Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma hamatum ve Diatom Toprağının Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)’a Karşı Yalnız ve Kombinasyon Halinde Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 195 - 206, 29.02.2024

Mehmet Yıldırım , Celal Tuncer , İsmail Oğuz Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1419209

Öz

Bu çalışmada, diatom toprağı (DT) ile Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) ve Trichoderma hamatum (Th) izolatlarının bireysel olarak ve kombinasyonlar halinde Callasobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) erginlerine karşı laboratuvar koşullarında etkinlikleri araştırılmıştır. Ma ve Th izolatlarının bireysel olarak üç konsantrasyonu (1 × 104, 1 × 106 ve 1 × 108 spor/mL) kullanılırken, kombinasyonlarda da DT’nin üç farklı dozu (200, 400 ve 800 mg/kg) ile her bir fungusa ait en yüksek doz (1 × 108 spor/mL) kullanılarak uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Denemeler 25°C, %70 nispi nem ve 16: 8 aydınlık-karanlık periyodunda yürütülmüştür. Bireysel uygulamalarda Ma ve Th’nin en yüksek dozu (1 × 108 spor/mL) için uygulamadan sonra 8. günde sırasıyla %87.5 ve %52.5 oranında ölüm meydana gelirken, DT’nin en yüksek dozunda (800 mg/kg) uygulamadan 7 gün sonra %100 ölüm ortaya çıkmıştır. Dahası zamanın ve dozun artışına bağlı olarak ölüm oranlarının arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kombinasyon denemelerinde ise en yüksek etkinlik 5. günün sonunda %100 ölüm oranı ile DT (800 mg/kg) + Ma (1 × 108 spor/mL) uygulamasında gözlemlenmesinin yanı sıra bireysel uygulamada düşük bir etkinlik gösteren Th en yüksek dozda (1 × 108) DT (800 mg/kg) ile kombinasyonu sonucunda 6. günde %100 ölüme sebep olmuştur. DT’nin entomopatojenlerle çalışmadaki düşük dozlarda bile önemli bir etkinlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, azalan uygulama oranlarına rağmen zararlıya karşı umut verici potansiyele sahip bu etmenler, ikili kombinasyonlarda kabul edilebilir sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma DT'nin uygulama oranlarının azaltılmasına yardımcı olabilecek bu umut verici bir yaklaşımı ortaya koymakla birlikte uzun süreli depolama koşullarında C. maculatus'a karşı pratik olarak kullanılabilecek bir yöntem için daha fazla araştırma yapılmasını teşvik edebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depo zararlısı, Börülce tohum böceği, Entomopatojen funguslar, Doğal insektisit, Biyolojik etkinlik, Ölüm oranı

Etik Beyan

-

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

Determination of the Effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma hamatum, and Diatomoceaus Earth, Applied Alone and in Combination against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Öz

In this study, the efficiency of diatomaceous earth (DT), Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma), and Trichoderma hamatum (Th) isolates against Callasobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) adults was investigated under laboratory conditions. While Ma and Th isolates were used at three different concentrations (1 × 104, 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 spores/mL), the highest doses of each fungus (1 × 108 spores/mL) were used in combination with three different doses of DT (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg). The trials were conducted at 25°C, 70% relative humidity, and 16:8 h light-to-dark periods. Individual applications exhibited 87.5% and 52.5% mortality on the eighth day after application for the highest doses of Ma and Th (1 × 108 spores/mL), respectively, and 100% mortality on the seventh day after application for the highest dose of DT (800 mg/kg). Also, it was observed that mortality rates increase depending on time and dose. In combination trials, the most effective combination was DT (800 mg/kg) + Ma (1 × 108 spores/mL) with a 100% mortality rate at the end of the fifth day. Th, which was lower efficacy in separate applications, caused 100% mortality on the sixth day when combined with DT (800 mg/kg) at the maximum dose (1 × 108 spores/mL). It has been determined that DT is effective in combination with entomopathogens, even at low concentrations. As a result, despite lowering application rates, these agents, which have promising potential against the insect, have shown acceptable results in binary combinations. The study shows a potential strategy that may assist lower DT application rates and encourage additional research into a method that may be applied practically against C. maculatus under long-term storage conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stored product insect, Cowpea weevil, Entomopathogen fungi, Natural insecticide, Bioassay, Mortality rate

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• Abdelgaleil, S.A., Gad, H.A., Hamza, A.F., Al-Anany, M.S., 2021. Insecticidal efficacy of two inert dusts and Trichoderma harzianum, applied alone or in combination, against Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis on stored cowpea seeds. Crop Protection, 146, 105656. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105656
• Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.G., Lazzari, F.A., 2014. Insecticidal effect of Keepdry® for the control of Sitophilus oryzae (L.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on wheat under laboratory conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research, 59, 133-139. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2014.06.011
• Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.G., Vayias, B.J., Tsakiri, J.B., Mikeli, N.H., Meletsis, C.M., Tomanović, Ž., 2008. Persistence and efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) and diatomaceous earth against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on wheat and maize. Crop Protection, 27, 1303-1311. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.03.004
• Athanassiou, C.G., Steenberg, T., 2007. Insecticidal effect of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreaes) in combination with three diatomaceous earth formulations against Sitophilus granarius (L.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological control, 40, 411-416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.12.001
• Baier, A.H., Webster, B.D., 1992. Control of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed stored on small farms—I. Evaluation of damage. Journal of Stored Products Research, 28, 289-293. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(92)90011-E
• Bayram A., 2018. Determination of repellent effects of local diatomaceous earths against some stored grain insects. Dissertation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University.
• Daglish, G.J., 2008. Impact of resistance on the efficacy of binary combinations of spinosad, chlorpyrifos-methyl and s-methoprene against five stored-grain beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research, 44, 71-76. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2007.06.003
• Elhag, E.A., 2000. Deterrent effects of some botanical products on oviposition of the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). International Journal of Pest Management, 46, 109-113. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/096708700227462
• Gad, H.A., Al-Anany, M.S., Atta, A.A., Abdelgaleil, S. A., 2021. Efficacy of low-dose combinations of diatomaceous earth, spinosad and Trichoderma harzianum for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis on stored cowpea seeds. Journal of Stored Products Research, 91, 101778. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2021.101778
• Kavallieratos, N.G., Athanassiou, C.G., Michalaki, M.P., Batta, Y.A., Rigatos, H.A., Pashalidou, F.G., Balotis G.N., Tomanović Ž., Vayias, B.J., 2006. Effect of the combined use of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin and diatomaceous earth for the control of three stored-product beetle species. Crop Protection, 25, 1087-1094. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.02.009
• Korunic, Z., 1998. ReviewDiatomaceous earths, a group of natural insecticides. Journal of Stored Products Research, 34, 87-97. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(97)00039-8
• Korunic, Z., Fields, P.G., Kovacs, M.I.P., Noll, J. S., Lukow, O. M., Demianyk, C. J., Shibley, K. J., 1996. The effect of diatomaceous earth on grain quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 9, 373-387. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(96)00038-5
• Kushiyev, R., Tuncer, C., Erper, I., Özer, G., 2021. The utility of Trichoderma spp. isolates to control of Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 128, 153-160. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00375-1
• Kushiyev, R., Tunçer, C., Özdemir, İ. O., Erper, İ., Kalendar, R., Alkan, M., Özer, G., 2022. Molecular characterization of native entomopathogenic fungi from ambrosia beetles in hazelnut orchards of Turkey and evaluation of their in vitro efficacy. Insects, 13, 824. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090824
• Mahdneshin, Z., Vojoudi, S., Ghosta, Y., Safaralizadae, M.H., Saber, M., 2011. Laboratory evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi, Iranian isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin against the control of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F.(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 5215-5220. Doi: 10.5897/AJMR11.876
• Mofunanya, A.A.J., Namgbe, E.E. 2016. Assessment of damage due to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation on germination and nutrient quality of Vigna unguiculata L.(Walp). Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 9(12), 96-101.
• Moore, D., Lord, J.C., Smith, S.M., 2000. Pathogens. In: Subramanyam, B., Hagstrum, D.W. (eds) Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM. Springer, Boston, MA, pp. 193-227. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4_8
• Ozdemir, I.O., 2023. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth, and entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, and Trichoderma asperellum in combination and separately, against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 33, 48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00699-8
• Ozdemir, I.O., Tuncer, C., Erper, I., Kushiyev, R., 2020. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi; Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F.(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30, 1-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00219-y
• Permual, D., Le Patourel, G., 1992. Small bin trials to determine the effectiveness of acid-activated kaolin against four species of beetles infesting paddy under tropical storage conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research, 28, 193-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(92)90041-N
• Riasat, T., Wakil, W., Ashfaq, M., Sahi, S.T., 2011. Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixed with diatomaceous earth on mortality, mycosis and sporulation of Rhyzopertha dominica on stored wheat. Phytoparasitica, 39, 325-331. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-011-0164-6
• Robertson J.L., Russell R.M., Preisler H.K., Savin E., 2007. Bioassays with Arthropods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. 2nd edition, xxii + 199 pp. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[510:BWA]2.0.CO;2
• Ziaee, M., Ebadollahi, A., Wakil, W., 2019. Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection. Toxin reviews. 40, 404-409. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2019.1633673
• Zimmermann, G., 1993. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and its potential as a biocontrol agent. Pesticide Science, 37, 375-379. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780370410