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Yabancı Dil Eğitiminde Yazma Eğitimi Yaklaşımlarının Gözden Geçirilmesi ve Yazma Becerisinin Diğer Becerilerle İlişkilendirilmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 30, 3038 - 3082, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.744508

Abstract

Dil öğrenim süreci bir bütün olarak algılandığında, etkili iletişim için, dil öğrenenlerin geliştirmesi beklenen ana becerilerden birisi de yazma becerisidir. Ancak, yabancı dil eğitiminde çoğu zaman göz ardı edilen yazma becerisi, hem öğretmenler hem de öğrenciler tarafından en zahmetli beceri olarak düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yazma eğitiminde kullanılabilecek en temel yaklaşımları irdelemek ve bu becerinin diğer dil becerileriyle bütünleştirilmesini çeşitli örneklerle tartışmaktır. Bu şekilde bütün becerilerin bütünleştirildiği bir dil eğitimi, Burgess (1994)’ın da vurguladığı gibi, öğrencilerin bir başka dili öğrenirken hem alımlayıcı (receptive) hem de üretken (productive) becerilerini daha aktif kullanabilmesini sağlayacaktır. Genellikle öğrencilere hangi konuda yazacakları tanıtıldığında onların konu ile ilgili az bilgiye sahip olmaları bir şikâyet konusu olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu problemin üstesinden gelebilmek için Jiang ve Du (2006)’nun önerdiği gibi, öğretmenlerin yazma aktivitesini yoğunlaştırılmış okuma sınıfları ile birleştirmesi pratik bir çözüm olabilir. Diğer becerilerden yalıtılmış bir yöntemin aksine yazma eğitiminin diğer dil becerileri ile ilişkilendirilerek öğretilmesi, öğrencilerin sınıf içerisinde daha doğal bir iletişim kurmasını sağlayabilir. Dili işleme stratejilerinin yanında dil becerilerin bütünleşik bir şekilde sunulduğu sınıf aktiviteleri dil öğretiminin söylem açısından başarılı olmasının yolunu açabilir. Buradan hareketle, öğretim bağlamı, dersin hedefleri, öğrencilerinin istekleri ve seviyeleri gibi farklı bileşenleri değerlendirerek en doğru yazma yaklaşımına karar verilebilir. Çalışmada çeşitli yazma eğitimi yaklaşımları farklı öğretim bağlamlarına atıfta bulunarak değerlendirildikten sonra yazma becerisinin diğer becerilerle bütünleştirilmesi için bazı tartışmalar ve konu bazlı örneklemeler yapılmıştır.

References

  • Badger, R. ve White, G. (2000). A process genre approach to teaching writing. ELT Journal, 54 (2), 153-160.
  • Blasingame, J. ve Bushman, J. H. (2005). Teaching writing in middle school. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Briton, D. M., Snow, M.A., ve Wesche, M. B. (1989). Content-based second language instruction. New York: Newbury House.
  • Burgess, J. (1994). Ideational Frameworks in Integrated Language Learning, System, 22(3), 309-318.
  • Byrne, D. (1979). Teaching writing skills. London: Longman.
  • Cavkaytar, S. (2013). Tüm dil yaklaşımı (whole language). M. Durmuş, A. Okur (Der.), Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi el kitabı içinde (s.95-100). Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.
  • Celce-Murcia, M. ve Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cunningham, S. ve Moor, P. (2005). New Cutting Edge (Upper Intermediate-Student’s Book). London: Longman.
  • Elsworth, S. ve Rose, J. (1996). Go (Student’s Book 1). London: Longman.
  • Farthing, M ve Pulverness, A. (1994). The Macmillan short course programme: Level 3 reflections: Student's book. London: Macmillan
  • Gao, J. (2007). Teaching writing in Chinese Universities: Finding an eclectic approach. Asian EFL Journal, 20(2), 285-297.
  • Goodman, Ken. (2005). What’s whole in whole language: 20th anniversary edition. Canada: RDR Books
  • Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English Language teaching. London: Longman.
  • Hedge, T. (1988). Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hocaoğlu, N., ve Ocak, G. (2019). Challenges of writing English according to unıversity students’ views. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(4), 49-69.
  • Hutchinson, T (1985). Project English 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hyland, K. (2002). Teaching and researching writing. London: Longman.
  • Hyland, K. (2003). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12, 17-29.
  • Jiang, C. ve Du, H. (2006). Integrating Reading and Speaking with Writing in College English Teaching, Sino- US English Teaching, 3(3), 37-40.
  • Johns, A. M. (1995). Genre and pedagogical purposes. Journal of Second Language Writing, 4(2), 181-190.
  • Johnston, H. (1996). Survey review: Process writing in coursebooks, ELT Journal, 50(4), 347-355.
  • Kim, M. (2006). Genre based approach to teaching writing. HPU TESL Working Paper Series, 4(2), 33-40.
  • Lee, S. H. (2008). Beyond reading and proficiency assessment: The rational cloze procedure as stimulus for integrated reading, writing, and vocabulary instruction and teacher–student interaction in ESL. System, 36, 642-660.
  • Liaw, M. L. (2007). Content-based reading and writing for critical thinking skills in an EFL context. English Teaching and Learning, 31(2), 45-87.
  • Myskow, G. ve Gordon, K. (2010). A focus on purpose: using a genre approach in an EFL writing class. ELT Journal, 64, 283–292.
  • Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology. Hertfordshire: Prentic Hall International
  • Oxford, R. (2001). Integrated skills in the ESL/EFL classroom. ERIC Digest, ED456670. 15 Mart 2020 tarihinde, https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED456670 adresinden erişildi.
  • Raimes, A. (1991). Out of the Woods: Emerging Traditions in the Teaching of Writing, TESOL Quarterly, 25(3), 407-430.
  • Richard, J. C. (2006). Communicative language teaching today. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sanchez, M. A. A. (2000). An approach to the ıntegration of skills in English teaching. Didactica (Lengua y Literatura), 12, 21-41.
  • Shih, M. (1986). Content based to teaching academic writing. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 617-648.
  • Swan, M. ve Walter, C. (1985). The Cambridge English course (Student’s Book 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tabak, G. ve Göçer, A. (2013). 6-8. Sınıflar Türkçe dersi öğretim programının ürün ve süreç odaklı yazma yaklaşımları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 147-169.
  • Thaqi Jashari, L., ve Dagarin Fojkar, M. (2019). Teachers’ Perceptions of Developing Writing Skills in the EFL Classroom. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries, 16(2), 77-90.
  • Tribble, C. (1996). Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tutunis, B. T. (2000). Content Based Academic Writing, The Internet TESL Journal, 6 (7). 15 Mart 2020 tarihinde, http://iteslj.org/Articles/Tutunis-ContentBased.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Walker, J. P. ve Sampson, V. (2013). Argument-driven ınquiry: Using the laboratory to ımprove undergraduates’ science writing skills through meaningful science writing, peer-review, and revision. Journal of Chemistry Education, 90(10), 1269−1274.
  • White, R. ve Arndt, V. (1991). Process Writing. London: Longman.
  • Zeng, D. (2005). The process-oriented approach to ESL/EFL writing instruction and research. Teaching English in China, 28(5), 66-70.

Revisiting Approaches to Teaching Writing and Integration of the Writing Skill with others in Foreign Language Education

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 30, 3038 - 3082, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.744508

Abstract

Considering the language learning process as a whole, for an effective communication, foreign language learners are supposed to master writing skill in the target language as well. Nevertheless, writing skill has been one of the most neglected skills in language education since it is likely to be accepted as hard by both language teachers and learners. The aim of the article is to zoom in on the major approaches to teaching writing in foreign language education, English in particular, and discuss the integration of the skill with teaching other language skills with examples. As is highlighted by Burgess (1994), such an integrated way of skills in language education is of great importance in terms of triggering learners to make use of both receptive and productive skills on the way of learning another language. Students seem to complain about the writing topic in which they have little or no knowledge but are asked to write on. In order to minimize it, a practical solution suggested by Jiang and Du (2006) can be followed to integrate writing classes with highly concentrated reading classes to support them. Unlike teaching writing in isolation, teaching writing skill integrated to other major skills appears to bring a case of spontaneous and natural communication into the language classroom. Activities with integrated skills could also pave the way for providing learners with the required discourse knowledge to be successful in using language. It is highly possible to decide on the most feasible writing approach by taking a range of issues (i.e., teaching context, objectives, interests and levels of leaners) into account. After reviewing the approaches to teaching writing by referring back to various teaching contexts, the article touches upon ways of integrating teaching writing skills with different types of activities.

References

  • Badger, R. ve White, G. (2000). A process genre approach to teaching writing. ELT Journal, 54 (2), 153-160.
  • Blasingame, J. ve Bushman, J. H. (2005). Teaching writing in middle school. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Briton, D. M., Snow, M.A., ve Wesche, M. B. (1989). Content-based second language instruction. New York: Newbury House.
  • Burgess, J. (1994). Ideational Frameworks in Integrated Language Learning, System, 22(3), 309-318.
  • Byrne, D. (1979). Teaching writing skills. London: Longman.
  • Cavkaytar, S. (2013). Tüm dil yaklaşımı (whole language). M. Durmuş, A. Okur (Der.), Yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi el kitabı içinde (s.95-100). Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.
  • Celce-Murcia, M. ve Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cunningham, S. ve Moor, P. (2005). New Cutting Edge (Upper Intermediate-Student’s Book). London: Longman.
  • Elsworth, S. ve Rose, J. (1996). Go (Student’s Book 1). London: Longman.
  • Farthing, M ve Pulverness, A. (1994). The Macmillan short course programme: Level 3 reflections: Student's book. London: Macmillan
  • Gao, J. (2007). Teaching writing in Chinese Universities: Finding an eclectic approach. Asian EFL Journal, 20(2), 285-297.
  • Goodman, Ken. (2005). What’s whole in whole language: 20th anniversary edition. Canada: RDR Books
  • Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English Language teaching. London: Longman.
  • Hedge, T. (1988). Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hocaoğlu, N., ve Ocak, G. (2019). Challenges of writing English according to unıversity students’ views. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(4), 49-69.
  • Hutchinson, T (1985). Project English 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hyland, K. (2002). Teaching and researching writing. London: Longman.
  • Hyland, K. (2003). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12, 17-29.
  • Jiang, C. ve Du, H. (2006). Integrating Reading and Speaking with Writing in College English Teaching, Sino- US English Teaching, 3(3), 37-40.
  • Johns, A. M. (1995). Genre and pedagogical purposes. Journal of Second Language Writing, 4(2), 181-190.
  • Johnston, H. (1996). Survey review: Process writing in coursebooks, ELT Journal, 50(4), 347-355.
  • Kim, M. (2006). Genre based approach to teaching writing. HPU TESL Working Paper Series, 4(2), 33-40.
  • Lee, S. H. (2008). Beyond reading and proficiency assessment: The rational cloze procedure as stimulus for integrated reading, writing, and vocabulary instruction and teacher–student interaction in ESL. System, 36, 642-660.
  • Liaw, M. L. (2007). Content-based reading and writing for critical thinking skills in an EFL context. English Teaching and Learning, 31(2), 45-87.
  • Myskow, G. ve Gordon, K. (2010). A focus on purpose: using a genre approach in an EFL writing class. ELT Journal, 64, 283–292.
  • Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology. Hertfordshire: Prentic Hall International
  • Oxford, R. (2001). Integrated skills in the ESL/EFL classroom. ERIC Digest, ED456670. 15 Mart 2020 tarihinde, https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED456670 adresinden erişildi.
  • Raimes, A. (1991). Out of the Woods: Emerging Traditions in the Teaching of Writing, TESOL Quarterly, 25(3), 407-430.
  • Richard, J. C. (2006). Communicative language teaching today. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sanchez, M. A. A. (2000). An approach to the ıntegration of skills in English teaching. Didactica (Lengua y Literatura), 12, 21-41.
  • Shih, M. (1986). Content based to teaching academic writing. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 617-648.
  • Swan, M. ve Walter, C. (1985). The Cambridge English course (Student’s Book 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tabak, G. ve Göçer, A. (2013). 6-8. Sınıflar Türkçe dersi öğretim programının ürün ve süreç odaklı yazma yaklaşımları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 147-169.
  • Thaqi Jashari, L., ve Dagarin Fojkar, M. (2019). Teachers’ Perceptions of Developing Writing Skills in the EFL Classroom. ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries, 16(2), 77-90.
  • Tribble, C. (1996). Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tutunis, B. T. (2000). Content Based Academic Writing, The Internet TESL Journal, 6 (7). 15 Mart 2020 tarihinde, http://iteslj.org/Articles/Tutunis-ContentBased.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Walker, J. P. ve Sampson, V. (2013). Argument-driven ınquiry: Using the laboratory to ımprove undergraduates’ science writing skills through meaningful science writing, peer-review, and revision. Journal of Chemistry Education, 90(10), 1269−1274.
  • White, R. ve Arndt, V. (1991). Process Writing. London: Longman.
  • Zeng, D. (2005). The process-oriented approach to ESL/EFL writing instruction and research. Teaching English in China, 28(5), 66-70.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erdem Akbaş 0000-0003-2204-3119

Publication Date October 31, 2020
Acceptance Date August 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 16 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Akbaş, E. (2020). Yabancı Dil Eğitiminde Yazma Eğitimi Yaklaşımlarının Gözden Geçirilmesi ve Yazma Becerisinin Diğer Becerilerle İlişkilendirilmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(30), 3038-3082. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.744508