DECOMPOSITION RATES OF INTERCROPPED GREEN MANURE CROPS IN OAXACA, MEXICO

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 212 - 216, 20.08.2010

J. Ruız-vega A. Nuñez-barrıos M.a. Cruz-ruız

Öz

In the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, México, crop production is seriously limited by soil moisture and fertility, as well as by land scarcity. To try to alleviate these constraints, an experiment to evaluate the feasibility of producing green manure crops intercropped with maize (Zea mays), residue decomposition rates and nitrogen content at full bloom was conducted. The mung beans (Vigna radiata) and dolichos beans (Dolichus lablab), planted as single crops, out yielded widely the other species evaluated, but decreased significantly their dry matter production when intercropped with maize, particularly mung beans. Maize production was also affected by the intercrops, especially crop grain yields when grew associated with crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea). On average, biomass production of intercropped legumes decreased 31.3 %, with extreme values of 22.1 % for crotalaria and of 37.4 % for mung beans. Using the methodology of burying residues contained in mesh bags, it was found that mung and dolichos beans showed the highest decomposition rates (8.8 and 9.1 g ha-1 per day, respectively), while crotalaria and common beans reached values of 4.1 and 5.7 g ha-1 per day, respectively. Decomposition rates were significantly related to soil temperature and water content, as well as to C/N ratios of the residues. Given its characteristics of high drought tolerance and rate of height increase when intercropped, crotalaria is a species suitable for intercropping with maize in more marginal areas. Because of its growth habit and long life cycle, which minimizes competence with maize during its critical stages, dolichos bean has a good potential to grow well in association with maize in deep soils under rain-fed conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crotalaria, Dolichus, Vigna, Phaseolus, Poor soils, Peasant agriculture

Kaynakça

• Abreu, X. 1996. Evaluación de cuatro leguminosas como barbecho mejorado durante dos épocas del año para ser usadas como cultivos de cobertura. Venesuelos 4: 8-13.
• AOAC. 1999. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. Association of Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. 1141 pp.
• Araujo A. P., M. G. Teixeira and D. Lopes De Almeida. 2000. Growth and yield of common bean cultivars at two soil phosphorus levels under biological nitrogen fixation. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 35: 809-817.
• Avilán R., L. y A. M. Louis N. 1976. Estudio del sistema radicular del frijol (Phaseolus vulgari, var. carioca) por los métodos del monolito, sonda y radioisotopos en un suelo del orden alfisol. Agronomía Tropical 26: 117- 142. 1976
• Bernal L., P. Coello, J. Acosta y E. Martínez-Barajas. 2007. Efecto de la deficiencia de fósforo en el metabolismo de carbono de plántulas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris). Agrociencia 41: 417-423. 2007.
• Carsky, R.J., B. Oyewole and G. Tian. 1999. Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of West Africa: Legume rotation and fertilizer N. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 55:95–105.
• Cherr, C. M., J. M. S. Scholberg and R. McSorley. 2006. Green Manure Approaches to Crop Production: A Synthesis. Agron. J. 98: 302–319
• Clark, E.A. and C.A. Francis, 1985. Transgressive yielding in bean: maize intercrops; interference in time and space. Field Crops Res. 11: 37–53. Contreras, E., D. Marín y J. Viera. 1989. evaluación ecofisiológica de cultivos asociados. II. Canavalia-maiz. Agronomía Tropical. 39: 45-61.
• Ellis, S. L., M. H. Ryan, J. F. Angus, and J. E. Pratley. 2003. Soil N mineralization following fallow, annual crops and perennial pastures. Proceedings of the 11 th Australian Agronomy Agronomy. Australian Society of condiciones de riego.
• Ludlow, M. M. 1989. Strategies of response to water stress pp. 269-281. In: Kreeb, K., Richter, C. and Hinckley, T. (eds.) environmental stresses: water shortage. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague. functional responses to
• McDonagh J. F.; B. Toomsan; V. Limpinuntana and K. E. Giller. 1995. Grain legumes and green manures as pre- rice crops in Northeast Thailand. II: Residue decomposition.Plant and soil 177: 127-136.
• Njunie M. N., M. G. Wagger and P. Luna-Orea. 2004. Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Dynamics from Two Tropical Forage Legumes in a Kenyan Environment. Agron. J. 96:1073–1081.
• Ojiem, J., B. Vanlauwe, N. Ridder and K.Giller. 2007. Niche-based assessment of contributions of legumes to the nitrogen economy of Western Kenya smallholder farms Plant and Soil 292: 119-135.
• Parra A., G. 1989. Comportamiento de poblaciones mejoradas de maíz, (Zea mays, L), en asociación con mutantes de frijol, (Vigna unguiculata, (L) Walp) y frijol chino (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek). Revista de Agronomía (LUZ) 7: 136-143.
• Rajendiran K. and M.P. Ramanujam. 2004. Improvement of Biomass Partitioning, Flowering and Yield by Triadimefon in UV-B Stressed Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Biol. Plantarum 48: 145-148.
• Ritchie, S.W., J.J Hanway, and G.O. Benson. 1992. How a corn plant develops. Special Res. Rep. No. 48. Iowa State University, Ames.
• Rochester, I. J., Peoples, M. B., Constable, G. A. and Gault, R. R. 1998. Faba beans and other legumes add nitrogen to irrigated cotton cropping systems. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 38: 253-60.
• Ruiz-Vega, J. y G. Loaeza-Ramírez. 2003. Evaluación de abonos verdes en asociación con maíz de temporal en los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, México. Terra 21: 409- 415.
• Ruiz-Vega, J. y G. Loaeza-Ramírez. 2004. Validación del Método de Surcos Alternos en Maíz- Frijol Asociado en Valles Centrales de Oaxaca. Naturaleza y Desarrollo 2: 13-17.
• Ruiz-Vega, J. y M. E. Silva-Rivera. 1999. Zonificación agroecológica del cultivo del maíz de temporal en los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca II. Determinación de las prácticas de producción adecuadas. Terra 17 (4): 361- 366.
• Sangakkara, U. R., M. Liedgens, A. Soldati and P. Stamp.2004. Root and Shoot Growth of Maize (Zea mays) as Affected by Incorporation of Crotalaria juncea and Tithonia diversifolia as Green Manures. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 190: 339-346.
• SAS. 2002. The Statistical Analysis System for windows, ver. 9.00, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
• Shah Z., R. Rafiq ur and M.Tariq. 2004. Evaluation of pulse legumes for yield, N2 fixation and their influence on soil organic fertility. Sarhad J. of Agric. 20: 113-123
• Stoffella, P. J. 1979. Root characteristics of black beans II. Morphological differences among genotypes. Crop Sci.
• Thonnissen, C., D.J. Midmore, J.K. Ladha, R.J. Holmer and U. Schmidhalter. 2000. Tomato crop response to short- duration legume green manures in tropical vegetable systems. Agron. J. 92: 245–253.
• Tian G. and B.T. Kang. 1998. Effects of soil fertility and fertilizer application on biomass and chemical compositions of leguminous cover crops. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 5: 231-238.
• Yano K., H. Daimon and H. Mimoto. 1994. Effect of Sunn Hemp and Peanut Incorporated as Green Manures on growth and Nitrogen Uptake of the Succeeding Wheat. Japanese J. Crop Sci. 63(1): 137-143.