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Nomofobik Eğilimin Belirleyicisi Olarak Boş Zaman Deneyimi: Genç Bireylere Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Year 2026, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 147 - 163, 19.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1825046
https://izlik.org/JA28RD49MD

Abstract

Teknolojinin yaygınlaşması, gençlerin günlük yaşam ve boş zaman deneyimlerini şekillendirmede önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu yoğun kullanım, telefonsuz kalma durumunda ortaya çıkan kaygı eğilimi olarak tanımlanan nomofobinin gençler arasında artmasına zemin hazırlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın amacı, gençlerde boş zaman deneyimlerinin nomofobi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Araştırma, boş zaman deneyimi ve nomofobi değişkenlerini değerlendirmek amacıyla ilişkisel tarama modeliyle tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle 14.236 kişilik evrenden seçilen 423 ön lisans ve lisans öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılara uygulanan anket formu, demografik soruların yanı sıra boş zaman deneyimi ve nomofobi ölçeklerini içermektedir. Toplanan veriler, betimsel istatistikler, güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizleri ile yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Tüm istatistiksel işlemler SPSS ve AMOS yazılımlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, boş zaman deneyiminin alt boyutları olan sıkılma, farkındalık, mücadele ve kaygının, nomofobinin işlevsellikte bozulma alt boyutundaki varyansın %11,6’sını, aşırı kullanım alt boyutundaki varyansın %21,5’ini ve iletişim kuramama alt boyutundaki varyansın %17,5’ini açıkladığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, gençlerde nomofobik eğilimlerin boş zaman deneyimleriyle yakından ilişkili olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bulgular, nomofobinin önlenmesinde yalnızca teknoloji kullanımına odaklanmanın yeterli olmadığını; boş zamanın niteliğine yönelik farkındalık artırıcı ve duygusal dengeyi destekleyici müdahalelerin geliştirilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Özellikle genç yetişkinlerde hızla artan nomofobi eğilimlerinin azaltılabilmesi için boş zaman uygulamalarının niteliğinin iyileştirilmesi kritik bir gerekliliktir.

Ethical Statement

“Araştırma için Bingöl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’ndan 26.12.2024 tarihli ve E-33117789-050.04-191240 sayılı, 24/19 toplantısında alınan Karar: 7 ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.”

References

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  • Becker, B., & Montag, C. (2022). Neuroimaging the effects of smartphone (over-) use on brain function and structure: A review on the current state of MRI-based findings and roadmap for future research. Psychoradiology, 3, 1–13.
  • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person–Affect–Cognition–Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10.
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  • Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47–68.
  • Grant, J. E., Brewer, J. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2006). The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectrums, 11(12), 924–930.
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  • Hao, Z., Jin, L., Huang, J., Akram, H. R., & Cui, Q. (2023). Resilience and problematic smartphone use: A moderated mediation model. BMC Psychiatry, 23, 36.
  • Hong, F. Y., Chiu, S. I., & Huang, D. H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2152–2159.
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  • Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of Internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31(1), 351–354.
  • Kim, M., Seong, G., Jeon, M. J., Jung, Y. C., & Lee, D. (2024). The mediating effect of attentional impulsivity between mindfulness and problematic smartphone use. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), 294.
  • King, A. C., Hekler, E. B., Grieco, L. A., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Buman, M. P., … et al. (2013). Harnessing different motivational frames via mobile phones to promote daily physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in aging adults. PLOS One, 8(4), e62613.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press. Kula, H. (2023). Rekreasyon ve spor endüstrisi. In E. Tezcan & O. Kusan (Eds.), Rekreasyonda güncel konular ve yeni trendler. Ankara: Efe Akademik Yayınları.
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  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). Cell phone use, anxiety, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350.
  • Lu, G., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, H., Liang, Y., & Chen, C. (2021). The correlation between mobile phone addiction and coping style among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 15, 60.
  • Mert, A., Çağlayan, R., & Akgül, A. (2018). Öğretmenlerin nomofobi düzeyleri ve yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. 20. Uluslararası Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 25–27 Ekim, Samsun, 372–382.
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  • Özdemir, B., Cakir, O., & Hussain, I. (2018). Prevalence of nomophobia among university students: A comparative study of Pakistani and Turkish undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(4), 1519–1532.
  • Panova, T., & Lleras, A. (2016). Avoidance or boredom: Negative mental health outcomes associated with use of mobile phones. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 249–260.
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Leisure Experience as a Predictor of Nomophobic Tendency: A Study on Young Individuals

Year 2026, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 147 - 163, 19.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1825046
https://izlik.org/JA28RD49MD

Abstract

The widespread use of technology plays a significant role in shaping young people’s daily lives and leisure-time experiences. This intensive use provides a basis for the rise of nomophobia defined as the tendency to experience anxiety when deprived of one’s mobile phone among youth. Within this framework, the aim of the study is to examine the effects of leisure-time experiences on nomophobia in young individuals. The research was designed using a relational survey model to assess the variables of leisure experience and nomophobia. The study sample consists of 423 associate and undergraduate students selected from a population of 14,236 individuals through purposive sampling. The questionnaire administered to participants includes demographic items as well as scales measuring leisure experience and nomophobia. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability and validity analyses, and structural equation modeling. All statistical procedures were conducted using SPSS and AMOS software. The analysis results indicate that the subdimensions of leisure experience boredom, awareness, challenge, and anxiety explain 11.6% of the variance in the “functional impairment” subdimension of nomophobia, 21.5% of the variance in “excessive use,” and 17.5% of the variance in “inability to communicate.” In conclusion, the findings reveal that nomophobic tendencies among young people are closely associated with their leisure-time experiences. The results emphasize that focusing solely on technology use is insufficient for preventing nomophobia; rather, it is essential to develop interventions that enhance the quality of leisure time and support emotional balance. Improving the quality of leisure-time practices is a critical requirement for reducing the rapidly increasing tendency toward nomophobia, particularly among young adults.

Ethical Statement

“Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research and Publication Ethics Committee of the Institute of Health Sciences at Bingöl University, pursuant to Decision No. 7 adopted at its 24/19 meeting on December 26, 2024, under reference number E-33117789-050.04-191240.”

References

  • Akgül, B. M., & Ayyıldız Durhan, T. (2024). Boş zaman deneyimi ölçeğinin yetişkinlerinde psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Güncel Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 1–15.
  • Apak, E., & Yaman, Ö. M. (2019). The prevalence of nomophobia among university students and nomophobia's relationship with social phobia: The case of Bingol University. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 609–627.
  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2011). IBM SPSS Amos 20 user’s guide. Amos Development Corporation; SPSS Inc. Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). Journal of Adolescence, 56, 127–135.
  • Aydın, İ. (2016). Fitnes katılımcılarının rekreasyonal etkinliklere yönelik ilgilenim ve mutluluk düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi], Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Kircaburun, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing. Current Psychology, 39(2), 555–562.
  • Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Becker, B., & Montag, C. (2022). Neuroimaging the effects of smartphone (over-) use on brain function and structure: A review on the current state of MRI-based findings and roadmap for future research. Psychoradiology, 3, 1–13.
  • Brand, M., Wegmann, E., Stark, R., Müller, A., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). The Interaction of Person–Affect–Cognition–Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104, 1–10.
  • Büyükalim, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde genel aidiyet, nomofobi ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiler [Yüksek lisans tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi], Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Caldwell, L. L., Smith, E. A., & Weissinger, E. (1992). Development of leisure experience battery for adolescents: Parsimony, stability, and validity. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(4), 361–376.
  • Campos, D., Modrego-Alarcón, M., López-del-Hoyo, Y., González-Panzano, M., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., et al. (2019). Exploring the role of meditation and dispositional mindfulness on social cognition domains: A controlled study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 809.
  • Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Impact of restricting mobile device use on anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290–297.
  • Coşkun, M., Kavaklı, M., & Türkmen, O. O. (2024). Exploring ostracism as a risk factor for smartphone addiction in young people: Resilience and nomophobia perspectives. Journal of Happiness and Health, 4(1), 25–33.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Happiness, flow, and economic equality. American Psychologist, 55, 1163–1164. Curren, R. (2010). Aristotle’s educational politics and the Aristotelian renaissance in philosophy of education. Oxford Review of Education, 36(5), 543–559.
  • Demir Öztürk, E., & Coşanay, B. (2020). Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının can sıkıntısı eğilimleri ile mobil telefon yoksunlukları arasındaki ilişki. Journal of International Social Research, 13(70), 711–720.
  • Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpınar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone addiction with depression, anxiety, and stress among university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85–92.
  • Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual framework and review of current research. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 82, 156–166.
  • Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 75–82.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
  • Gao, W., Ping, S., & Liu, X. (2022). Anxiety symptoms and mobile phone dependence among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 859942.
  • Gaskin, J., & Lim, J. (2016, ). Master validity tool. Gaskination’s StatWiki. (Erişim 03.02.2025)
  • Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoğlu, N. B., Samur, Y., & Yıldırım, S. (2018). Nomophobia prevalence among pre-service teachers: A case of Trakya University. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 8(3), 575–593.
  • Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47–68.
  • Grant, J. E., Brewer, J. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2006). The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectrums, 11(12), 924–930.
  • Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
  • Hao, Z., Jin, L., Huang, J., Akram, H. R., & Cui, Q. (2023). Resilience and problematic smartphone use: A moderated mediation model. BMC Psychiatry, 23, 36.
  • Hong, F. Y., Chiu, S. I., & Huang, D. H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2152–2159.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1980). The social psychology of leisure and recreation. W. C. Brown Company Publishers. Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (33. baskı). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of Internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31(1), 351–354.
  • Kim, M., Seong, G., Jeon, M. J., Jung, Y. C., & Lee, D. (2024). The mediating effect of attentional impulsivity between mindfulness and problematic smartphone use. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), 294.
  • King, A. C., Hekler, E. B., Grieco, L. A., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Buman, M. P., … et al. (2013). Harnessing different motivational frames via mobile phones to promote daily physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in aging adults. PLOS One, 8(4), e62613.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press. Kula, H. (2023). Rekreasyon ve spor endüstrisi. In E. Tezcan & O. Kusan (Eds.), Rekreasyonda güncel konular ve yeni trendler. Ankara: Efe Akademik Yayınları.
  • Lan, Y. P. (2000). Consumer leisure behavior change based on the new weekend policy in Taiwan, R.O.C. [Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin–Stout]
  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). Cell phone use, anxiety, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350.
  • Lu, G., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, H., Liang, Y., & Chen, C. (2021). The correlation between mobile phone addiction and coping style among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 15, 60.
  • Mert, A., Çağlayan, R., & Akgül, A. (2018). Öğretmenlerin nomofobi düzeyleri ve yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. 20. Uluslararası Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 25–27 Ekim, Samsun, 372–382.
  • Neupane, S., Ali, U. I., & Mathew, A. (2017). Text neck syndrome: A review. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 8(3), 221–224.
  • Özdemir, B., Cakir, O., & Hussain, I. (2018). Prevalence of nomophobia among university students: A comparative study of Pakistani and Turkish undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(4), 1519–1532.
  • Panova, T., & Lleras, A. (2016). Avoidance or boredom: Negative mental health outcomes associated with use of mobile phones. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 249–260.
  • Polat, R. (2017). Dijital hastalık olarak nomofobi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 1(2), 164–172.
  • Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848.
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports and Recreation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Melik Sönmez This is me 0009-0009-3907-3040

Ramazan Özavci 0000-0003-3370-8067

Abdulmenaf Korkutata 0000-0001-7915-8174

Submission Date November 16, 2025
Acceptance Date March 5, 2026
Publication Date March 19, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1825046
IZ https://izlik.org/JA28RD49MD
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sönmez, M., Özavci, R., & Korkutata, A. (2026). Nomofobik Eğilimin Belirleyicisi Olarak Boş Zaman Deneyimi: Genç Bireylere Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1825046