Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ophrys apifera Huds. Salep Orkidelerinin Doğal Florada Uzun Süreli Gelişiminin Tanımlanması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 238 - 244, 15.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.712434

Öz

Salep orkideleri tek yıllık bitkilerdir. Dikilen herbir salep yumrusu, kendisinden biraz daha büyük bir yumru üretir ve ömrünü tamamlar. Endospermsiz mikroskobik tohumlar normal koşullar altında çimlenemez. Bu nedenle çoğaltılamazlar ve korunan türlerdir. Doğal florada salep orkidelerinin yıllar içinde büyümesi ve gelişmesi hakkında veri yoktur. Bu çalışmada Ophrys apifera Huds. türü bitki materyali olarak seçilmiştir. Bu türün çimlenmiş filizleri tanımlanmış ve gözlemlenmiştir. Beş yıl boyunca doğal yaşam alanlarında gözlemlenen bitkilerin, her vejetasyon yılı sonunda morfolojik özellikler ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen verilere göre, çimlenmiş tohum ilk yılda 0.19 gram yumru üretebilen iki küçük yapraklı bir bitki olarak ömrünü tamamlamıştır. Sonraki yıllarda, her yumru daha büyük yumru/lar üreterek devam etmiş, beş yılın sonunda bitkiler ortalama 43.1 cm uzunluğa ulaşmış ve 4.01 g salep yumrusu oluşturmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Addam, K., Kebbe, I. D., Takkoush, J., Hout, K., Bou Hamdan, M., 2015. A new variety from Lebanon Ophrys apifera var. Liberica (Orchidaceae). Journal of Botanical Research, 6(1): 39–46.
  • Arditti, J., 1967. Factor affecting the germination of orchid seeds. Botanical Review, 33(1): 1–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353735?seq=1/analyze.
  • Arditti, J., Ghani, A.K., 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biyological implications. New Phytologist, 145(3): 367–421.
  • Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., 1998. Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Baytop, T., 1994. Turkey Dictionary of Plant Names. Atatürk Culture Language and History Institution Publications: 578, Ankara.
  • Baytop, T., 1999. Treatment with plants in Turkey (Past and Present). Nobel Press, Istanbul.
  • Bektas, E., Cuce, M., Sokmen, A., 2013. In vitro germination, protocorm formation, and plantlet development of Orchis coriophora (Orchidaceae), a naturally growing orchid species in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 37: 336–342. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1205-28.
  • Bektas, E., Sokmen, A., 2016. In vitro seed germination, plantlet growth, tuberization, and synthetic seed production of Serapias vomeracea (Burm.f.) Briq. Turkish Journal of Botany, 40: 584–594. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1512-13.
  • Bonnardeux, Y., Brundrett, M., Batty, A., Dixon, K., Koch, J., Sivasithamparam, K., 2007. Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids: compatibility webs, brief encounters, lasting relationships and alien invasions. Mycological Research, 111: 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.11.006.
  • Caliskan, O., Kurt, D., Korkmaz, H., 2018. Studies on Samsun sahlep orchid varieties. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 6(6): 171–174.
  • Caliskan, O., Kurt, D., 2019. Description of development period of Dactylorhiza romana (Sebast.) Soo. during four consecutive years. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34(2): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.491130.
  • Caliskan, O., Kurt, D., Cirak, C., 2019. Development of new sustainable sahlep production methods using Ophrys sphegodes subsp. mammosa (Desf.) Soo ex E. Nelson. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 21(6): 1547–1555. http://journals.modares.ac.ir/article-23-19310-en.html.
  • Caglayan, K., Ozavci, A., Eskalen, A., 1998. In vitro multiplication of salep orchids, growing commonly in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey by embriyo culture. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22: 187–191.
  • Cig, A., Demirer Durak, E., Isler, S., 2018. In vitro symbiotic germination potentials of some Anacamptis, Dactylorhiza, Orchis and Ophrys terrestrial orchid species. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(4): 5141–5155. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1604_51415155.
  • Delforge, P., 2006. Orchids of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Timber Press, Portland.
  • Duvey, D.S., Bateman, R.M., Fay, M.F., Hawkins, J.A., 2008. Friends or relatives? Phylogenetics and species delimitation in the controversial european orchid genus ophrys. Annals of Botany, 101(3): 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm299.
  • Galán, P., Gamarra, R., 2002. Check list of the Iberian and Balearic orchids. 2. Ophrys L. spiranthes rich. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 60(2): 309–330.
  • Gorbani, A., Gravendeel, B., Zarre, S., Boer, H., 2014. Illegal wild collection and international trade of CITES listed terretrial orchid tubers in Iran. Traffic Bulletin, 26(2): 53–58.
  • Herrera, H., Valadares, R., Contreras, D., Bashan, Y., 2017. Mycorrhizal compatibility and symbiotic seed germination of orchids from the Coastal Range and Andes in south central Chile. Mycorrhiza, 27(3): 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-016-0733-0.
  • Hossain, M.M. 2011., Therapeutic orchids: traditional uses and recent advances - an overview. Fitoterapia, 82: 102–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.007.
  • Jacobsone, G., 2008. Morphogenesisi of wild orchid Dactylorhiza fuchsii im tissue culture. Acta Universitatis Latviensis Biology, 745: 17-23.
  • Isin Priscilla, M., 2008. Salep, Spiced winter drink and cure-all (Salep, rahat-ı can sıhhatü'l-ebdan talim-i nefayis). In. 1st International Congress on the Turkish History of Medicine and 10th National Congress on the Turkish History of Medicine. Konya, Turkey: 613–626.
  • Kasparéek, M., Grim, U. 1999. Europen trade in Turkish salep with special reference to Germany. Economic Botany, 53(4): 396–406.
  • Mehra, S., 2014. Nutritional and genetic diversity in orchid mycorrhizal fungi from Caladenia species. PhD diss., RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Mitchell, R.B., 1989. Growing hardy orchids from seeds at Kew. The Plantsman, 2: 152–169.
  • Mokni, R., Amari, D., Aouni, M., 2013. Two varieties of Ophrys apifera (Orchidaceae) new to North Africa. Journal Europäischer Orchideen 45(1): 77–89.
  • Ozkoc, I., 1991. Investigation on the germination and development of the seeds of Serapias vomeracea (Burm fil.) Briq. subsp. laxiflora (Soo) Gölz et. Reinhard and Orchis laxiflora Lam. (Orchidacea) in the symbiotic and asymbiotic cultures. PhD diss., Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
  • Rasmussen, H. N., 1995. Terrestrial orchids from seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Rasmussen, H.N., Dixon, K.W., Jarsakova, J., Tesitelova, T., 2015. Germination and seedling establishment in orchids: a complex of requirements. Annals of Botany 116: 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv087.
  • Renz, J., Taubenheim, G. 1984. Orchis L. (Orchidaceae), In: (Ed.): P.H. Davis, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press: 451–600.
  • Sezik, E., 2002. Turkish orchids and salep. Acta Pharmaceutica Turcica, 44: 151–157.
  • Sezik, E., Isler, S., Guler, N., Orhan, C., Aybeke, M., Deniz, I.G., Ustun, O. 2007. Destruction of orchids and orchids. TBAG-Ç.SEK/23 (103T008) Project Final Report. Accessed: 12 March 20. https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/show/pdf/project/TnpFNU5qWT0=
  • Szatmari, P.M., 2016. Ophrys apifera (Orcidaceae) in Transylvania Flora, Romania. Acta Horti Botanici Bucurestiensis, 43: 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/ahbb-2016-0003.
  • Tutar, M., Parlak, S., Sari, A.O., Cicek, F., 2013. Seed production in salep orchids. In. XI Ecology and Environment Congress; Samsun, Turkey: 241–249.
  • Tutar, M., Cicek, F., Sari, A.O., Bilgic, A., Yıldız, O., 2012. Cultivation of Salep orchids under field conditions. In. Turkey II. Orchids and Sahlep Congress Proceedings; Izmir, Turkey: 301–315.
  • Utami, E.S.W., Hariyanto, S., Manuhara, Y.S.W., 2017. In vitro propagation of the endangered medicinal orchid, Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm through mature seed culture. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5): 406–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.011.
  • Warghat, A.R., Bajpai, P.K., Srivastava, R.B., Chaurasia, P., Chauhan, R.S., Sood, H., 2014. In vitro protocorm development and mass multiplication of an endangered orchid Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38(4): 737–746. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1308-48.

Describe the Long-Term Development of Ophrys apifera Huds. Salep Orchids in Natural Flora

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 238 - 244, 15.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.712434

Öz

Salep orchids are annual plants. Planted salep tuber produces a slightly larger tuber than itself and completes its life. Microscopic seeds without endosperm do not germinate under normal conditions. Therefore, they cannot be reproduced and are protected species. There is no data on the growth and development of salep orchids in natural flora over the years. Ophrys apifera Huds. species was selected as plant material in this research. The germinated sprouts of this species have been identified and observed. Plants observed in their natural habitats for five years, morphological characteristics were measured at the end of each vegetation year. According to the obtained data, germinated seed completed its life as a tiny two-leaf plant capable of producing 0.19 grams of tuber in the first year. In the following years, each tuber has completed its life by producing larger tubers. At the end of five years, the plants reached an average length of 43.1 cm and 4.01 g of salep tubers were formed.

Kaynakça

  • Addam, K., Kebbe, I. D., Takkoush, J., Hout, K., Bou Hamdan, M., 2015. A new variety from Lebanon Ophrys apifera var. Liberica (Orchidaceae). Journal of Botanical Research, 6(1): 39–46.
  • Arditti, J., 1967. Factor affecting the germination of orchid seeds. Botanical Review, 33(1): 1–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353735?seq=1/analyze.
  • Arditti, J., Ghani, A.K., 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biyological implications. New Phytologist, 145(3): 367–421.
  • Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., 1998. Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Baytop, T., 1994. Turkey Dictionary of Plant Names. Atatürk Culture Language and History Institution Publications: 578, Ankara.
  • Baytop, T., 1999. Treatment with plants in Turkey (Past and Present). Nobel Press, Istanbul.
  • Bektas, E., Cuce, M., Sokmen, A., 2013. In vitro germination, protocorm formation, and plantlet development of Orchis coriophora (Orchidaceae), a naturally growing orchid species in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 37: 336–342. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1205-28.
  • Bektas, E., Sokmen, A., 2016. In vitro seed germination, plantlet growth, tuberization, and synthetic seed production of Serapias vomeracea (Burm.f.) Briq. Turkish Journal of Botany, 40: 584–594. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1512-13.
  • Bonnardeux, Y., Brundrett, M., Batty, A., Dixon, K., Koch, J., Sivasithamparam, K., 2007. Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids: compatibility webs, brief encounters, lasting relationships and alien invasions. Mycological Research, 111: 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.11.006.
  • Caliskan, O., Kurt, D., Korkmaz, H., 2018. Studies on Samsun sahlep orchid varieties. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 6(6): 171–174.
  • Caliskan, O., Kurt, D., 2019. Description of development period of Dactylorhiza romana (Sebast.) Soo. during four consecutive years. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34(2): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.491130.
  • Caliskan, O., Kurt, D., Cirak, C., 2019. Development of new sustainable sahlep production methods using Ophrys sphegodes subsp. mammosa (Desf.) Soo ex E. Nelson. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 21(6): 1547–1555. http://journals.modares.ac.ir/article-23-19310-en.html.
  • Caglayan, K., Ozavci, A., Eskalen, A., 1998. In vitro multiplication of salep orchids, growing commonly in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey by embriyo culture. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22: 187–191.
  • Cig, A., Demirer Durak, E., Isler, S., 2018. In vitro symbiotic germination potentials of some Anacamptis, Dactylorhiza, Orchis and Ophrys terrestrial orchid species. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(4): 5141–5155. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1604_51415155.
  • Delforge, P., 2006. Orchids of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Timber Press, Portland.
  • Duvey, D.S., Bateman, R.M., Fay, M.F., Hawkins, J.A., 2008. Friends or relatives? Phylogenetics and species delimitation in the controversial european orchid genus ophrys. Annals of Botany, 101(3): 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm299.
  • Galán, P., Gamarra, R., 2002. Check list of the Iberian and Balearic orchids. 2. Ophrys L. spiranthes rich. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 60(2): 309–330.
  • Gorbani, A., Gravendeel, B., Zarre, S., Boer, H., 2014. Illegal wild collection and international trade of CITES listed terretrial orchid tubers in Iran. Traffic Bulletin, 26(2): 53–58.
  • Herrera, H., Valadares, R., Contreras, D., Bashan, Y., 2017. Mycorrhizal compatibility and symbiotic seed germination of orchids from the Coastal Range and Andes in south central Chile. Mycorrhiza, 27(3): 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-016-0733-0.
  • Hossain, M.M. 2011., Therapeutic orchids: traditional uses and recent advances - an overview. Fitoterapia, 82: 102–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.007.
  • Jacobsone, G., 2008. Morphogenesisi of wild orchid Dactylorhiza fuchsii im tissue culture. Acta Universitatis Latviensis Biology, 745: 17-23.
  • Isin Priscilla, M., 2008. Salep, Spiced winter drink and cure-all (Salep, rahat-ı can sıhhatü'l-ebdan talim-i nefayis). In. 1st International Congress on the Turkish History of Medicine and 10th National Congress on the Turkish History of Medicine. Konya, Turkey: 613–626.
  • Kasparéek, M., Grim, U. 1999. Europen trade in Turkish salep with special reference to Germany. Economic Botany, 53(4): 396–406.
  • Mehra, S., 2014. Nutritional and genetic diversity in orchid mycorrhizal fungi from Caladenia species. PhD diss., RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Mitchell, R.B., 1989. Growing hardy orchids from seeds at Kew. The Plantsman, 2: 152–169.
  • Mokni, R., Amari, D., Aouni, M., 2013. Two varieties of Ophrys apifera (Orchidaceae) new to North Africa. Journal Europäischer Orchideen 45(1): 77–89.
  • Ozkoc, I., 1991. Investigation on the germination and development of the seeds of Serapias vomeracea (Burm fil.) Briq. subsp. laxiflora (Soo) Gölz et. Reinhard and Orchis laxiflora Lam. (Orchidacea) in the symbiotic and asymbiotic cultures. PhD diss., Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
  • Rasmussen, H. N., 1995. Terrestrial orchids from seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Rasmussen, H.N., Dixon, K.W., Jarsakova, J., Tesitelova, T., 2015. Germination and seedling establishment in orchids: a complex of requirements. Annals of Botany 116: 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv087.
  • Renz, J., Taubenheim, G. 1984. Orchis L. (Orchidaceae), In: (Ed.): P.H. Davis, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press: 451–600.
  • Sezik, E., 2002. Turkish orchids and salep. Acta Pharmaceutica Turcica, 44: 151–157.
  • Sezik, E., Isler, S., Guler, N., Orhan, C., Aybeke, M., Deniz, I.G., Ustun, O. 2007. Destruction of orchids and orchids. TBAG-Ç.SEK/23 (103T008) Project Final Report. Accessed: 12 March 20. https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/show/pdf/project/TnpFNU5qWT0=
  • Szatmari, P.M., 2016. Ophrys apifera (Orcidaceae) in Transylvania Flora, Romania. Acta Horti Botanici Bucurestiensis, 43: 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1515/ahbb-2016-0003.
  • Tutar, M., Parlak, S., Sari, A.O., Cicek, F., 2013. Seed production in salep orchids. In. XI Ecology and Environment Congress; Samsun, Turkey: 241–249.
  • Tutar, M., Cicek, F., Sari, A.O., Bilgic, A., Yıldız, O., 2012. Cultivation of Salep orchids under field conditions. In. Turkey II. Orchids and Sahlep Congress Proceedings; Izmir, Turkey: 301–315.
  • Utami, E.S.W., Hariyanto, S., Manuhara, Y.S.W., 2017. In vitro propagation of the endangered medicinal orchid, Dendrobium lasianthera J.J.Sm through mature seed culture. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5): 406–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.011.
  • Warghat, A.R., Bajpai, P.K., Srivastava, R.B., Chaurasia, P., Chauhan, R.S., Sood, H., 2014. In vitro protocorm development and mass multiplication of an endangered orchid Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38(4): 737–746. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1308-48.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi
Yazarlar

Dursun Kurt 0000-0001-6697-3954

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 28 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurt, D. (2020). Describe the Long-Term Development of Ophrys apifera Huds. Salep Orchids in Natural Flora. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 35(2), 238-244. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.712434
Online ISSN: 1308-8769