4th edn., Longman Group Ltd, UK.
  • Famula, T.R., 1986. Identifying single genes of large effect in quantitative traits using bet linear unbiased prediction. J. Anim. Sci., 63:68-76.
  • Fernandez, X., E. Tornberg, J. Naveau, A. Talmant and G. Monin, 1992. Bimodal distribution of the muscle glycolytic potential in French and Swedish populations of Hampshire crossbred pigs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 59: 307–311.
  • Fernando, R.L., C. Stricker and T. Wang, 1998. Detection and use of single genes without DNA assays. J. Dairy Sci., 81(2):64-75.
  • Fries, R., A. Eggen and J.E. Womack, 1993. The bovine genome map. Mammalian Genome, 4:405-428.
  • Fujii, J., K. Otsu, F. Zorzato, S. De Leon, V.K. Khanna, J.E. Veiler, P.J. O'Brien and D.H., McLenan, 1991. Identification of a mutation in porcine ryanodine receptor associated with malignant hyperthermia. Science (Wash. DC), 253:448-451.
  • Hanrahan, J.P. and J.B. Owen, 1985. Variation and repeatability of ovulation rate in Cambridge ewes. In: Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Prod., Paper No: 37, 2pp.
  • Hanset, R. and C. Michaux, 1985a. On the genetic determinism of muscular hypertrophy in the Belgian White and Blue cattle breed. I - Experimental data. Génét. Sél. Evol., 17(3):359-368.
  • Hanset, R. and C. Michaux, 1985b. On the genetic determinism of muscular hypertrophy in the Belgian White and Blue cattle breed. I - Population data. Génét. Sél. Evol., 17(3):369-386.
  • Henderson, C.R., 1985. Best linear unbiased prediction of non-additive genetic merit in noninbred populations. J. Anim. Sci., 60:111-123.
  • Hill, W.G. and S. Knott, 1990. Identification of genes with large effect. Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Ed.: Gianola, D. and Hammond, K., Springer-Verlag, p.517-538, Berlin.
  • Hoeschele, I., 1988. Statistical techniques for detection of major genes in animal breeding data. Theor. Appl. Genet., 16:311-319.
  • Janss, L.LG., 1996. Statistical identification of major genes in pigs. Ph. D. Thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
  • Jónmundsson, J.V., S. Adalsteinsson, O.R. Dyrmundsson and S. Thorgeirson, 1991. The possible utilization of the Thoka gene in Icelandic sheep flock. Major Genes for Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin and J. Thimonier, p.416-422, INRA, Paris.
  • Kammerer, C.M., J.W. MacCluer and J.M. Bridges, 1984. An evaluation of three statistics of Structured Exploratory Data Analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 36:187-196.
  • Karaca, O., 1998. Ekstansif Yetiştirme Koşullarında Yöresel Sentetik Koyun Tipleri ve Sakız Irkı Koyunlarda Döl Verimine İlişkin Kimi Fenotipik ve Genetik Parametre Tahminleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Aydın.
  • Karaca, O., İ. Cemal ve O. Atay, 1996. Hayvancılıkta Kimi Major Genlerin Aktarımı ve Kullanımı. Hayvancılık-96 Kongresi, 28-21 Eylül 1996, s.728-732, Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Karaca, O., İ. Cemal ve T. Altın, 2002. Çine Tipi Koyunlarda Batın Genişliği ve Kuzu Yaşama Gücüne İlişkin Kimi Parametre Tahminleri. III. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, 14-16 Ekim 2002, Ankara Üniv., Zir. Fak., Zootekni Bölümü, Ankara.
  • Karaca, O., M. Kaymakçı ve Y. Vanlı, 1992. Koyunlarda döl veriminin genetiği ve yeni yaklaşımlar. Y. Y. Ü. Zir. Fak. Der., 2(1):138-157.
  • Karlin, S., D. Carmelli and R. Williams, 1979. Index measures for assessing the mode of inheritance of continuously distributed traits. I. Theory and justification. Theor. Popul. Biol., 16:81-106.
  • Karlin, S., R. Williams and D. Carmelli, 1981. Structured Exploratory Data Analysis (SEDA) for determining mode of inheritance of quantitative traits. I. Simulation studies on the effect of background distributions. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 33:262-281.
  • Kennedy, B.W., M. Quinton and J.A.M. van Arendonk, 1992. Estimation of effects of major genes on quantitative traits. J. Anim. Sci., 70:2000-2012.
  • Kinghorn, B.P., J.A.M. van Arendonk and D.J.S. Hetzel, 1994. Detection and use of major genes in animal breeding. AgBiotech News and Information, 6(12): 297N-302N.
  • Knott, S.A., C.S. Haley and R. Thompson, 1991. Methods of segregation analysis for animal breeding data: a comparison of power. Heredity, 68:299-311.
  • Le Roy, P. and J.M. Elsen, 1991. First statistical approaches of the major gene detection with special reference to discrete traits. Major Genes for Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin and J. Thimonier, p.431-440, INRA, Paris.
  • Le Roy, P. and J.M. Elsen, 1992. Simple test statistics for major gene detection: a numerical comparison. Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:635-644.
  • Le Roy, P., 1989. Methodes de Detection de Genes Majeurs Application aux Animaux Domestiques. Thèse de I'Université Paris XI Orsay, 229p.
  • Le Roy. P., J. Naveau, J.M. Elsen and P. Sellier, 1990. Evidence for a new major gene influencing meat quality in pigs. Genet. Res., Camb., 55:33-40.
  • Mahieu, M., Y. Jego, M.A. Driancourt and P. Chemineau, 1989. Reproductive performances of Creole and Black- Belly ewes in the West Indies. A new major gene controlling ovulation rate. Animal Reproduction Science, 19:235-243.
  • Mérat, P., 1968. Distributions de fréquences, interprétation du déterminisme génétique des carecteres quantitatifs et recherche de “gène majeurs”. Biometrics, 24 (2):277- 293.
  • Merat, P., 1990. Pleiotropic and associated effects of major genes. In: R.D. Crawford (ed.). Poultry Breeding and Genetics., p.429-467, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Milan, D., J-T. Jeon, C. Looft, V. Amarger, A. Robic, M. Thelander, C. Rogel-Gaillard, S. Paul, N. Lannuccelli, L. Rask, H. Ronne, K. Lundström, N. Reinsch, J. Gellin, E. Kalm, P. Le Roy, P. Chardon and L. Andersson, 2000. A mutation in PRKAG3 associated with excess glycogen content in pig sceletal muscle. Science, 288:1248-1251.
  • Milan, D., P. Le Roy, N. Woloszyn, J.C. Caritez, J.M. Elsen, P. Sellier and J. Gellin, 1995. The RN locus for meat quality maps to pig chromosome 15. Genet. Sel. Evol., 27 (2):195-199.
  • Montaldo, H.H. and C.A. Meza-Herrara, 1998. Use of molecular markers and major genes in the genetic improvement of livestock. EJB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 1(2), 7p.
  • Montgomery, G.W., E.A. Lord, J.M. Penty, K.G. Dodds, T.E. Broad, L. Cambridge, S.L.F. Sunden, R.T. Stone and A.M. Crawford, 1994. The Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene maps to sheep chromosome 6. Genomics, 22:148-153.
  • Morton, N.E. and C.J. MacLean, 1974. Analysis of family resemblance. III. Complex segregation of quantitative traits. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 26:489-503.
  • Piper, L.R. and B.M. Bindon, 1982 Genetic segregation for fecundity in Booroola Merino sheep. Proceedings of the World Congress on Sheep and Beef Cattle Breeding, Ed.: R.A. Barton and D.W. Robinson, Vol. 1, p.395-400, The Dunmore Press Ltd., New Zealand.
  • Roberts, R.C. and C. Smith, 1982. Genes with large effects- theoretical aspects in livestock breeding. Proc. 2nd World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod., 4-8 October 1982, Madrid, 6:420-438.
  • Rothschild, M., C. Jacobson, D. Vaske, C. Tuggle, L. Wang, T. Short, G. Eckardt, S. Sasaki, A. Vincent, D. McLaren, O. Southwood, H. van der Steen, A. Mileham and G. Plastow, 1996. The estrogen receptor locus is associated with a major gene influencing litter size in pigs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:201-205.
  • SAS, 1999. SAS OnlineDoc®, Version 8, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC, USA.
  • Simm, G., 1998. Genetic Improvement of Cattle and Sheep. Farming Press, UK,
  • Smith, C., 1985. Utilization of major genes. Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep, Ed.: R.B. Land and D.W. Robinson, p.151-158, Butterworth, London.
  • Steane, D.D. and V. Timon, 1994. Practical consideration in the aplication of ONBS schemes. Strategies for the Development of Fat-Tail Sheep in the Near East. EAAP Publication No: 68, p.2-12, Adana, Turkiye.
  • Stricker, C., R.L. Fernando and R.C. Elston, 1995. Linkage analysis with an alternative formulation for the mixed model of inheritance: The finite polygenic mixed model. Genetics, 141:1651-1656.
  • Szwaczkowski, T., 1993. Identification of major animal genes in field collected data by use of statistical methods. A review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 2:91-103.
  • Tanksley, S.D., 1993. Mapping polygenes. Annu. Rev. Genet., 27:205-233.
  • Woolaston, R.R., G.D. Gray, G.A.A. Albers, L.R. Piper and J.F.S. Barker, 1990. Analysis for a major gene affecting parasite resistance in sheep. In: Proc. 4th World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod., Vol. 15, p.131-134, Edinburgh.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil TR
Bölüm Tarım Bilimleri (Agricultural Sciences) Eski Sayılar (Back Issues)
Yazarlar

İbrahim Cemal Bu kişi benim

Orhan Karaca Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Şubat 2006
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2006 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Cemal, İ., & Karaca, O. (2006). ÇİFTLİK HAYVANLARINDA MAJOR GENLERİN BELİRLENMESİ VE GENOTİP AYRIMI. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2006.21.1.105-115
Online ISSN: 1308-8769