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BALIKLARDA SİNDİRİM ÇALIŞMALARINDA KULLANILAN DIŞKI TOPLAMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Yıl 2005, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 73 - 78, 16.06.2005

Öz

Hayvan beslemede kullanılan yemlerin randımanını ve kalitesini belirlemek açısından sindirilme oranlarının tespit edilmesi önemlidir. Karasal hayvanlarda sindirim çalışmalarında doğrudan ölçüm yöntemi kolaylıkla uygulanabilmesine rağmen, akuakültürdeki sindirim çalışmalarında balık ve dışkı aynı ortamda bulunduğundan, bu yöntem çeşitli zorluklara neden olmaktadır. Bu yüzden, akuakültürdeki sindirim çalışmalarında indirekt ölçüm yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. İndirekt metodun kullanımında, dışkı toplama yöntemi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Su ortamındaki dışkı materyalinden besin maddelerinin suya sızması, elde edilecek sonuçları olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Bu derlemede, balıklarda sindirim çalışmalarında kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiş olan dışkı toplama yöntemlerinin avantaj ve dezavantajları ele alınmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akyurt. İ.. 1993. Balık Besleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notları No: 156: 220 s.
  • Allan. G.L.. Rowland. S.J.. Parkinson. S.. Stone. D.A.J.. Jantrarotai. W.. 1999. Nutrient digestibility for juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus: development of methods. Aquaculture 170: 131- 145.
  • Allan. G.L.. Parkinson. S.. Booth. M.A.. Stone. D.A.J.. Rowland. S.J.. Frances. J.. Warner-Smith. R.. 2000. Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch. Bidyanus bidyanus: I. Digestibility of alternative ingredients Aquaculture 186: 293-310.
  • Austreng. E.. 1978. Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaculture. 13: 265-272.
  • Booth. M.A.. Allan. G.L.. Scott Parkinson. J.F.. 2001. Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch. Bidyanus bidyanus IV. Effects of dehulling and protein concentration on digestibility of grain legumes. Aquaculture 196: 67-85.
  • Brauge. C.. Corraze. G.. Medale. F.. 1995. Effect of dietary levels of lipid and carbohydrate on growth performance. body composition. nitrogen excretion and plasma glucose levels in rainbow rout reared at 8 or 18°C. Reprod. Nutr. Dev.. 35: 277-290.
  • Cho. C.Y.. 1993. Digestibility of feedstuffs as a major factor in aquaculture waste management. Fish Nutrition in Practice. Biarritz (France). June 24- 27. 1991. Ed. INRA. Paris.: 365-389.
  • Cho. C.Y.. Slinger. S.J.. 1979. Apparent digestibility measurement in feedstuffs for rainbow trout. Finfish nutrition and fish feed technology II: 239- 247.
  • Cho. C.Y.. Kaushik. S.J.. 1990. Nutritional energetics in fish: Energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). World Rev. Nutr. Diet. Basel. Karger 61: 132-172.
  • Choubert. G.. De La Noüe. J.. Luquet. P.. 1979. Continuous quantitative automatic collector for fish feces. Progressive Fish Culturist 41: 64-67.
  • Choubert. G.. De La Noüe. J.. Luquet. P.. 1982. Digestibility in fish: Improved device for the automatic collection of feces. Aquaculture 29: 185-189.
  • Degani. G.. Viola. S.. Yehuda. Y.. 1997. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein sources for carp. Cyprinus carpio L.. Aquaculture Research. 28:23- 28.
  • De la Noüe. J.. Choubert. G.. 1986. Digestibility in rainbow trout: Comparison of the direct and indirect methods of measurement. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 48: 190-195.
  • De Silva. S.S.. Anderson. T.A.. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.
  • Fernandez. F.. Miquel. A.G.. Cumplida. L.R.. Guinea. J.. Ros. E.. 1996. Comparison of faecal collection methods for digestibility determinations in gilthead sea bream. Journal of Fish Biology. 49: 735-738.
  • Hajen. W.E.. Higgs. D.A.. Beames. R.M.. Dosanjh. B.S.. 1993a. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 1. Validation of technique. Aquaculture112: 321-332.
  • Hajen. W.E.. Beames. R.M.. Higgs. D.A.. Dosanjh. B.S.. 1993b. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 2. Measurement of digestibility. Aquaculture 112: 333-348.
  • Halver. J.E.. 1989. Fish Nutrition. Academic Press. Inc.. Second Edition: 798 s.
  • Henrichfreise. B.. 1989. Bewertung von aufgeschlossenem Getreide und hydrolysiertem Federmehl in der Ernährung von Regenbogenforellen. Dissertation. Institut für Tierernaehrung der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitaet zu Bonn.
  • Hepher. B.. 1988. Nutrition of pond fishes. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
  • Ishikawa. M.. Teshima. S.. Kanazawa. A.. Koshio. S.. 1996. Evacuation of inert markers in digestibility determination. 5α-Cholestane and chromic oxide. in Prawn Penaeus japonicus. Fisheries Science 62: 229-234.
  • Lovell. T.. 1989. Nutrition und Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 260 s.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press. Washington. DC.
  • Nehring. D.. 1963. Verdauungsversuche an Fischen nach der Chromoxid-Indikatormethode. Z. für Fischerei und deren Hilfswissenschaften. NF 11: 769-777.
  • Post. G.. Shanks. W.E.. Smith. R.R.. 1965. A method for collecting metabolic excretions from fish.Prog. Fish-Cult..27: 108-111.
  • Refstie. S.. Storebakken. T.. Roem. A.J.. 1998. Feed consumption and conversion in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with fish meal. extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of oligosaccharides. trypsin inhibitors. lectins and soya antigens. Aquaculture 162: 301- 312.
  • Riche. M.. White. M.R.. Brown. P.B.. 1995. Barium carbonate as an alternative indicator to chromic oxide for use in digestibility experiments with rainbow trout. Nutrition Research 15. 9: 1323- 1331.
  • Schmitz. O.. Greuel. E.. Pfeffer. E.. 1983. A method for determining digestibility of nutrients in eels (Anguilla anguilla. L.). Aquaculture.32:71-78.
  • Schwarz. F.J.. Kirchgessner. M.. 1982. Zur Bestimmung der Nährstoffverdaulichkeit beim Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) 1. Mitteilung: Aquarienaufbau und Versuchsmethodik. Bayer. Landwirtsch. Jahrb. 59: 79-84.
  • Smith. R.R.. 1971. A method for measuring digestibility and metabolizable energy of fish feeds.Prog. Fish. Cult..33: 132-134.
  • Smith. R.R.. 1979. Methods for determination of digestibility and metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for finfish. Finfish nutrition and fish feed technology II. 453-459.
  • Spannhof. L.. Kühne. H.. 1977. Untersuchungen zur Verwertung verschiedener Futtermischungen durch europäische Aale (Anguilla anguilla). Arch. Tierernährung. Bd.27.H.8:517-531.
  • Spyridakis. P.. Metailler. R.. Gabaudan. J.. Riaza. A.. 1989. Studies on Nutrient Digestibility in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 1. Methodological Aspects Concerning Faeces Collection. Aquaculture.77:61-70.
  • Storebakken. T.. Kvien. I.S.. Shearer. K.D.. Grisdale- Helland. B.. Helland. S.J.. Berge. G.M.. 1998. The apparent digestibility of diest containing fish meal. soybean meal or bacterial meal fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): evaluation of different faecal collection methods. Aquaculture 169: 195- 210.
  • Sugiura. S.H.. Dong. F.M.. Hardy. R.W.. 1998. Effects of dietary supplements on the availability of minerals in fish meal; preliminary observations. Aquaculture. 160:283-303.
  • Tacon. A.G.J.. Rodrigues. A.M.P.. 1984. Comparison of chromic oxide. crude fiber. polyethylene and acid-insoluble ash as dietary markers for the estimation of apparent digestibility coefficients in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 43: 391-399.
  • Ustaoğlu. S.. 2001. Untersuchungen zur Haltungs- und Ernaehrungsoptimierung von Sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus) – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Haltungstemperatur und Nutzung alternativer Proteinquellen. Ichthyos Verlag. Berlin. Norderstedt. BoD. Doktora Tezi (ISBN: 3-8311- 2514-7).
  • Ustaoglu. S.. Rennert. B.. 2002. The apparent nutrient digestibility of diets containing fish meal or isolated soy protein in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). International Revue of Hydrobiology 87: 577-584.
  • Weatherup. R.N.. McCraken. K.J.. 1998. Comparison of estimates of digestibility of two diets for rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). using two markers and two methods of faeces collection. Aquaculture Research 29: 527-533.
  • Windell. J.T.. Foltz. J.W.. Sarakon. J.A.. 1978. Effect of size. temperature and amount fed on nutrient digestibility of a pelleted diet by rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. Trans.Am.Fish.Soc..107 (4): 613-616.
  • Yiğit. M.. 2001. Farklı Protein ve Enerji Oranlarının Japon Pisi Balığı (Paralichthys olivaceus) Yavrularında Gelişme. Balık Vücudunun Kimyasal Yapısı. Nitrojen Boşaltımı ve Yemlerin Sindirilme Oranı Üzerine Etkileri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi. Samsun.
  • Yeshak. M.. 2001. Investigations on food digestibility in Landwirtschaftlich-Gaertnerische Fakultaet zu Berlin.

BALIKLARDA SİNDİRİM ÇALIŞMALARINDA KULLANILAN DIŞKI TOPLAMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Yıl 2005, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 73 - 78, 16.06.2005

Öz

Hayvan beslemede kullanılan yemlerin randımanını ve kalitesini belirlemek açısından sindirilme oranlarının tespit edilmesi önemlidir. Karasal hayvanlarda sindirim çalışmalarında doğrudan ölçüm yöntemi kolaylıkla uygulanabilmesine rağmen, akuakültürdeki sindirim çalışmalarında balık ve dışkı aynı ortamda bulunduğundan, bu yöntem çeşitli zorluklara neden olmaktadır. Bu yüzden, akuakültürdeki sindirim çalışmalarında indirekt ölçüm yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. İndirekt metodun kullanımında, dışkı toplama yöntemi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Su ortamındaki dışkı materyalinden besin maddelerinin suya sızması, elde edilecek sonuçları olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Bu derlemede, balıklarda sindirim çalışmalarında kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiş olan dışkı toplama yöntemlerinin avantaj ve dezavantajları ele alınmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Akyurt. İ.. 1993. Balık Besleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Notları No: 156: 220 s.
  • Allan. G.L.. Rowland. S.J.. Parkinson. S.. Stone. D.A.J.. Jantrarotai. W.. 1999. Nutrient digestibility for juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus: development of methods. Aquaculture 170: 131- 145.
  • Allan. G.L.. Parkinson. S.. Booth. M.A.. Stone. D.A.J.. Rowland. S.J.. Frances. J.. Warner-Smith. R.. 2000. Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch. Bidyanus bidyanus: I. Digestibility of alternative ingredients Aquaculture 186: 293-310.
  • Austreng. E.. 1978. Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaculture. 13: 265-272.
  • Booth. M.A.. Allan. G.L.. Scott Parkinson. J.F.. 2001. Replacement of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch. Bidyanus bidyanus IV. Effects of dehulling and protein concentration on digestibility of grain legumes. Aquaculture 196: 67-85.
  • Brauge. C.. Corraze. G.. Medale. F.. 1995. Effect of dietary levels of lipid and carbohydrate on growth performance. body composition. nitrogen excretion and plasma glucose levels in rainbow rout reared at 8 or 18°C. Reprod. Nutr. Dev.. 35: 277-290.
  • Cho. C.Y.. 1993. Digestibility of feedstuffs as a major factor in aquaculture waste management. Fish Nutrition in Practice. Biarritz (France). June 24- 27. 1991. Ed. INRA. Paris.: 365-389.
  • Cho. C.Y.. Slinger. S.J.. 1979. Apparent digestibility measurement in feedstuffs for rainbow trout. Finfish nutrition and fish feed technology II: 239- 247.
  • Cho. C.Y.. Kaushik. S.J.. 1990. Nutritional energetics in fish: Energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). World Rev. Nutr. Diet. Basel. Karger 61: 132-172.
  • Choubert. G.. De La Noüe. J.. Luquet. P.. 1979. Continuous quantitative automatic collector for fish feces. Progressive Fish Culturist 41: 64-67.
  • Choubert. G.. De La Noüe. J.. Luquet. P.. 1982. Digestibility in fish: Improved device for the automatic collection of feces. Aquaculture 29: 185-189.
  • Degani. G.. Viola. S.. Yehuda. Y.. 1997. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein sources for carp. Cyprinus carpio L.. Aquaculture Research. 28:23- 28.
  • De la Noüe. J.. Choubert. G.. 1986. Digestibility in rainbow trout: Comparison of the direct and indirect methods of measurement. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 48: 190-195.
  • De Silva. S.S.. Anderson. T.A.. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.
  • Fernandez. F.. Miquel. A.G.. Cumplida. L.R.. Guinea. J.. Ros. E.. 1996. Comparison of faecal collection methods for digestibility determinations in gilthead sea bream. Journal of Fish Biology. 49: 735-738.
  • Hajen. W.E.. Higgs. D.A.. Beames. R.M.. Dosanjh. B.S.. 1993a. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 1. Validation of technique. Aquaculture112: 321-332.
  • Hajen. W.E.. Beames. R.M.. Higgs. D.A.. Dosanjh. B.S.. 1993b. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 2. Measurement of digestibility. Aquaculture 112: 333-348.
  • Halver. J.E.. 1989. Fish Nutrition. Academic Press. Inc.. Second Edition: 798 s.
  • Henrichfreise. B.. 1989. Bewertung von aufgeschlossenem Getreide und hydrolysiertem Federmehl in der Ernährung von Regenbogenforellen. Dissertation. Institut für Tierernaehrung der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universitaet zu Bonn.
  • Hepher. B.. 1988. Nutrition of pond fishes. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
  • Ishikawa. M.. Teshima. S.. Kanazawa. A.. Koshio. S.. 1996. Evacuation of inert markers in digestibility determination. 5α-Cholestane and chromic oxide. in Prawn Penaeus japonicus. Fisheries Science 62: 229-234.
  • Lovell. T.. 1989. Nutrition und Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 260 s.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press. Washington. DC.
  • Nehring. D.. 1963. Verdauungsversuche an Fischen nach der Chromoxid-Indikatormethode. Z. für Fischerei und deren Hilfswissenschaften. NF 11: 769-777.
  • Post. G.. Shanks. W.E.. Smith. R.R.. 1965. A method for collecting metabolic excretions from fish.Prog. Fish-Cult..27: 108-111.
  • Refstie. S.. Storebakken. T.. Roem. A.J.. 1998. Feed consumption and conversion in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with fish meal. extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of oligosaccharides. trypsin inhibitors. lectins and soya antigens. Aquaculture 162: 301- 312.
  • Riche. M.. White. M.R.. Brown. P.B.. 1995. Barium carbonate as an alternative indicator to chromic oxide for use in digestibility experiments with rainbow trout. Nutrition Research 15. 9: 1323- 1331.
  • Schmitz. O.. Greuel. E.. Pfeffer. E.. 1983. A method for determining digestibility of nutrients in eels (Anguilla anguilla. L.). Aquaculture.32:71-78.
  • Schwarz. F.J.. Kirchgessner. M.. 1982. Zur Bestimmung der Nährstoffverdaulichkeit beim Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) 1. Mitteilung: Aquarienaufbau und Versuchsmethodik. Bayer. Landwirtsch. Jahrb. 59: 79-84.
  • Smith. R.R.. 1971. A method for measuring digestibility and metabolizable energy of fish feeds.Prog. Fish. Cult..33: 132-134.
  • Smith. R.R.. 1979. Methods for determination of digestibility and metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for finfish. Finfish nutrition and fish feed technology II. 453-459.
  • Spannhof. L.. Kühne. H.. 1977. Untersuchungen zur Verwertung verschiedener Futtermischungen durch europäische Aale (Anguilla anguilla). Arch. Tierernährung. Bd.27.H.8:517-531.
  • Spyridakis. P.. Metailler. R.. Gabaudan. J.. Riaza. A.. 1989. Studies on Nutrient Digestibility in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 1. Methodological Aspects Concerning Faeces Collection. Aquaculture.77:61-70.
  • Storebakken. T.. Kvien. I.S.. Shearer. K.D.. Grisdale- Helland. B.. Helland. S.J.. Berge. G.M.. 1998. The apparent digestibility of diest containing fish meal. soybean meal or bacterial meal fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): evaluation of different faecal collection methods. Aquaculture 169: 195- 210.
  • Sugiura. S.H.. Dong. F.M.. Hardy. R.W.. 1998. Effects of dietary supplements on the availability of minerals in fish meal; preliminary observations. Aquaculture. 160:283-303.
  • Tacon. A.G.J.. Rodrigues. A.M.P.. 1984. Comparison of chromic oxide. crude fiber. polyethylene and acid-insoluble ash as dietary markers for the estimation of apparent digestibility coefficients in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 43: 391-399.
  • Ustaoğlu. S.. 2001. Untersuchungen zur Haltungs- und Ernaehrungsoptimierung von Sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus) – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Haltungstemperatur und Nutzung alternativer Proteinquellen. Ichthyos Verlag. Berlin. Norderstedt. BoD. Doktora Tezi (ISBN: 3-8311- 2514-7).
  • Ustaoglu. S.. Rennert. B.. 2002. The apparent nutrient digestibility of diets containing fish meal or isolated soy protein in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). International Revue of Hydrobiology 87: 577-584.
  • Weatherup. R.N.. McCraken. K.J.. 1998. Comparison of estimates of digestibility of two diets for rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). using two markers and two methods of faeces collection. Aquaculture Research 29: 527-533.
  • Windell. J.T.. Foltz. J.W.. Sarakon. J.A.. 1978. Effect of size. temperature and amount fed on nutrient digestibility of a pelleted diet by rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. Trans.Am.Fish.Soc..107 (4): 613-616.
  • Yiğit. M.. 2001. Farklı Protein ve Enerji Oranlarının Japon Pisi Balığı (Paralichthys olivaceus) Yavrularında Gelişme. Balık Vücudunun Kimyasal Yapısı. Nitrojen Boşaltımı ve Yemlerin Sindirilme Oranı Üzerine Etkileri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi. Samsun.
  • Yeshak. M.. 2001. Investigations on food digestibility in Landwirtschaftlich-Gaertnerische Fakultaet zu Berlin.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil TR
Bölüm Tarım Bilimleri (Agricultural Sciences) Eski Sayılar (Back Issues)
Yazarlar

Serap Ustaoğlu Bu kişi benim

Murat Yiğit Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Haziran 2005
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2005 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ustaoğlu, S., & Yiğit, M. (2005). BALIKLARDA SİNDİRİM ÇALIŞMALARINDA KULLANILAN DIŞKI TOPLAMA YÖNTEMLERİ. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2005.20.2.73-78
Online ISSN: 1308-8769