Türk Fiziksel Engelli Sporcularda Yılmazlık: Spora Katılımın Rolü

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 30, 2401 - 2425, 31.10.2020

Didem Aydoğan Gaye Hadi

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.769829

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı fiziksel engelli sporcularda yılmazlık kaynaklarını incelemektir. Araştırma fiziksel engelli sporcuların yaşamlarındaki koruyucu faktörlerini derinlemesini incelemeyi amaçlayan nitel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını belirlemek üzere amaçlı örneklem yönteminden yararlanılmış olup, katılımcıların belirlenmesinde şu ölçütler dikkate alınmıştır: (I) Fizisel bir engele sahip olma, (II) En az 18 yaşında olma, (III) Şu anda bir spora devam etme, (IV) Spor alanında ulusal ya da uluslararası başarılar sahip olmadır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları beş kadın ve yedi erkek olmak üzere 12 fiziksel engelli sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde içerik analiz tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları sosyal destek, maneviyat ve inancı içeren pozitif bakış açısının yılmazlığı güçlendiren önemli koruyucu faktörler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sportif aktivitelere katılımın, bu aktivitelerdeki yaşantıların, burada oluşturulan kişilerarası ilişkilerin ve sporda elde edilen başarıların katılımcılarda yılmazlık için önemli bir güç kaynak olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmştır.

Keywords

Fiziksel engellilik, yılmazlık, sporcular, spor

Supporting Institution

Herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır.

Project Number

Projeden hazırlanmamıştır.

Resilience in Turkish Physically Disabled Athletes: The Role of Sport Participation

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine sources of resilience for physical disability athletes. This is a qualitative study aiming for in-depth investigation of protective mechanisms for physical disability athetes in their lives. The criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used to determine the participants of the current study: (I) Having an acquired physical (orthopedic) disability. (II) Being at least over the age of 18, (III) Currently, participating in a sport and, (IV) having national or international achievements in their recognized sports. The participants consisted of 12 physically disabled athletes five of whom were women and seven of whom were men. A semi-structured interview technique was employed in the present study. Content analysis was used to analyze data obtained in the study. Resulting social support, included the positive outlook one has, spirituality and belief, demonstrated significant protective factors for strengthening resilience. It was shown that participating in sporting activities, the experiences during these activities, the interpersonal relations established through them, and receiving achievements in this context provides significant strength for people.

Keywords

Physical disability, resilience, atheletes, sport

Project Number

Projeden hazırlanmamıştır.

References

• Alriksson-Schmidt, A. I., Wallander, J., and Biasini, F. (2007). Quality of life and resilience in adolescents with a mobility disability. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(3), 370-379.
• Anderson, D. (2009). Adolescent girls’ involvement in disability sport: Implications for identity development. Journal of Sports and Social Issues, 33(4), 427-449.
• Anderson, D. M., Wozencroft, A., and Bedini, L. A. (2008). Adolescent girls’ involvement in disability sport: A comparison of social support mechanisms. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(2), 183-207.
• Bonetti, D., and Johnston, M. (2008). Perceived control predicting the recovery of individual-specific walking behaviors following stroke: Testing psychological models and constructs. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 463-478.
• deRoon-Cassini, T.A., Mancini, A.D., Rusch, M.D., and Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: a latent growth mixture model analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(1), 1-11.
• Dunn, D.S., Uswatte, G., and Elliott, T. (2009). Happiness, resilience and positive growth following disability: Issues for understanding, research and therapeutic intervention. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 651-664). New York: Oxford University Press
• Fletcher, D., and Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 669-678.
• Galli, N., and Vealey, R.V. (2008). “Bouncing back” from adversity athletes' experiences of resilience. The Sport Psychologist, 22(3), 316-335.
• Garmezy, N. (1993). Risk and resilience. In D. C. Funder, R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (p. 377-398). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
• Geard, A., Kirkevold, M., Løvstad, M., and Schanke, A. K. (2018). Exploring narratives of resilience among seven males living with spinal cord injury: A qualitative study. BMC psychology, 6(1), 1-10.
• Goodley, D. (2005). Empowerment, self-advocacy and resilience. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 9(4), 333-343.
• Goodwin, D.L, Johnson, K., Gustafson. P., Elliott, M., Thurmeier, R., and Kuttai, H. (2009). Its okay to be a quad: Wheelchair rugby players’ sense of community. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(2), 102-117.
• Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., and Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172-204.
• Gourgey, C. (1993). From weakness to strength: A spiritual response to disability. Journal of Religion in Disability and Rehabilitation, 1(1), 69-80.
• Graham, R., Kremer, J., and Wheeler, G. (2008). Physical exercise and psychological well-being among people with chronic illness and disability. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(4), 447-458.
• Groff, D.G., Lundberg, N.R., and Zabriskie, R. B. (2009). Influence of adapted sport on quality of life: Perceptions of athletes with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(4), 318-326.
• Guest, R., Craig, A., Tran, Y., and Middleton, J. (2015). Factors predicting resilience in people with spinal cord injury during transition from inpatient rehabilitation to the community, Spinal Cord, 53(9), 682-686.
• Haslet, D., Fitzpatrick, B., and Breslin, G. (2017). The psychological influences on participation in Wheelchair rugby: A social relational model of disability, AUC Kinanthropologica, 53(1), 60-78.
• Hayter, M.R., and Dorstyn, D. S. (2013). Resilience, self-esteem and self-compassion in adults with spina bifida. Spinal Cord, 52(2), 167-171.
• Heiman, T. (2002). Parent of children with disabilities: Resilience, coping and future expectations. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14(2), 159-171
• Hicks, A.L., Martin, K.A., Ditor, D. S., Latimer, A. E., Craven, C., Bugaresti, J., et al. (2003). Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: Effects of strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being. Spinal Cord, 41, 34-43.
• Hooper, L. M. (2009). Individual and family resilience: Definitions, research and frameworks relevant for all counselors. The Alabama Counseling Association Journal, 35(1), 19-26.
• Howard, S., and Johnson, B. (2000). An Investigation of the role of resiliency-promoting factors in preventing adverse life outcomes during adolescence: A report to the criminology research council of Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide.
• Jones, L. M., and Leggei, M., and Goulding, A. (2002). Intensive exercise may preserve bone mass of spinal cord injured males but does not retard demineralization of the lower body. Spinal Cord, 40(5), 230-235.
• Kim, J., Lee, C., and Ji, M. (2018). Investigating the domains of life satisfaction in middle-aged, late middle- aged, and older adults with a physical disability, Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(5), 639-652.
• Latimer, A. E., Ginis, K. A., Hicks, A.L., and McCartney, N. (2004). An examination of the mechanisms of exercise induced change in psychological well-being among people with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 41(5), 643-652.
• Luthar, S. S., and Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857-885.
• Machida, M., Irvwin, B., and Feltz, D. (2013). Resilience in competetive athletes with spinal cord injury: The role of sport participation. Qualitative Health Research, 23(8), 1054-1065.
• Mackay, R. (2003). Family resilience and good child outcome: An overview of the research literature. Ministry of Social Department, University of Otago. Social Policy Journal of Nealand, 20, 98-118.
• Martin, J. J. (2013). Benefits and barriers to physical activity for individuals with disabilities: A social- relational model of disability perspective. Disability and rehabilitation, 35(24), 2030-2037.
• Masten, A. S., and Coatsworth, J. D. (1995). Competence, resilience, and psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation. In D. Cicchetti, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (Vol. 2, pp. 715-752). New York, NY: Wiley.
• Migerode, F., Maes, B., Buyyse, A., and Brondeel, R. (2012) Quality of life in adolescent with a disability and their parents: The mediating role of socail support and resilience. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(5), 487-503.
• Migliorini, C., Callaway, L., and New, P. (2013). Preliminary investigation into subjective wellbeing, mental health, resilience, and spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 36(6), 660-665.
• Monden, K., Trost, Z., Catalano, D., Garner, A., Symcox, J., Driver, S., et al. (2014). Resilience following spinal cord injury: A phenomenological view. Spinal cord, 52(3), 197-201.
• Nash, M. S. (2005). Exercise as a health-promoting activity following spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurological Physical Therapy, 29(2), 87-106.
• Newman, R. (2005). APA’s resilience initiative. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 227- 229.
• Page, S., O’Connor, S., and Peterson, K. (2001). Leaving the disability ghetto: A qualitative study of factors underlying achievement motivation among athletes with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 25(1), 40-55.
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
• Reeve, D. (2004). Psycho-emotional dimensions of disability and the social model. In C. Barnes & G. Mercer (Eds.), Implementing the social model of disability: Theory and research (p. 83–100), Leeds, UK: The Disability Press
• Reindal, S. M. (2008). A social relational model of disability: a theoretical framework for special needs education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(2), 135-46.
• Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B. L., Jensen, S., and Kumpfer, K. L. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21(6), 33-39.
• Ruddell, J. L., and Shinew, K. J. (2006). The socializing process for women with physical disabilities: The impact of agents and agencies in the introduction to an elite sport. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(3), 421- 444.
• Sarkar, M., and Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), 1419-1434.
• Smith, B. (2013). Disability, sport and men’s narratives of health: A qualitative study. Health Psychology, 32(1), 110-119.
• Specht, J., Polgar, J. M., and King, G. A. (2003). How we got here. In G. A. King, E. G. Brown, & L. K. Smith (Eds.), Praeger series in health psychology. Resilience: Learning from people with disabilities and the turning points in their lives (p. 7-29). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Tedeschi, R. G., and Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
• Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218-235.
• Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1-17.
• Ungar, M. (2013). Resilience, Trauma, Context and Culture. Trauma, Violence Abuse, 14(3), 255-266.
• Zimmerman, M. A., and Arunkumar, R. (1994). Resiliency research: Implications for schools and policy. Social Policy Report of the SRCD, 8(4), 1-17.
• Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York: Guilford Press
• White, R. L., and Bennie, A. (2015). Resilience in youth sport: a qualitative investigation of gymnastics coach and athlete perceptions. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10(2), 379-393.