Effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy on the Anxiety Levels of University Students

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 12, 98 - 118, 30.06.2017

Volkan Demir

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.294058

Cited By: 16

Abstract

This
study is aimed to analyse the effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy on
the anxiety levels of university students. Sample group is composed of 16
students who are in second grade or third grade in psychology department. A
program is applied to the sample group, which is composed of 8 sessions, and
each session were 90 minutes. “Beck Anxiety Inventory” is applied to comprehend
the anxiety levels of sample group. After the application of Beck Anxiety
Inventory, according to the results, individuals who have a “medium” or
“severe” anxiety and also who confirms to attend the study are chosen.
Measurement methods are applied as pre-test, before the application, and
post-test after the application. 
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test is used for the analyse of one group pre-test
post-test quasi-experimental design. Anaylses show that there is a significant
decrease in the participants anxiety levels. Results are, the therapy program
which is conducted by using mindfulness based cognitive techniques; causes a significant
decrease in the anxiety levels of university students in the sample group.

Keywords

Mindfulness, Cognitive therapy, Anxiety, University students

Bilinçli Farkındalık Temelli Bilişsel Terapi Programının Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kaygı Düzeylerine Etkisi

Abstract

 Bu
çalışma bilinçli farkındalık temelli bilişsel terapi programının üniversite
öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerine etkisini saptamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.
Araştırma, İstanbul’da psikoloji bölümünde ikinci ve üçüncü sınıflarında
öğrenim görmekte olan 16 öğrencinin katılımıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Araştırmada
katılımcılara sekiz oturumdan oluşan her oturumu 90 dakika süren bir program
uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların kaygı düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla Beck
tarafından geliştirilen “Beck Anksiyete Envanteri” uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya
kabul ölçütleri; uygulanan Beck Anksiyete Envanteri puan sonuçlarına göre  ‘Orta’ ve ‘Şiddetli’ düzeyde puan ortalaması
olan ve çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden öğrenciler olarak belirlendi. Ölçme araçları
uygulama öncesinde ön test, uygulamanın bitiminde ise son test olarak
uygulanmıştır. Tek grup öntest - sontest kontrol grupsuz yarı deneysel desenin
kullanıldığı çalışmada veriler, Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıra Testi ile
çözümlenmiştir. Yapılan analizler katılımcıların kaygı puanlarının anlamlı
düzeyde azaldığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, bilinçli farkındalık temelli
bilişsel teknikler kullanılarak yapılan terapi programının uygulama yapılan
öğrencilerin kaygı düzeylerinin düşmesine sebep olduğu gözlenmiştir. 

Keywords

Bilinçli farkındalık, Bilişsel terapi, Kaygı, Üniversite öğrencileri

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. In: APA, eds. Text Revision. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000: 1-943.
• Astin, J. A. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychother Psychosom, 66:97-106.
• Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10(2), 125-143.
• Baer, R. A. (2007). Mindfulness, assessment, and transdiagnostic processes. Psychol Inq, 18:238-271. Bao, X., Xue, S., & Kong, F. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness and perceived stress: The role of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 78, 48-52.
• Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment anxiety and panic. (2.basım). New York: Guilford Press.
• Baysal, N. & Demirbaş, B. (2012). Sınıf öğretmenliği adaylarının bilinçli farkındalıkları ile yansıtıcı düşünme eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (4), 12-20.
• Beauchemin, J., Hutchins, T.L. & Patterson, F. (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety, promote social skills and ımprove academic performance amongst adolescents with learning difficulties. Complementary Health Practise Review, 13, 34-45.
• Beck A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol, 56: 893-897.
• Bishop, S. R.,Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., ... &Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230-241.
• Broderick, P.C. & Metz, S. (2009). Learning to BREATHE: A pilot trial of a mindfulness curriculum for adolescents. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 2 (1), 35-45.
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(4), 822.
• Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological inquiry, 18(4), 211-237.
• Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2009). How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be? A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(6), 627-638.
• Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010). What facets of mindfulness contribute to psychological well-being and depressive, anxious, and stress-related symptomatology?. Mindfulness, 1(3), 177-182.
• Cohen-Katz, J., Wiley, S. D., Capuano, T., Baker, D. M., & Shapiro, S. (2004). The effects of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction on nurse stress and burnout: a quantitative and qualitative study. Holistic nursing practice, 18(6), 302-308.
• Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(5), 990.
• Craigie, M. A., Rees, C. S., Marsh, A., & Nathan, P. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary evaluation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(05), 553-568.
• Çatak, P. D. , Ögel, K. (2010). Farkındalık Temelli Terapiler ve Terapötik Süreçler. Klinik Psikiyatri, 13: 85, 91.
• Demir, V. (2014). Bilinçli farkındalık temelli hazırlanan eğitim programının bireylerin depresyon ve stres düzeyleri üzerine etkisi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi.
• Demir, V. (2015). Bilinçli Farkındalık Temelli Kognitif Terapi Programının Bireylerin Depresif Belirti Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi, 35(1), 15-26.
• Demir, V. (2015). Görme Engellilerde Depresif Belirtilere Yönelik Bilinçli Farkındalık Temelli Bilişsel Terapi Programının Etkililiği. Nesne, 3(6), 77- 93.
• Drew, C. J., Hardman, M. L., & Hart, A. W. (1996). Designing and conducting research: Inquiry in education and social science. Allyn & Bacon.
• Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical child and family psychology review, 12(3), 255-270.
• Germer, C. K., Siegel, R. D. ve Fulton, P. R. (2005). Mindfulness and psychotherapy. (1.basım). New York: Guilford.
• Gross, C. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Thomas, W., Reilly-Spong, M., Cramer-Bornemann, M., Nyman, J. A., ... & Ibrahim, H. N. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for solid organ transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 16(5), 30.
• Hayes, S. C.,Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25.
• Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(2), 169.
• Huppert, F. A. & Johnson, D. M. (2010). A controlled trial of mindfulness training in schools; the ımportance of practice for an ımpact on well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5 (4), 264-274.
• Johnson, C., & Larson, R. (1982). Bulimia: An analysis of moods and behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine, 44(4), 341-351.
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10(2), 144-156.
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.
• Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (26.baskı). Ankara Nobel Yayınevi.
• Kemper, K., Bulla, S., Krueger, D., Ott, M. J., McCool, J. A., & Gardiner, P. (2011). Nurses' experiences, expectations, and preferences for mind-body practices to reduce stress. BMC complementary and alternative medicine,11(1), 1.
• Kim, Y. W., Lee, S. H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., ... & Song, S. K. (2009). Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and anxiety, 26(7), 601-606.
• Kristofersson, G. K. (2012). The effects of a mindfulness based intervention on impulsivity, symptoms of depression, anxiety, experiences and quality of life of persons suffering from substance use disorders and traumatic brain injury (Doctoral dissertation, Unıversıty of Mınnesota).
• Leung, P.W.L., & Wong, M.M.T. (1998). Can cognitive errors differentiate between internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39, 263-269.
• Liehr, P. & Diaz, N. (2010). A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 69-71.
• Mackenzie, C. S., Poulin, P. A., & Seidman-Carlson, R. (2006). A brief mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for nurses and nurse aides. Applied Nursing Research, 19(2), 105-109.
• Matchim, Y., Armer, J. M., & Stewart, B. R. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on health among breast cancer survivors.Western Journal of Nursing Research, 0193945910385363.
• Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 43(10), 1281-1310.
• Miller, J. J.,Fletcher, K., Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stres reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General hospital psychiatry, 17(3), 192-200.
• Napoli, M., Krech, P. R. & Holley, L. C. (2005). Mindfulness training for elementary school students. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21 (1), 99-125.
• Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. Handbook of emotions, 2, 573-593.
• Özyeşil, Z. (2011). Özanlayış ve Bilinçli Farkındalık. Ankara: Maya Akademi Yayıncılık.
• Özyeşil, Z., & Ögel, K. (2013). The Effects of a Mindfulness and Acceptance Based (Education) Program on University Students’ Perceived Stress and Test Anxiety. Oral presentation. In First International Conference on Mindfulness (ICM), Sapienza University of Rome, May (pp. 8-12).
• Peterson, L. G., & Pbert, L. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 149, 936-943.
• Pinquart, M., & Teubert, D. (2010). A meta-analytic study of couple interventions during the transition to parenthood. Family Relations, 59(3), 221-231.
• Schonert-Reichl, K. A. & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre-and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1 (3), 137-151.
• Semple, R. J., Lee, J., Rosa, D., & Miller, L. F. (2010). A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: Promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 218-229.
• Siegel, R. D., Germer, C. K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: What is it? Where did it come from?. In Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 1735). Springer New York.
• Silverman S. & Digiuseppe R. (2001). Cognitive-Behavioral constructs and chıldren’s behavioral and emotional problems. Journal or Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19,2, 119-134.
• Smith, J. E., Richardson, J., Hoffman, C., & Pilkington, K. (2005). Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction as supportive therapy in cancer care: systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 52(3), 315-327.
• Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. Cambridge university press.
• Tsang, S. C. H., Mok, E. S. B., Lam, S. C., & Lee, J. K. L. (2012). The benefit of mindfulness‐based stress reduction to patients with terminal cancer. Journal of clinical nursing, 21(17‐18), 2690-2696.
• Ulusoy, M., Şahin, N. ve Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12, 163-172.
• Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2015). The impact of group-based mindfulness training on self-reported mindfulness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 6(3), 501-522.
• Vøllestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour research and therapy, 49(4), 281-288.
• Wang, Y., & Kong, F. (2014). The role of emotional intelligence in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and mental distress. Social Indicators Research, 116(3), 843-852.
• Whitebird, R. R., Kreitzer, M. J., & O'Connor, P. J. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and diabetes. Diabetes spectrum: a publication of the American Diabetes Association, 22(4), 226.
• Whitebird, R. R., Kreitzer, M., Crain, A. L., Lewis, B. A., Hanson, L. R., & Enstad, C. J. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. The Gerontologist, gns126.
• Witek-Janusek, L., Albuquerque, K., Chroniak, K. R., Chroniak, C., Durazo-Arvizu, R., & Mathews, H. L. (2008). Effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on immune function, quality of life and coping in women newly diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 22(6), 969-981.
• Yook, K., Lee, S. H., Ryu, M., Kim, K. H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., ... & Kim, M. J. (2008). Usefulness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treating insomnia in patients with anxiety disorders: a pilot study. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 196(6), 501-503.
• Zvolensky, M. J., Solomon, S. E., McLeish, A. C., Cassidy, D., Bernstein, A., Bowman, C. J., & Yartz, A. R. (2006). Incremental validity of mindfulness‐based attention irelation to the concurrent prediction of anxiety and depressive symptomatology and perceptions of health. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 35(3), 148-158.