Küçük Devletlerin Hayatta Kalma Stratejileri: Ukrayna-Finlandiya'nın Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 137 - 151, 08.01.2024

Mehmet Alkanalka , Veysel Babahanoğlu

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı, küçük devletlerin komşu nükleer büyük bir güce karşı stratejilerini analiz etmek ve küçük devlet stratejilerindeki farklılığın nedenlerini açıklayarak literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Soğuk Savaş sırasında NATO’ya katılmayan küçük bir devlet olan Finlandiya vakası nevi şahsına münhasır bir durumdur. “Finlandiyalaşma” terimi, Soğuk Savaş sırasında jeopolitik olarak güçlü bir komşu olan komünist Sovyetler Birliği’ne karşı hayatta kalmak için küçük bir devlet olarak Finlandiya’nın uyguladığı dış politika olarak anılmaktadır. NATO, Soğuk Savaş’tan sonra bile güvenlik mimarisinin kilit bir bileşeni olmaya devam etmektedir ve üyelerinin çoğunluğu küçük devletler olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Soğuk Savaş boyunca NATO üyesi olmayan Finlandiya’nın Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’ndan sonra Finlandiyalaşmayı terk ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Jeopolitikte tarafsızlık politikası barışta ve hatta Soğuk Savaş’ta geçerli bir strateji olmasına rağmen savaşta farklı parametreler öne çıkmaktadır. Bu makalede bu hususlar Ukrayna ve Finlandiya özelinde karşılaştırmalı vaka analizi metodu ile incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Finlandiya, Finlandiyalaşmayı terk ederek NATO’ya katılmayı başarırken, Ukrayna toprak ve ağır can kayıplar vermesine rağmen NATO’ya giremedi.

Keywords

Küçük devlet, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı, NATO

Survival Strategies of Small States: Comparative Analysis of Ukraine - Finland

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyze the strategies of small states against a neighboring nuclear big power and to contribute to the literature by explaining the reasons for the difference in small-state strategies. The case of Finland, a small country that did not join NATO during the Cold War, is a sui generis case. “Finlandization” refers to the foreign policy of Finland as a small state to survive against the communist Soviet Union, which was a powerful geopolitical neighbor during the Cold War. NATO remains a key component of the security architecture even after the Cold War, and the majority of its members can be classified as small states. Finland, which was not a NATO member during the Cold War, abandoned Finlandization after the Russia-Ukraine War. Although the policy of neutrality in geopolitics is a valid strategy in peace and even in the Cold War, different parameters come to the fore in war. In this article, these issues are examined with the comparative case study method. In conclusion, Finland succeeded in joining NATO by abandoning the Finlandization model, but Ukraine could not enter NATO while losing land and heavy casualties.

Keywords

Finlandization, Small state, Russia-Ukraine War, Finland, NATO

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