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China's Public Diplomacy Activities for Sub-Saharan Africa in the Context of Soft Power Concept

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 18, 2373 - 2403, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.565691

Abstract

In this study China's public diplomacy activities towards Africa are discussed within the framework of the concept of soft power. In this context, firstly, the concepts of soft power and public diplomacy are explained. Soft power is expounded according to Nye's views, public diplomacy is considered as new public diplomacy within the scope of Cull's classification. After making explanations about China's soft power elements, it is especially emphasized that the economy is a soft power component for China and the public diplomacy activities on the basis of economy are examined. The assessment shows that the economy for China is a source of soft power in Sub-Saharan Africa. In fact, China’s unique model and the increase in the economy have been attractive element for Sub-Saharan African countries. In the use of the economy as a means of soft power, both state and non-state actors are engaged in various public diplomacy activities. Concordantly, economic relations with the region, investments in the region and foreign aid are considered as important public diplomacy activities in Sub-Saharan Africa.

References

  • Ajetunmobı, W. (2018). China pledges $60 billion to africa, says ‘no strings attached. 11.05.2019 tarihinde, https://www.africanliberty.org/2018/09/04/china-pledges-60-billion-to-africa-says-no-strings-attached adresinden erişildi.
  • Alden, C. (2005). China in africa. Survival, 47(3), 147-164.
  • Allison, S. (2013, 7 Haziran). Fixing China's image in africa: One student at a time. The Guardian, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-06-07-fixing-chinas-image-one-student-at-a-time/#Uq-fuJ_IYF adresinden erişildi.
  • Bednarz, L. (2013). CSR in Africa, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.sinoafrica.org adresinden erişildi.
  • Besliu, R. (2013). China and the US court Africa. 02.01.2014 tarihinde , https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/china-and-us-court-africa adresinden erişildi.
  • Brautigam, D. (2008). “China’s African aid: Transatlantic challenges,” German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington, DC., 15.12.2013 tarihinde, http://www.gmfus.org/publications/index.cfm adresinden erişildi.
  • Brautigam, D. (2009). The dragon's gift: The real story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press.
  • Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2011). African shenzhen: China's special economic zones in Africa. The Journal Of Modern African Studies, 49(1), 27-54.
  • Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2011). China's investment in special economic zones in Africai içinde Special economic zones: Progress, emerging challenges, and future directions, (Ed.) Farole, Thomas, and Gokhan Akinci. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Brautigam, D. (2011). Chinese development aid in Africa: What, where, why, and how much?, içinde Rising China: Global challenges and opportunities, (Ed.) Golley, Jane, and Ligang Song. Canberra: Australia National University Press.
  • Carlsson, G., Keet, D., Aning, K., Wenping, H., Mutesa, F., Kragelund, P., ... , Geda, A. (2010). The rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, opportunities and critical ınterventions. Uppsala, Sweeden: Zed Books Ltd.
  • Sao-Cheng, S. (2011). The approaches of China's soft power strategy. WHAMPOA–An Interdisciplinary Journal, 61, 53-64.
  • Cho, Y. N. ve Jeong, J. H. (2008). China's soft power: Discussions, resources, and prospects. Asian Survey, 48(3), 453-472.
  • Chun, Z. (2013). The Sino-Africa relationship: Toward a new strategic partnership. Emerging powers in Africa, 23.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.Ise.ac.uk/DEAS/...(SR-016-Chun.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Cull, N. J. (2010). Public diplomacy: Seven lessons for its future from its past. Place Branding And Public Diplomacy, 6(1), 11-17.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. CPD Perspectives On Public Diplomacy, 2(19), 2-62.
  • DeLisle, J. (2010). Soft power in a hard place: China, Taiwan, cross-strait relations and US Policy. Orbis, 54(4), 493-524.
  • Douglas, K. (2012). Understanding Chinese investment in Africa, 16.12.2013 tarihinde https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/understanding-chinese-investment-in-africa/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Gill, B., ve Huang, Y. (2006). Sources and limits of Chinese ‘Soft Power’. Survival, 48(2), 17-36.
  • Haifang, L.(2010). China’s development cooperation with Africa: Historical and cultural perspectives, in (F. Cheru ve C. Obi ed.) The Rise of China&India In Africa ( p.53-63.) London:Zed Books.
  • Haroz, D. (2011). China in Africa: Symbiosis of exploitation. Fletcher F. World Aff., 35, 65.
  • Health Diplomacy (2011). In Africa, China’s soft power provides a healing touch. 02.01.2014 tarihinde http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/health-diplomacy-in-africa-chinas-soft-power-provides-a-healing-touch/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Hughes, C. R. (2006). Chinese nationalism in the global era. London: Routledge.
  • Hunter, A. (2009). Soft power: China on the global stage. Chinese Journal Of International Politics, 2(3), 373-398.
  • Kalathil, S. (2011). China’s soft power in the information age: Think again. Institute Fot The Study Of Diplomacy. ISD Working Papers In New Diplomacy,Mayıs, 22.12.2013 tarihinde https://isd.georgetown.edu/sites/isd/files/Kalathil_Chinas_Soft_Power.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Kaplinsky, R., Mccormic, D., Morris, M., (2010). Impacts and challenges of a growing relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa. in: Padayachee, V. (Ed.), The political economy of africa. Taylor And Francis, Routledge, 389–409.
  • Kennedy, S. (2010). The myth of the Beijing consensus. Journal Of Contemporary China, 19(65), 461-477.
  • Kim, Y. (2013). Chinese-led sezs in Africa: Are they a driving force of China's soft power?. Stellenbosch University Centre for Chinese Studies, February, 1-31.
  • Kurlantzick, J. (2006). Beijing's Safari: China's move into Africa and its implications for aid, development, and governance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Lee, S. J. (2009). China's soft power: Its limits and potentials, (EAI Issue Briefing No. MASI 7), 2, 12.12.2013 tarihinde, http://www.eai.or.kr-/data/bbs/eng_report/2009103016723.pdf adresinden erişild.
  • Lejli, H. A. (2011). Public diplomacy of people’s republic of China. Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo. 10.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011-symposium/Public-Diplomacy-of-People's-Republic-of-China-Anja-L-Hessarbani.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Leonard, M., Stead, C., ve Smewing, C. (2002). Public diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Centre.
  • Xue, L. (2012). China’s dilemma in its soft power: How to build its national image. Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, DK.
  • Liu, Y., Zhong, L., ve Thompson, T. (2011). Assistance of Chinese characteristics: China’s aid program in Africa and its consequences. Proceeding Of China’s Role In Global And Regional Governance. Nanyang Technological University Available at http://www.sinoafrica.org/en/node/958 on 16.12.2013.
  • Looy, J. V. D. (2006). Africa and China: A strategic partnership?. African Studies Centre Working Paper No. 67, Leiden,The Netherlands.
  • Lum, T., Morrison, M. W., ve Vaughn, B. (2008). China’s soft power in Southeast Asia. CRS Report For Congress RL34310. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 4 January.
  • Marafa, L. M. (2009). Africa’s business and development relationship with China. Seeking Moral And Capital Values Of The Last Economic Frontier. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrika institutet.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). Wielding soft power: The new public diplomacy. Clingendael Diplomacy Papers. Hague, Netherlands: Clingendael Netherlands Institute Of International Relations.
  • Kong, M.H. (2003). Sino-African relations and China’s policy towards Africa. Bureau of International Co-operation of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 13 May. 12.09.2013 tarihinde http://bic.cass.cn-/english/infoShow/Arcitle_Show_Conference_Show.asp?ID¼-32&Title¼&strNavigatio adresinden erişildi.
  • Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM). (2015). The white paper on China’s foreign aid, 1955- 2009. Nantulya, P. (2017). Pursuing the China dream through Africa: Five elements of China’s Africa strategy.Africa Center For Strategic Studies, Spotlight, 6 April, 15.5.2019 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/china-dream-five-elements-china-africa-strategy adresinden erişildi.
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). Yumuşak güç: Dünya siyasetinde başarının yolu, (R. İ. Aydın Çev.) , Ankara: Elips Kitap Yayınları.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2013). Hard, soft, and smart power. In The Oxford Handbook Of Modern Diplomacy (559-574), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2003). The paradox of American power: Why the world's only superpower can't go it alone. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  • Ojakorotu, V., ve Whetho, A. (2008). Sino-African relations: The cold war years and after. Asia Journal of Global Studies, 2(2), 35-43.
  • Pang, Z..(2009). China’s soft power dilemma: The Beijing consensus revisited. In Mingjiang Li, (Ed.), Soft power: China’s emerging strategy in international politics. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books: 125–141.
  • Qingan, Z., ve Jinwei, M. (2012). How 21st-Century China sees public diplomacy as a path to soft power. Global Asia, 7(3), 18-23.
  • Rawnsley, G. D. (2008). China talks back: Public diplomacy and soft power for the Chinese century. In Routledge Handbook Of Public Diplomacy (p. 302-311). Routledge.
  • Roth, J. O. (2007). China discovers public diplomacy, Documento de Trabajo, 12.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/WP2007/WP24-2007_Otero_China_Public_Diplomacy.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Roy, D. (1994). Hegemon on the horizon? China's threat to east asian security. International Security, 19(1), 149-168.
  • Sancar, G. A. (2012). Kamu diplomasisi ve halkla ilişkiler, (1. Bsm), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Sautman, B., ve Hairong, Y. (2007). Friends and interests: China's distinctive links with Africa. African Studies Review, 50(3), 75-114.
  • Shan, H.(2013). China’s African Invesment Grows 30 Fold, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://china.org.cn/business/2013-07/12/content_29403154.-htm#.Uq8JKSHIWGc.gmail adresinden erişildi.
  • Sigsgaard, J. N. (2011). The new era of diplomacy: The effects of public diplomacy, nation branding and cultural diplomacy. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
  • Strange, A., Park, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., ve Ramachandran, V. (2013). China’s development finance to Africa: A media-based approach to data collection. CGD Working Paper 323, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.
  • Sun, Y. (2013). China’s increasing interest in Africa: Benign but hardly altruistic. Brookings, 5 April, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/04/05-china-africa-sun adresinden erişildi.
  • Szondi, G. (2008). Public diplomacy and nation branding: Conceptual similarities and differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Hague, Netherlands: Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • Thompson, D. (2005). China’s soft power in Africa: From the ‘‘Beijing Consensus, to health diplomacy. China Brief 5(21), 1–4.
  • Uchehara, K. E. (2009). China-Africa relations in the 21st century: Engagement, compromise and controversy. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 6(23), 95-111.
  • Zheng, D. E. (2009). China’s use of soft power in the developing world: Strategic intentions and implications for the United States. In (Ed.) Carola McGiffert, Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the US, (p.1-9).

Yumuşak Güç Kavramı Bağlamında Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’ya Yönelik Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 18, 2373 - 2403, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.565691

Abstract

Çalışmada yumuşak güç kavramı çerçevesinde Çin’in Afrika’ya yönelik kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri ele alınmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada ilk olarak yumuşak güç ve kamu diplomasisi kavramlarına ilişkin açıklamalara yer verilmektedir. Yumuşak güç Nye’ın görüşleri doğrultusunda açıklanmakta, kamu diplomasisi ise Cull’ın yapmış olduğu sınıflandırma çerçevesinde “yeni kamu diplomasisi” kapsamında ele alınmaktadır. Çin’in yumuşak güç unsurlarına ilişkin açıklamalar yapıldıktan sonra özellikle ekonominin Çin için yumuşak güç unsuru olma özelliği üzerinde durulmakta ve temelinde ekonominin yer aldığı kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri inceleme konusu yapılmaktadır. Yapılan değerlendirmede, Çin için ekonominin Sahraaltı Afrika’da bir yumuşak güç kaynağı olduğu görülmektedir. Nitekim Çin’in kendine özgü bir modele sahip olması ve ekonomisinde meydana gelen yükseliş Sahraaltı Afrika ülkeleri için cezbedici bir unsur olmaktadır. Ekonominin bir yumuşak güç aracı olarak kullanılmasında ise hem devlet hem de devlet dışı aktörler  çeşitli kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinde bulunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede özellikle bölge ile kurulan ekonomik ilişkiler, bölgeye yapılan yatırımlar ve dış yardımlar Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’daki önemli kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. 

References

  • Ajetunmobı, W. (2018). China pledges $60 billion to africa, says ‘no strings attached. 11.05.2019 tarihinde, https://www.africanliberty.org/2018/09/04/china-pledges-60-billion-to-africa-says-no-strings-attached adresinden erişildi.
  • Alden, C. (2005). China in africa. Survival, 47(3), 147-164.
  • Allison, S. (2013, 7 Haziran). Fixing China's image in africa: One student at a time. The Guardian, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-06-07-fixing-chinas-image-one-student-at-a-time/#Uq-fuJ_IYF adresinden erişildi.
  • Bednarz, L. (2013). CSR in Africa, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.sinoafrica.org adresinden erişildi.
  • Besliu, R. (2013). China and the US court Africa. 02.01.2014 tarihinde , https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/china-and-us-court-africa adresinden erişildi.
  • Brautigam, D. (2008). “China’s African aid: Transatlantic challenges,” German Marshall Fund of the United States, Washington, DC., 15.12.2013 tarihinde, http://www.gmfus.org/publications/index.cfm adresinden erişildi.
  • Brautigam, D. (2009). The dragon's gift: The real story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press.
  • Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2011). African shenzhen: China's special economic zones in Africa. The Journal Of Modern African Studies, 49(1), 27-54.
  • Brautigam, D. ve Xiaoyang, T. (2011). China's investment in special economic zones in Africai içinde Special economic zones: Progress, emerging challenges, and future directions, (Ed.) Farole, Thomas, and Gokhan Akinci. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Brautigam, D. (2011). Chinese development aid in Africa: What, where, why, and how much?, içinde Rising China: Global challenges and opportunities, (Ed.) Golley, Jane, and Ligang Song. Canberra: Australia National University Press.
  • Carlsson, G., Keet, D., Aning, K., Wenping, H., Mutesa, F., Kragelund, P., ... , Geda, A. (2010). The rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, opportunities and critical ınterventions. Uppsala, Sweeden: Zed Books Ltd.
  • Sao-Cheng, S. (2011). The approaches of China's soft power strategy. WHAMPOA–An Interdisciplinary Journal, 61, 53-64.
  • Cho, Y. N. ve Jeong, J. H. (2008). China's soft power: Discussions, resources, and prospects. Asian Survey, 48(3), 453-472.
  • Chun, Z. (2013). The Sino-Africa relationship: Toward a new strategic partnership. Emerging powers in Africa, 23.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.Ise.ac.uk/DEAS/...(SR-016-Chun.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Cull, N. J. (2010). Public diplomacy: Seven lessons for its future from its past. Place Branding And Public Diplomacy, 6(1), 11-17.
  • Cull, N. J. (2009). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. CPD Perspectives On Public Diplomacy, 2(19), 2-62.
  • DeLisle, J. (2010). Soft power in a hard place: China, Taiwan, cross-strait relations and US Policy. Orbis, 54(4), 493-524.
  • Douglas, K. (2012). Understanding Chinese investment in Africa, 16.12.2013 tarihinde https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/understanding-chinese-investment-in-africa/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Gill, B., ve Huang, Y. (2006). Sources and limits of Chinese ‘Soft Power’. Survival, 48(2), 17-36.
  • Haifang, L.(2010). China’s development cooperation with Africa: Historical and cultural perspectives, in (F. Cheru ve C. Obi ed.) The Rise of China&India In Africa ( p.53-63.) London:Zed Books.
  • Haroz, D. (2011). China in Africa: Symbiosis of exploitation. Fletcher F. World Aff., 35, 65.
  • Health Diplomacy (2011). In Africa, China’s soft power provides a healing touch. 02.01.2014 tarihinde http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/health-diplomacy-in-africa-chinas-soft-power-provides-a-healing-touch/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Hughes, C. R. (2006). Chinese nationalism in the global era. London: Routledge.
  • Hunter, A. (2009). Soft power: China on the global stage. Chinese Journal Of International Politics, 2(3), 373-398.
  • Kalathil, S. (2011). China’s soft power in the information age: Think again. Institute Fot The Study Of Diplomacy. ISD Working Papers In New Diplomacy,Mayıs, 22.12.2013 tarihinde https://isd.georgetown.edu/sites/isd/files/Kalathil_Chinas_Soft_Power.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Kaplinsky, R., Mccormic, D., Morris, M., (2010). Impacts and challenges of a growing relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa. in: Padayachee, V. (Ed.), The political economy of africa. Taylor And Francis, Routledge, 389–409.
  • Kennedy, S. (2010). The myth of the Beijing consensus. Journal Of Contemporary China, 19(65), 461-477.
  • Kim, Y. (2013). Chinese-led sezs in Africa: Are they a driving force of China's soft power?. Stellenbosch University Centre for Chinese Studies, February, 1-31.
  • Kurlantzick, J. (2006). Beijing's Safari: China's move into Africa and its implications for aid, development, and governance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Lee, S. J. (2009). China's soft power: Its limits and potentials, (EAI Issue Briefing No. MASI 7), 2, 12.12.2013 tarihinde, http://www.eai.or.kr-/data/bbs/eng_report/2009103016723.pdf adresinden erişild.
  • Lejli, H. A. (2011). Public diplomacy of people’s republic of China. Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo. 10.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011-symposium/Public-Diplomacy-of-People's-Republic-of-China-Anja-L-Hessarbani.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Leonard, M., Stead, C., ve Smewing, C. (2002). Public diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Centre.
  • Xue, L. (2012). China’s dilemma in its soft power: How to build its national image. Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, DK.
  • Liu, Y., Zhong, L., ve Thompson, T. (2011). Assistance of Chinese characteristics: China’s aid program in Africa and its consequences. Proceeding Of China’s Role In Global And Regional Governance. Nanyang Technological University Available at http://www.sinoafrica.org/en/node/958 on 16.12.2013.
  • Looy, J. V. D. (2006). Africa and China: A strategic partnership?. African Studies Centre Working Paper No. 67, Leiden,The Netherlands.
  • Lum, T., Morrison, M. W., ve Vaughn, B. (2008). China’s soft power in Southeast Asia. CRS Report For Congress RL34310. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 4 January.
  • Marafa, L. M. (2009). Africa’s business and development relationship with China. Seeking Moral And Capital Values Of The Last Economic Frontier. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrika institutet.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). Wielding soft power: The new public diplomacy. Clingendael Diplomacy Papers. Hague, Netherlands: Clingendael Netherlands Institute Of International Relations.
  • Kong, M.H. (2003). Sino-African relations and China’s policy towards Africa. Bureau of International Co-operation of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 13 May. 12.09.2013 tarihinde http://bic.cass.cn-/english/infoShow/Arcitle_Show_Conference_Show.asp?ID¼-32&Title¼&strNavigatio adresinden erişildi.
  • Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM). (2015). The white paper on China’s foreign aid, 1955- 2009. Nantulya, P. (2017). Pursuing the China dream through Africa: Five elements of China’s Africa strategy.Africa Center For Strategic Studies, Spotlight, 6 April, 15.5.2019 tarihinde https://africacenter.org/spotlight/china-dream-five-elements-china-africa-strategy adresinden erişildi.
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). Yumuşak güç: Dünya siyasetinde başarının yolu, (R. İ. Aydın Çev.) , Ankara: Elips Kitap Yayınları.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2013). Hard, soft, and smart power. In The Oxford Handbook Of Modern Diplomacy (559-574), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2003). The paradox of American power: Why the world's only superpower can't go it alone. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  • Ojakorotu, V., ve Whetho, A. (2008). Sino-African relations: The cold war years and after. Asia Journal of Global Studies, 2(2), 35-43.
  • Pang, Z..(2009). China’s soft power dilemma: The Beijing consensus revisited. In Mingjiang Li, (Ed.), Soft power: China’s emerging strategy in international politics. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books: 125–141.
  • Qingan, Z., ve Jinwei, M. (2012). How 21st-Century China sees public diplomacy as a path to soft power. Global Asia, 7(3), 18-23.
  • Rawnsley, G. D. (2008). China talks back: Public diplomacy and soft power for the Chinese century. In Routledge Handbook Of Public Diplomacy (p. 302-311). Routledge.
  • Roth, J. O. (2007). China discovers public diplomacy, Documento de Trabajo, 12.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/WP2007/WP24-2007_Otero_China_Public_Diplomacy.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Roy, D. (1994). Hegemon on the horizon? China's threat to east asian security. International Security, 19(1), 149-168.
  • Sancar, G. A. (2012). Kamu diplomasisi ve halkla ilişkiler, (1. Bsm), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Sautman, B., ve Hairong, Y. (2007). Friends and interests: China's distinctive links with Africa. African Studies Review, 50(3), 75-114.
  • Shan, H.(2013). China’s African Invesment Grows 30 Fold, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://china.org.cn/business/2013-07/12/content_29403154.-htm#.Uq8JKSHIWGc.gmail adresinden erişildi.
  • Sigsgaard, J. N. (2011). The new era of diplomacy: The effects of public diplomacy, nation branding and cultural diplomacy. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
  • Strange, A., Park, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., ve Ramachandran, V. (2013). China’s development finance to Africa: A media-based approach to data collection. CGD Working Paper 323, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.
  • Sun, Y. (2013). China’s increasing interest in Africa: Benign but hardly altruistic. Brookings, 5 April, 16.12.2013 tarihinde http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/04/05-china-africa-sun adresinden erişildi.
  • Szondi, G. (2008). Public diplomacy and nation branding: Conceptual similarities and differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Hague, Netherlands: Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
  • Thompson, D. (2005). China’s soft power in Africa: From the ‘‘Beijing Consensus, to health diplomacy. China Brief 5(21), 1–4.
  • Uchehara, K. E. (2009). China-Africa relations in the 21st century: Engagement, compromise and controversy. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 6(23), 95-111.
  • Zheng, D. E. (2009). China’s use of soft power in the developing world: Strategic intentions and implications for the United States. In (Ed.) Carola McGiffert, Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the US, (p.1-9).
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elif Yıldırım 0000-0002-9224-025X

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Acceptance Date June 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 11 Issue: 18

Cite

APA Yıldırım, E. (2019). Yumuşak Güç Kavramı Bağlamında Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’ya Yönelik Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 11(18), 2373-2403. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.565691