Türkiye’de kenevir yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik olarak yapılabilirliği: Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesi örneği
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 35 - 50, 14.02.2020
Mehmet Aydoğan
,
Yunus Emre Terzi
,
Şahin Gizlenci
Mustafa Acar
,
Alpay Esen
,
Hüseyin Meral
Öz
Bu çalışma endüstriyel
kenevir yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomik olarak yapılabilirliğini ortaya koymak
amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın ana materyalini Vezirköprü ilçesinde gayeli
olarak seçilen 15 kenevir işletmesinden anket ve mülakat yoluyla elde edilen
veriler oluşturmaktadır. Analizlerde kullanılan veriler 2018-2019 üretim
sezonunu kapsamaktadır. Kenevir işletmeleri, kenevir üretim amaçlarına göre
gruplara ayrılmış ve birim alandan elde ettikleri kâr açısından
karşılaştırılmıştır. Dünya ve Türkiye kenevir ekim alanları ile ithalatındaki
gelecek dönemli öngörülerin yapılmasında çift üstel düzeltme yönteminden
yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada, Vezirköprü ilçesinde kenevir tarımının; aynı
bitkiden hem tohum hem de lif elde etmek amacıyla yapılması ve liflerin
bitkiden ayrıştırılmadan pazarlanması halinde, bölgede yapılan buğday,
şekerpancarı, ayçiçeği ve silajlık mısır tarımına göre daha kârlı olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. Araştırmada 1 kg soyulmamış sap maliyeti ortalama 1.8 TL, 1 kg
tohum maliyeti 30.0 TL ve 1 kg lif maliyeti ise 22.8 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Kenevir üretim masraflarının %90.6’sı değişken masraflardan, %9.4’ü ise sabit
masraflardan oluşmaktadır. Hasat sonrası lif elde etme işlemlerinin bu amaca
yönelik geliştirilmiş makineler ile yapılması durumunda 1 kg lif maliyeti %34.6
daha az maliyetle 14.9 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Türkiye’de kenevir tarımının
temel sorunları arasında üretimin insan gücüne dayalı geleneksel yöntemlerle
yapılması ve tedarik zincirinin gelişmemesi ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Türkiye’de
lif amaçlı tarımı yapılacak kenevirin; organik tarım kapsamında yapılması
durumunda organik tekstil ürünleri pazarında niş pazar oluşturma potansiyeli
yüksektir. Kenevir sapları barındırdığı yüksek enerji değeri ile Türkiye’de
alternatif bir temiz enerji kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebilir niteliktedir.
Kenevir bünyesinde bulunan kannabinoidler kozmetik ve eczacılık alanlarında ve
liflerden üretilecek biyokompozitler ise otomotiv sektörleri için gelişmeye
açık alanlardır.
Kaynakça
- Açıl AF, Demirci R. 1984. Tarım Ekonomisi Dersleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No. 880, Ankara.Alden, D. M., Proops, J. L., Gay, P. W., 1998. Industrial hemp's double dividend: a study for the USA. Ecological Economics, 25(3), 291-301.Allegret, S., Bouloc, P., Arnaud, L., 2013. The history of hemp. In: Bouloc, P. (Ed.), Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses. pp. 4–26.Amaducci, S., Scordia, D., Liu, F.H., Zhang, Q., Guo, H., Testa, G., Cosentino, S.L., 2015. Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China. Ind. CropsProd. 68, 2–16.Arnold, MS. 1996. Drive to Legalize Hemp Heats Up. The Times-Picayune, 14 January 1996Averink, J., 2015. Global water footprint of industrial hemp textile (Master's thesis, University of Twente). http://essay.utwente.nl/68219/1/Averink,%20J.%200198501%20openbaar.pdf [17.07.2019]Aydoğan, M., Demiryürek, K., Abacı, N. İ., 2015. Türkiye’de kuru fasulye üretiminin mevcut durumu ve gelecek dönemler üretiminin tahmin edilmesi. Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(12), 962-968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i12.962-968.384Barth, M., Carus, M., 2015. Carbon footprint and sustainability of different naturalfibres for biocomposites and insulation material. nova-Institute, Hürth,Germany.Boken, V. K., 2000. Forecasting spring wheat yield using time series analysis. Agronomy Journal, 92(6), 1047-1053.Bouloc, P., Werf, H.M.G., 2013. The role of hemp in sustainable development.In: Bouloc, P. (Ed.), Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses, pp. 278–289.Bowerman, B. L. ve O'Connell, R. T., 1979. Time series and forecasting. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.Carus, M., Karst, S., Kauffmann, A., Hobson, J., Bertucelli, S., 2013. The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs andseeds. European hemp Industry Association.Cherney, J. ve Small, E., 2016. Industrial hemp in North America: production, politics and potential. Agronomy, 6(4), 58.Das, L., Liu, E., Saeed, A., Williams, D. W., Hu, H., Li, C., Shi, J., 2017. Industrial hemp as a potential bioenergy crop in comparison with kenaf, switchgrass and biomass sorghum. Bioresource technology, 244, 641-649.FAO, 2019. Kenevir ekim alanları veritabanı. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCFortenbery, T.R., Bennett, M., 2004. Opportunities for commercial hemp production. Rev. Agric. Econ. (26), 97-117.Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç., Aytaç, S., 2019. Kenevir tarımı. Karadeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü yayınları. Samsun. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ktae/Belgeler/kenevir_tarimi_kitabi.pdf [17.07.2019]Johnson, R., 2014. Hemp as an agricultural commodity. Library of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a599368.pdf [01.08.2019]Kıral, T., Kasnakoğlu, H., Tatlıdil, F.F., Fidan, H., Gündoğmuş, E., 1999. Tarımsal Ürünler İçin Maliyet Hesaplama Metodolojisi ve Veri Tabanı Rehberi. Proje Raporu 1999-13, Yayın No:37, Ankara.Kuglarz, M., Gunnarsson, I. B., Svensson, S. E., Prade, T., Johansson, E., Angelidaki, I., 2014. Ethanol production from industrial hemp: Effect of combined dilute acid/steam pretreatment and economic aspects. Bioresource technology (163), 236-243.Luke, L.T., 2017. An Assessment of Economic Considerations for Industrial Hemp Production. Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Undergraduate Honors Theses. 6. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/aeabuht/6Marcus, D., 1998. Commercial Hemp Cultivation in Canada: An Economic Justification. London, Canada: University of Western Ontario. Available from: http://www.hemphasis.com/Poisa Adamovics, A., 2015. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an environmentally friendly energyplant. Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University; 5:80–5.Prade, T., Finell, M., Svensson, S.E., Mattsson, J.E., 2012. Effect of harvest date on combustion related fuel properties of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Fuel 102, 592–604.Rehman, M. S. U., Rashid, N., Saif, A., Mahmood, T., Han, J. I., 2013. Potential of bioenergy production from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa): Pakistan perspective. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 18, 154-164.Salentijn, E. M., Zhang, Q., Amaducci, S., Yang, M., Trindade, L. M., 2015. New developments in fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) breeding. Industrial crops and products, (68): 32-41.Small, E., Marcus, D., 2002. Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America. Janick, J. & A. Whipkey (Eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. Alexandria, USA: ASHS PressSmall, E. ve Marcus, D., 2002. Hemp: a new crop with new uses for North America. Trends in new crops and new uses, 284-326.Sokolchik, A., 2014. Cannabis Farming. https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/Documents/Cannabis%20Farming%20The%20Potential%20of%20Hemp%20in%20Indiana's%20Agricultural%20Landscape.pdf [01.08.2019]Struik, P.C., Amaducci, S., Bullard, M.J., Stutterheim, N.C., Venturi, G., Cromack, H.T.H., 2000. Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe. Ind. CropsProd. (11): 107–118.Tang, K., Struik, P. C., Yin, X., Thouminot, C., Bjelková, M., Stramkale, V., Amaducci, S., 2016. Comparing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars for dual-purpose production under contrasting environments. Industrial Crops and Products, (87): 33-44.Tanrıvermiş, H., 2000. Orta Sakarya Havzası’nda domates üretiminde tarımsal ilaç kullanımının ekonomik analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yayın No:42, Ankara.TÜİK, 2019. Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr [16.07.2019]USDA, 2000. Industrial Hemp in the United States: Status and Market Potential, AGES001E. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.Vantreese, V.L. 1997. Industrial Hemp: Global Markets and Prices; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky: Lexington, KY, USA, 1997.Wang, Q. ve Shi, G., 1999. Industrial hemp: China's experience and global implications. Review of Agricultural Economics, 21(2), 344-357.Zatta, A., Monti, A., Venturi, G., 2012. Eighty years of studies on ındustrial hemp in the Po Valley (1930--2010), Journal of Natural Fibers, 9:3, 180-196, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2012.706439.
Economic feasibility of industrial hemp cultivation in Turkey: A case study of Vezirköprü district of Samsun Province
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 35 - 50, 14.02.2020
Mehmet Aydoğan
,
Yunus Emre Terzi
,
Şahin Gizlenci
Mustafa Acar
,
Alpay Esen
,
Hüseyin Meral
Öz
This study was carried
out to reveal the economic feasibility of industrial hemp cultivation. The primary material of the study consists of
data obtained through the surveys and interview from 15 hemp farmers which were
chosen purposefully in Vezirköprü district of Samsun province. The data used in
the analysis covers the 2018-2019 production season. Hemp farmers were divided
into 5 groups according to hemp production purposes, and their profitability
was analysed with profitability analysis. Double exponential smoothing method
was used in order to make the next years predictions on imports and cultivation
areas of hemp in Turkey and the World. In this research, hemp cultivation in
Vezirköprü district; It was found that the production system, which was made in
order to obtain both seed and fiber from the same plant and where the fibers
were marketed without being separated from the plant, was more profitable than
wheat, sugar beet, sunflower and silage maize farming. It is calculated that
the average cost of 1 kg stalk is 1.8 TRY, 1 kg seed cost is 30.0 TRY and 1 kg
fibre cost is 22.8 TRY. Hemp production cost consists of 90.6% variable costs
and 9.4% fixed costs. When post-harvest fibre extraction is carried out with
machines developed for this purpose, the cost of 1 kg of fibre can be reduced
to 14.9 TRY with the cost of 34.6% less. The production based on the workforce
with traditional methods and the insufficiency of the supply chain are the main
problems of hemp farming. The hemp has the high potential of creating a niche
market in the organic textile products when it is produced organically. Hemp
stalks, including high energy value, can be considered as an alternative green
energy source in Turkey. Cannabinoids in hemp that are used in the cosmetic and
pharmaceutical sector and biocomposites produced from fibres that are used in
the automotive sector has a development potential and need further researches.
Kaynakça
- Açıl AF, Demirci R. 1984. Tarım Ekonomisi Dersleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No. 880, Ankara.Alden, D. M., Proops, J. L., Gay, P. W., 1998. Industrial hemp's double dividend: a study for the USA. Ecological Economics, 25(3), 291-301.Allegret, S., Bouloc, P., Arnaud, L., 2013. The history of hemp. In: Bouloc, P. (Ed.), Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses. pp. 4–26.Amaducci, S., Scordia, D., Liu, F.H., Zhang, Q., Guo, H., Testa, G., Cosentino, S.L., 2015. Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China. Ind. CropsProd. 68, 2–16.Arnold, MS. 1996. Drive to Legalize Hemp Heats Up. The Times-Picayune, 14 January 1996Averink, J., 2015. Global water footprint of industrial hemp textile (Master's thesis, University of Twente). http://essay.utwente.nl/68219/1/Averink,%20J.%200198501%20openbaar.pdf [17.07.2019]Aydoğan, M., Demiryürek, K., Abacı, N. İ., 2015. Türkiye’de kuru fasulye üretiminin mevcut durumu ve gelecek dönemler üretiminin tahmin edilmesi. Türk Tarım – Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(12), 962-968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i12.962-968.384Barth, M., Carus, M., 2015. Carbon footprint and sustainability of different naturalfibres for biocomposites and insulation material. nova-Institute, Hürth,Germany.Boken, V. K., 2000. Forecasting spring wheat yield using time series analysis. Agronomy Journal, 92(6), 1047-1053.Bouloc, P., Werf, H.M.G., 2013. The role of hemp in sustainable development.In: Bouloc, P. (Ed.), Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses, pp. 278–289.Bowerman, B. L. ve O'Connell, R. T., 1979. Time series and forecasting. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.Carus, M., Karst, S., Kauffmann, A., Hobson, J., Bertucelli, S., 2013. The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs andseeds. European hemp Industry Association.Cherney, J. ve Small, E., 2016. Industrial hemp in North America: production, politics and potential. Agronomy, 6(4), 58.Das, L., Liu, E., Saeed, A., Williams, D. W., Hu, H., Li, C., Shi, J., 2017. Industrial hemp as a potential bioenergy crop in comparison with kenaf, switchgrass and biomass sorghum. Bioresource technology, 244, 641-649.FAO, 2019. Kenevir ekim alanları veritabanı. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCFortenbery, T.R., Bennett, M., 2004. Opportunities for commercial hemp production. Rev. Agric. Econ. (26), 97-117.Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç., Aytaç, S., 2019. Kenevir tarımı. Karadeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü yayınları. Samsun. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ktae/Belgeler/kenevir_tarimi_kitabi.pdf [17.07.2019]Johnson, R., 2014. Hemp as an agricultural commodity. Library of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a599368.pdf [01.08.2019]Kıral, T., Kasnakoğlu, H., Tatlıdil, F.F., Fidan, H., Gündoğmuş, E., 1999. Tarımsal Ürünler İçin Maliyet Hesaplama Metodolojisi ve Veri Tabanı Rehberi. Proje Raporu 1999-13, Yayın No:37, Ankara.Kuglarz, M., Gunnarsson, I. B., Svensson, S. E., Prade, T., Johansson, E., Angelidaki, I., 2014. Ethanol production from industrial hemp: Effect of combined dilute acid/steam pretreatment and economic aspects. Bioresource technology (163), 236-243.Luke, L.T., 2017. An Assessment of Economic Considerations for Industrial Hemp Production. Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Undergraduate Honors Theses. 6. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/aeabuht/6Marcus, D., 1998. Commercial Hemp Cultivation in Canada: An Economic Justification. London, Canada: University of Western Ontario. Available from: http://www.hemphasis.com/Poisa Adamovics, A., 2015. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an environmentally friendly energyplant. Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University; 5:80–5.Prade, T., Finell, M., Svensson, S.E., Mattsson, J.E., 2012. Effect of harvest date on combustion related fuel properties of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Fuel 102, 592–604.Rehman, M. S. U., Rashid, N., Saif, A., Mahmood, T., Han, J. I., 2013. Potential of bioenergy production from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa): Pakistan perspective. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 18, 154-164.Salentijn, E. M., Zhang, Q., Amaducci, S., Yang, M., Trindade, L. M., 2015. New developments in fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) breeding. Industrial crops and products, (68): 32-41.Small, E., Marcus, D., 2002. Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America. Janick, J. & A. Whipkey (Eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. Alexandria, USA: ASHS PressSmall, E. ve Marcus, D., 2002. Hemp: a new crop with new uses for North America. Trends in new crops and new uses, 284-326.Sokolchik, A., 2014. Cannabis Farming. https://ag.purdue.edu/agecon/Documents/Cannabis%20Farming%20The%20Potential%20of%20Hemp%20in%20Indiana's%20Agricultural%20Landscape.pdf [01.08.2019]Struik, P.C., Amaducci, S., Bullard, M.J., Stutterheim, N.C., Venturi, G., Cromack, H.T.H., 2000. Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe. Ind. CropsProd. (11): 107–118.Tang, K., Struik, P. C., Yin, X., Thouminot, C., Bjelková, M., Stramkale, V., Amaducci, S., 2016. Comparing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars for dual-purpose production under contrasting environments. Industrial Crops and Products, (87): 33-44.Tanrıvermiş, H., 2000. Orta Sakarya Havzası’nda domates üretiminde tarımsal ilaç kullanımının ekonomik analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yayın No:42, Ankara.TÜİK, 2019. Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr [16.07.2019]USDA, 2000. Industrial Hemp in the United States: Status and Market Potential, AGES001E. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.Vantreese, V.L. 1997. Industrial Hemp: Global Markets and Prices; Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky: Lexington, KY, USA, 1997.Wang, Q. ve Shi, G., 1999. Industrial hemp: China's experience and global implications. Review of Agricultural Economics, 21(2), 344-357.Zatta, A., Monti, A., Venturi, G., 2012. Eighty years of studies on ındustrial hemp in the Po Valley (1930--2010), Journal of Natural Fibers, 9:3, 180-196, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2012.706439.