Medya Içeriklerinin Islamofobik Olarak Değerlendirilme Kriterleri: farkindayiz.gov.tr

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 23, 2079 - 2107, 31.03.2020

Sefer Darıcı , Zafer Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.587279

Abstract

İslamofobi ile ilgili literatürde artan bir ilgi bulunmaktadır. Türk hükümeti tarafından Haziran 2018’de Islamofobi ile mücadele edilmesi amacıyla bir veri tabanı kurulmuştur. Hollywood filmlerinden, çizgi filmlere, dijital oyunlardan, müziklere kadar tespit edilen birçok islamofobik içerik, “farkindayiz.gov.tr”adlı resmi internet adresi üzerinden erişime açılmıştır. İnternet sitesinde, halka yönelik olarak, islamofobik içeriklere karşı mücadele edilmesini ve fark ettikleri içerikleri bildirmelerini isteyen bir de çağrı metni eklenmiştir. Site, çoğunlukla Müslümanların yaşadığı laik bir ülke olan Türkiye’de, islamofobi ile ilgili devletin medya içeriklerine yaklaşımını göstermesi açısından herkese açık, resmi bir kanıt sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada medya içeriklerinin islamofobik olarak nitelendirilmesi için Türkiye’de devletin hangi kriterleri aradığı sorusu bu internet sitesi üzerinden araştırılmıştır. İç içe geçmiş tek durum deseni kullanılan bu araştırmada, sitede yer alan fotoğraf, video ve açıklamalar karşılaştırmalı içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Sonuç olarak medya içeriklerinin islamofobik olarak değerlendirme kriterleri 3 ana tema altında toplanmıştır: 1- İslami sembollere saldırı. 2- Allah’a, Peygamber Muhammed’e, Kur’an-ı Kerim’e hakaret. 3-İslam-Terör ilişkilendirmesi.

Keywords

İslamofobi, Popüler Kültür, İçerik Analizi, Terör

Criteria For Evaluating Media Contents As Islamophobic: farkindayiz.gov.tr

Abstract

There is increasing interest in the literature on Islamophobia. A database was established by the Turkish government in June 2018 to combat Islamophobia. A lot of content that is found to be Islamophobic, from Hollywood movies to cartoons, from digital games to music, has been accessed via the official internet address “farkindayiz.gov.tr”. On the website, a call text has been added to the public asking them to fight against islamophobic content and to report the content they noticed. Website created a perfect resource which is open to anyone who wants to learn the government approach of the to islamophobic criteria in to be secular country Turkey where is mostly inhabited by Muslims.In this study, the question of what criteria according to the government in Turkey were accepted to be Islamophobic media content was investigated through this website. In this research, which used a single intertwined case pattern, the photographs, videos, and descriptions on the website were subjected to comparative content analysis. The results that criteria for evaluating media contents as islamophobic are grouped into three main themes: 1 - Attack on Islamic symbols. 2- Insulting Allah, the Prophet Muhammed, and the Holy Quran. 3-To associate Islam with Terrorism

Keywords

Islamophobia, Popular Culture, Content Analysis, Terror

References

• Ahmed, S. ve Matthes, J. (2017). 2000'den 2015'e kadar Müslümanların ve İslam'ın medya temsili: Bir meta-analiz. Uluslararası İletişim Gazetesi, 79(3), 219-244.
• Allen, C. (2001). Islamophobia in the media since September 11th. Exploring Islamophobia: Deepening our understanding of Islam and Muslims.University of Westminster, 29.
• Ansari, H. (2012). From the far right to the mainstream: Islamophobia in party politics and the media. Campus Verlag.
• Awan, I. (2014). Islamophobia and Twitter: A typology of online hate against Muslims on social media. Policy & Internet, 6(2), 133-150.
• Baudrillard, J., Deliceçaylı, H., ve Keskin, F. (2008). Tüketim toplumu.AyrıntıYayınları.
• Berki, A. H., ve Keskioğlu, O. (1974). Hatem’ül Enbiya Hz. Muhammed ve Hayatı. Şehir ve Yayınevi.
• Beydoun, K. A. (2016). Islamophobia: Toward a Legal Definition and Framework. Colum. L. Rev. Online, 116-108.
• Bielefeldt, H. (2010). Das Islambild in Deutschland In Islamfeindlichkeit (p. 173-206).VS Verlag für Sozial wissenschaften.
• Bulmer, M.,ve Solomos, J. (2018). Innocence of Muslims. Muslims, Migration and Citizenship içinde (s. 19-19).Routledge.
• Cere, R. (2002). Islamophobia and the Media in Italy. Feminist Media Studies, 2(1), 133-136.
• Christensen, L. B., Johnson, B., ve Turner, L. A. (2015). Araştırma yöntemleri: Desen ve analiz. Anı Yayıncılık.
• Çelebi, E. (1896). Seyahatname, 10 vols. Istanbul: Ikdam Matbaasi [vols. 1-6], Devlet Matbaasi [vols. 7, 9, and 10], Orhaniye Matbaasi 8, 1896-1938.
• Deltombe, T. (2005).L'islamimaginaire: la construction médiatique de l'islamophobieen France, 1975-2005. Paris.
• Foulquié, P. (1969). Dictionnaire de la langue philosophique. Paris.
• Frost, D. (2008). Islamophobia: Examining causal links between the media and “race hate” from “below”. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 28(11/12), 564-578.
• Garnham, N. (2001). Bir kültürel materyalizm teorisine doğru. Praksis, 4, 126-143.
• Glück, A. (2007). Terror im Kopf: Terrorismusberichterstattung in der deutschen und arabischen Elitepresse. (Vol. 14). Frank &Timme GmbH.
• Golding, P., ve Murdock, G. (1997). Introduction: Communication and capitalism. The political economy of the media, 1.
• Gökçe, O. (2012). Avrupa medyasının ve kamuoyunun İslam algısı: İslamofobi, kolektif bir korkunun anatomisi. Sempozyum Tebliğleri, Ankara, 77-95.
• Haddad, Y., ve Harb, N. (2014). Post-9/11: making Islam an American religion. Religions, 5(2), 477-501.
• Hafez, K. (2002). Die politische Dimension der Auslands berichterstattung (Vol. 2). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
• Hafez, K. (2009). Mediengesellschaft–Wissensgesellschaft?.In Islamfeindlichkeit (p. 99-117).VS Verlag für Sozial wissenschaften.
• Halm, D. (2006).Zur Wahrnehmung des Islams und zursozio-kulturellenTeilhabe der Muslime in Deutschland. Essen.
• Issitt, M., ve Main, C. (2014). Hidden religion: The greatest mysteries and symbols of the world's religious beliefs: The greatest mysteries and symbols of the world’s religious beliefs. ABC-CLIO.
• Jamal, A. A., Keohane, R. O., Romney, D., ve Tingley, D. (2015). Anti-Americanism and anti-interventionism in Arabic Twitter discourses. Perspectives on Politics, 13(1), 55-73.
• Jaspal, R., ve Cinnirella, M. (2010).Media representations of British Muslims and hybridised threats to identity. Contemporary Islam, 4(3), 289-310.
• Kalin, I. (2004). Roots of misconception: Euro-American perceptions of Islam before and after September 11. Islam, fundamentalism, and the betrayal of tradition, 143-187.
• Kalmar, I., ve Ramadan, T. (2016). Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia (p. 351-372). London: Routledge.
• Kayaoğlu, T. (2012). Three takes on Islamophobia. International Sociology. 27: 609–615.
• Keyman, E. F. (2002). Globalleşme, oryantalizm ve öteki Sorunu: 11 Eylül sonrası dünya ve adalet. Doğu Batı Düşünce Dergisi, 4 (20), 11-32.
• Khan, F., ve Mythen, G. (2018). Culture, media and everyday practices: Unveiling and challenging islamophobia. In Media, Crime and Racism (p. 93-115). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
• Lean, N. C., Esposito, J. L., ve Shaheen, J. G. (2012). The Islamophobia industry: How the right manufactures fear of Muslims. London: Pluto Press.
• Lee, S. A., Gibbons, J. A., Thompson, J. M., ve Timani, H. S. (2009). The Islamophobia scale: Instrument development and initial validation. The International. Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(2), 92-105.
• Lee, S. A., Reid, C. A., Short, S. D., Gibbons, J. A., Yeh, R., ve Campbell, M. L. (2013). Fear of Muslims: Psychometric evaluation of the Islamophobia Scale. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 157.
• Leibold, J. (2009). Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Islamophobie.In Islamfeindlichkeit (p. 145-154).VS Verlag für Sozial wissenschaften.
• Luqiu, L. R., ve Yang, F. (2018). Islamophobia in China: news coverage, stereotypes, and Chinese Muslims’ perceptions of themselves and Islam. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(6), 598-619.
• Marantz, A. (2012). The innocence of Muslims: Viral video gone wrong. The New Yorker.
• Meer, N. (2014). Islamophobia and postcolonialism: continuity, Orientalism and Muslim consciousness. Patterns of Prejudice, 48(5), 500-515.
• Mensching, G. (1976). Structures and patterns of religion.(Trans. H. F. Klimkeit und V. Srinivasa Sarma).Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
• Merill, E. T. (1921). Mathews, S., ve Smith, G. B. (Eds.). A dictionary of religion and ethics. Macmillan. London.
• Murdock, G., ve Golding, P. (1973).For a political economy of mass communications.Socialist register, 10(10), 205-234.
• Neumann, W. (2003). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allynand Bacon.
• Ogan, C.,Willnat, L., Pennington, R., ve Bashir, M. (2014). The rise of anti-Muslim prejudice: Media and Islamophobia in Europe and the United States. International Communication Gazette, 76(1), 27-46.
• Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Perry, B., ve Poynting, S. (2006, December). Inspiring islamophobia: media and state targeting of Muslims in Canada since 9/11. In TASA Conference 2006, University of Western Australia & Murdoch University, 4-7 December 2006 ASA 2006.
• Poole, E. (2002). Reporting Islam: Media representations and British Muslims.IB Tauris.
• Saeed, A. (2007). Media, racism and Islamophobia: The representation of Islamand Muslims in the media. Sociology Compass, 1(2), 443-462.
• Said, E. W. (1979).Orientalism. New York: Vintage.
• Said, E. W. (1985). Orientalism reconsidered. Race & class, 27(2), 1-15.
• Schiffer, S. (2004). Die Darstellung des Islams in der Presse. Sprache, bilder, suggestionen. EineAuswahl von techniken und beispielen.Würzburg.
• Schiffer, S. (2005).Der Islam in deutschen Medien. AusPolitik und Zeitgeschichte, 20(2005), 23-30.
• Schneiders, T. G. (2009). Islamfeindlichkeit. Wenn die Grenzen der Kritikverschwimmen. Wiesbaden (VS).
• Sheehi S. (2011). Islamophobia: The Ideological campaign against Muslims. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2011.
• Steuter, E., ve Wills, D. (2010). The vermin have struck again: Dehumanizing the enemy in post 9/11 media representations. Media, War & Conflict, 3(2), 152-167.
• Trein, L. (2017). Islamophobia reconsidered: Approaching emotions, affects, and historical layers of orientalism in the study of religion. Method&Theory in the Study of Religion, 29(3), 205-220.
• Vakil, A. (2009). Is the Islam in Islamophobia the same as the Islam in anti-Islam; or, when is it Islamophobia time?.e-cadernos ces, 3(3).
• Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2013).Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri.(9. GenişletilmişBaskı) Ankara: SeçkinYayınevi.
• Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Zaal, M. (2012).Islamophobia in classrooms, media, and politics. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 55(6), 555-558.
• Zebiri, K. (2008). There deployment of Orientalist themes in contemporary Islamophobia. Studies in contemporary Islam, 10(1-2), 4-44.