Y Kuşağı Çalışanlarında Örgütsel Sinizm: Görgül Bir Çalışma

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 32, 4688 - 4722, 31.12.2020

Haydar Arslan , Korhan Arun

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.741151

Abstract

Örgütsel sinizm; işgörenlerin çalıştıkları örgütlerine yönelik olumsuz davranış ve tutumları olarak ifade edilmektedir. Y kuşağıysa doğdukları tarihler arasında net bir uzlaşma olmamasına rağmen 1981-2000 seneleri arasında doğmuş bireyler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Günümüz iş dünyasının en geç ve sayı bakımından diğer kuşak bireylerinden fazla olan Y kuşağı bütün dünyada etkilerini göstererek çoğu örgütün iş yapış biçimlerini değiştirmeye zorlamaktadır. Sinizme sahip kişilerin seçici, tatmin düzeyi düşük, eleştiri yapan, kendisine karşı ilgi besleyen ve olumsuz bakış açısında oldukları ifade edilmesine karşın kuşaklara etkisi net olarak araştırılmamıştır. Bu araştırma ile örgütsel sinizmin Y kuşağı çalışanları açısından etkileşimi ortaya koyarak alan yazına katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Aktör ağ kuramına göre doğal olarak oluşmuş bu kuşak yine kuramda belirtilen teknoloji-organizasyon-birey etkileşiminin unvan ve cinsiyet denklemlerine sinizm boyutlarında anlamlı olup olmadığı anket yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Araştırma evreni, Türkiye’de faaliyetlerini yürüten katılım bankalarının Y kuşağı çalışanlarıdır. Faktör analizi, t-testi ve korelasyon analizi ile elde edilen bulgular Y kuşağına mensup katılım bankalarında çalışan bireylerin kişilik sinizmiyle birlikte demografik özellikler olan gelir, unvan ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin örgütsel sinizmin boyutlarında farklılıklar oluşturduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgular neticesinde katılım bankalarının Y kuşağı çalışanları, literatürde algılandığının aksine sadece yaş değil, unvan ve cinsiyet boyutlarında da olsa sinizme maruz kaldığı gözükmektedir. Örgütsel sinizmin Y kuşağı çalışanları üzerine yapılan bu araştırmanın; benzer çalışmaların yetersiz olması ve elde edilen bulgular bakımından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Örgütsel Sinizm, Y Kuşağı, Kültürel Fark Grupları

Organizational Cynicism From Generation Y Perspective

Abstract

Organizational cynicism is expressed as the negative behavior and attitudes of the employees to their organizations. Generation Y is defined as individuals born between 1981 and 2000, although there is no clear consensus between the dates. Generation Y, which is the latest in the business world and more than other generations in terms of a number, shows its effects all over the world and forces many organizations to change their way of doing business. Although cynicism is stated to be distinguished, low level of satisfaction, criticism, interest in itself, and a negative point of view, its effect on generations has not been explicitly investigated. With this research, it is aimed to contribute to the literature by revealing the interaction of organizational cynicism for Generation Y employees. This generation, which was naturally formed according to the actor-network theory, was again tested by the questionnaire, whether the technology-organization-individual interaction specified within the theory is meaningful to cynic dimensions to title and gender equations. Research universe, Generation Y employees are carrying out the activities of participation banks in Turkey. Survey results are analyzed by factor analysis, t-test, and correlation analysis. It has been found that individuals working in participation banks belonging to generation Y, together with personality cynicism, show differences along the dimensions of organizational cynicism, income, title, and gender. As a result of these findings, Generation Y employees of participation banks seem to be exposed to cynicism, not only in age but also in title and gender, contrary to what is perceived in the literature. This research on organizational cynicism of Generation Y employees is important in terms of inadequate studies and important findings.

Keywords

Organizational Cynicism, Generation Y, Cultural Difference Groups

References

• Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational cynicism: Bases and consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 269.
• Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review Of Psychology, 52(1), 27–58. https://doi.org/10/cqp7jm
• Akar, H. (2019). A Meta-analytic review on the causes and consequences of organizational cynicism. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10/gf744m
• Altuntaş, B. (2017). Y kuşağının mobil öğrenme uygulama tercihini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.356544
• Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49(11), 1395–1418. https://doi.org/10/fhhgdg
• Andersson, L. M., ve Bateman, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(5), 449–469.
• Arslan, H. (2019). Örgütsel sinizmin Y kuşağı çalışanlarına etkileri: Katılım bankaları örneği. Yüsek Lisans Tezi. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi.
• Arun, K., ve Arslan, H. (2019). Y kuşağı çalışanları açısından örgütsel sinizm. 21. Internatıonal congress of management economy and polıcy 2019 autumn proceedıngs book, 477.
• B. Valentine, D., ve L. Powers, T. (2013). Generation Y values and lifestyle segments. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(7), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-07-2013-0650
• Baykal, E. (2019). Participation banks: A suitable environment for workplace spirituality. Mevzu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 43-63. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3463824
• Berkup, S. B. (2014). Working with generations x and y ın generation z period: Management Of Different Generations In Business Life. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5(19). https://doi.org/10/ggf3tp
• Biggs, A., Brough, P., ve Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman’s psychological stress and coping theory. The Handbook of Stress and Health (s. 349–364). John Wiley ve Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch21
• Blumer, H. (2009). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method (Nachdr.). Univ. of California Press.
• Bommer, W. H., Rich, G. A., ve Rubin, R. S. (2005). Changing attitudes about change: Longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism about organizational change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 733–753. https://doi.org/10/c45ftw
• Bordua, D. J. (1968). Arthur Nıederhoffer. Behind the Shield: The Police in Urban Society. Pp. vi, 253. Garden City, N.Y.: Double-day, 1967. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 377(1), 202–203. https://doi.org/10/bzqwn5
• Cennamo, L., ve Gardner, D. (2011). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person- organisation values fit. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 39(2), 24–36.
• Charters, S., Velikova, N., Ritchie, C., Fountain, J., Thach, L., Dodd, T. H., Fish, N., Herbst, F., ve Terblanche, N. (2011). Generation y and sparkling wines: A cross‐cultural perspective. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 23(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10/b8d7wh
• Chiaburu, D. S., Oh, I.-S., Berry, C. M., Li, N., ve Gardner, R. G. (2011). The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1140–1166. https://doi.org/10/fnfd2q
• Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I.-S., Banks, G. C., ve Lomeli, L. C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10/gcz6zv
• Cook, W. W., ve Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and Pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38(6), 414–418. https://doi.org/10/bcgxx2
• Costa, P. T., Zonderman, A. B., McCrae, R. R., ve Williams, R. B. (1986). Cynicism and paranoid alienation in the Cook and Medley HO Scale.: Psychosomatic Medicine, 48(3), 283–285. https://doi.org/10/gf927f
• Cox, T. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
• Cutler, I. (2000). The cynical manager. Management Learning, 31(3), 295–312. https://doi.org/10/chtdqb
• De Hauw, S., ve De Vos, A. (2010). Millennials’ career perspective and psychological contract expectations: Does the recession lead to lowered expectations? Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10/ct65dm
• Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., ve Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341. https://doi.org/10.2307/259378
• Diogenes Laertius, ve Mensch, P. (2018). Lives of the eminent philosophers. Oxford University Press.
• Durkin, D. (2008). Youth movement. Communication World, 25(2), 23.
• Edmunds, J., ve Turner, B. (2006). Global Generations: Social Change in the Twentieth Century. The British Journal of Sociology, 56, 559–577. https://doi.org/10/bhrb6r
• Erdost, E. H., Karacaoğlu, K., ve Reyhanoğlu, M. (2007). Örgütsel sinizm kavramı ve ilgili ölçeklerin Türkiye’deki bir firmada test edilmesi. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, 514–524.
• Fauzan, R. (2019). Upgrading at work: Employee disposition and cynicism about organizational changes. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 28(3), 677–697. https://doi.org/10/ggwsjj
• Fenwick, T. J., ve Edwards, R. (2010). Actor-network theory in education (1st ed). Routledge.
• Goldner, F. H., Ritti, R. R., ve Ference, T. P. (1977). The production of cynical knowledge in organizations. American Sociological Review, 42(4), 539. https://doi.org/10/b8c5xz
• Hassi, A., Foutouh, N., ve Ramid, S. (2015). Employee perception of diversity in Morocco: Empirical insights. Journal of Global Responsibility, 6(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10/ggwr9m
• Hickman, M. J., Piquero, N. L., ve Piquero, A. R. (2004). The validity of Niederhoffer’s cynicism scale. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10/fm229t
• Horváthová, P., Mikušová, M., ve Kashi, K. (2019). Evaluation of the employees’ engagement factors importance methodology including generation Y. Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 3895–3917. https://doi.org/10/gg354v
• Hulin, C. L., ve Judge, T. A. (2003). Job Attitudes. In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of Psychology (p.1211). John Wiley ve Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei1211
• Humphrey, N., Bartolo, P., Ale, P., Calleja, C., Hofsaess, T., Janikova, V., Lous, A. M., Vilkiene, V., ve Wetso, G.-M. (2006). Understanding and responding to diversity in the primary classroom: An international study. European Journal of Teacher Education, 29(3), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619760600795122
• Hurst, J. L., ve Good, L. K. (2009). Generation Y and career choice: The impact of retail career perceptions, expectations and entitlement perceptions. Career Development International, 14(6), 570–593. https://doi.org/10/dbk7q6
• Israel, G. D. (2013). Determining sample size 1. University of Florida, 1–5.
• James, J., Mckechnie, S., ve Swanberg, J. (2011). Predicting employee engagement in an age‐diverse retail workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 173–196. https://doi.org/10/dzgqvf
• James, M. S. L. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of cynicism in organizations: An examination of the potential positive and negative effects on school systems. http://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu%3A181909/
• Johnson, J. L., ve O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627–647. https://doi.org/10/bbm46d
• Joshi, A., Dencker, J. C., ve Franz, G. (2011). Generations in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 177–205. https://doi.org/10/dssh55
• Kalağan, G., ve Aksu, M. B. (2010). Organizational cynicism of the research assistants: A Case of Akdeniz University. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4820–4825. https://doi.org/10/cjvgjg
• Kanbur, E., ve Canbek, M. (2020). Örgütsel sinizmin işten ayrılma niyetine etkisinde yaşın düzenleyici rolünün. Journal of Business Research - Turk, 11(3), 149–1502. https://doi.org/10/ggwsh4
• Kanter, D. L., ve Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The cynical Americans: Living and working in an age of discontent and disillusion (1st ed). Jossey-Bass.
• Kasalak, G., ve Aksu, M. (2014). Araştırma görevlilerinin algıladıkları örgütsel desteğin örgütsel sinizm ile ilişkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14(1), 115–133.
• Kim, S., Jung, K., Noh, G., ve Kang, L. K. (2019). What makes employees cynical in public organizations? Antecedents of organizational cynicism. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(6), 1– 10. https://doi.org/10/ggwr68
• Krahn, H. J., ve Galambos, N. L. (2014). Work values and beliefs of ‘Generation X’ and ‘Generation Y. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10/gfwdtj
• Kultalahti, S., ve Viitala, R. (2015). Generation Y – challenging clients for HRM? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10/f639k3
• Kupperschmidt, B. R. (2000). Multigeneration employees: Strategies for effective management. The Health Care Manager, 19(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10/zmf
• Latour, B. (1999). On Recalling Ant. The Sociological Review, 47(1_suppl), 15–25. https://doi.org/10/t3m
• Lynch, P. D., Eisenberger, R., ve Armeli, S. (1999). Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 467–483. https://doi.org/10/fgpmpz
• Macky, K., Gardner, D., Forsyth, S., ve Cennamo, L. (2008). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person-organisation values fit. Journal of Managerial Psychology.
• Mannheim, K. (1970). The problem of generations. Psychoanalytic Review, 57(3), 378–404.
• Mannheim, K., Mannheim, K., Kecskemeti, P., Mannheim, K., ve Mannheim, K. (1972). Essays on the sociology of knowledge. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Matson, W. I. (2000). A new history of philosophy (2nd ed). Harcourt College Publishers.
• Mayer, K. U., ve Tuma, N. B. (Eds.). (1990). Event history analysis in life course research. University of Wisconsin Press.
• McCourt, D. M. (2012). The “problem of generations” Revisited: Karl Mannheim and the sociology of knowledge in ınternational relations. B. J. Steele ve J. M. Acuff (Eds.), Theory and Application of the “Generation” in International Relations and Politics içinde (s. 47–70). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137011565_3
• Méda, D., ve Vendramin, P. (2017). The meaning of work through the prism of the generations. D. Méda ve P. Vendramin, Reinventing Work in Europe içinde (s. 145–175). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39525-8_5
• Miles, J. A. (2012). Management and organization theory: A Jossey-Bass reader (1. ed). Jossey-Bass.
• Morf, M., Bakker, A. B., ve Feierabend, A. (2019). Bankers closing idiosyncratic deals: Implications for organisational cynicism. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(4), 585–599. https://doi.org/10/gg35jn
• Morton, L. P. (2002). Targeting generation Y. Public Relations Quarterly, 47(2), 46.
• Moscardo, G., ve Benckendorff, P. (2010). Mythbusting: Generation Y and Travel. Tourism and Generation Y.
• Munir, Y., Ghafoor, M. M., ve Rasli, A. M. D. (2018). Perception of ethical climate and turnover intention among nursing staff: Does organizational cynicism mediate? International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 11(5), 319–332. https://doi.org/10/ggxf9h
• Naseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., ve Baig, M. U. A. (2020). When and why organizational cynicism leads to CWBs. Personnel Review, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2019-0480
• Naus, A. J. A. M. (2007). Organizational Cynicism: On the nature, antecedents, and consequences of employee cynicism toward the employing organization [PhD Thesis]. Maastricht University.
• Nazarian, A., Soares, A., ve Lottermoser, B. (2017). Inherited organizational performance? The perceptions of generation Y on the influence of leadership styles. Leadership ve Organization Development Journal, 38(8), 1078–1094. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2016-0119
• Niederhoffer, A. (1967). Behind the shield: The police in urban society. Anchor Books.
• Parry, E., ve Urwin, P. (2011). Generational differences in work values: A review of theory and evidence. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13. https://doi.org/10/bbvjrn
• Pelit, N., ve Pelit, E. (2014). Örgütlerde kanser yapıcı iki başat faktör mobbing ve örtüsel sinizm: teori süreç ve örgütlere yansımaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
• Pfeffer, J. (1981). Management as symbolic action: The creation and maintenance of organizational paradigm. Research in Organizational Behavior, 3, 1–52.
• Pilcher, J. (1994). Mannheim’s sociology of generations: An undervalued legacy. The British Journal of Sociology, 45(3), 481–495. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10/bntvdk
• Pishchik, V. I. (2018). Typological and ıdentifying characteristics of generations. Российский Психологический Журнал, 15(2), 215–236. https://doi.org/10/ggxf98
• Pishchik, V., ve Miroshnichenko, N. (2020). Special features of social capital of generation x and y in the network space. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, icesd. https://doi.org/10/ggxghc
• Plummer, J. T. (1974). The concept and application of life style segmentation: The combination of two useful concepts provides a unique and ımportant view of the market. Journal of Marketing, 38(1), 33–37.
• Pugh, S. D., Skarlicki, D. P., ve Passell, B. S. (2003). After the fall: Layoff victims’ trust and cynicism in re- employment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(2), 201–212. https://doi.org/10/btfdgs
• Regoli, B., Crank, J. P., ve Rivera, G. F. (1990). The construction and ımplementation of an alternative measure of police cynicism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17(4), 395–409. https://doi.org/10/ft4jdk
• Reisenwitz, T. H., ve Iyer, R. (2009). Differences in generation x and generation y: Implications For The Organization And Marketers. Marketing Management Journal, 19(2).
• Roth, G. (2017). Persönlichkeit, entscheidung und verhalten: Warum es so schwierig ist, sich und andere zu ändern (12. Auflage). Klett-Cotta.
• Schmidt, C., Möller, J., Schmidt, K., Gerbershagen, M., Wappler, F., Limmroth, V., Padosch, S., ve Bauer, M. (2011). Generation Y. Der Anaesthesist, 60(6), 517.
• Schmidt, K., Meyer, J., Liebeneiner, J., Schmidt, C. E., ve Hüttenbrink, K. B. (2012). Generation y in der hno: Führung einer neuen Generation von Ärzten. HNO, 60(11), 993–1002. https://doi.org/10/ggwr7v
• Schulenburg, N. (2016). Führung einer neuen generation. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07204-9
• Schutijser, D. (2017). Cynicism as a way of life: From the Classical Cynic to a New Cynicism. Akropolis, 1. https://doi.org/10/gg359v
• Scott, K. A., ve Zweig, D. (2016). Understanding and mitigating cynicism in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 552–569. https://doi.org/10/f8jjmz
• Scott, K. A., ve Zweig, D. (2020). The cynical subordinate: Exploring organizational cynicism, LMX, and loyalty. Personnel Review, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10/ggwsg2
• Şen, C. (2018). The impact of psychological capital on job performance and cynicism: The moderator effect of cultural tightness-looseness. Doctoral Dissertation. Ankara Başkent Üniversitesi.
• Şen, C. (2019). Çok kültürlü iş ortamlarında entegrasyon mekanizmaları: Uluslararası barış güçleri üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 1–26. https://doi.org/10/gg38fv
• Shelton, C. J. (1993). A construct validity study of the Cynicism Scale of the MMPI-2 [Ph.D.]. https://search.proquest.com/docview/304112760/abstract/BFE8989225AD4F45PQ/1
• Solnet, D., ve Hood, A. (2008). Generation y as hospitality employees: Framing a Research Agenda. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 15(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10/gf82n8
• Sonnenberg, M., Koene, B., ve Paauwe, J. (2011). Balancing HRM: the psychological contract of employees. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10/c8xdcr
• Spencer, D. C., Ricciardelli, R., Ballucci, D., ve Walby, K. (2019). Cynicism, dirty work, and policing sex crimes. Policing: An International Journal, 43(1), 151–165. https://doi.org/10/ggwsjc
• Stanley, D. J., Meyer, J. P., ve Topolnytsky, L. (2005). Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(4), 429–459. https://doi.org/10/b9w574
• Sturges, J., Guest, D., Conway, N., ve Davey, K. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between career management and organizational commitment among graduates in the first ten years at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 731–748. https://doi.org/10/fvw74n
• Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği.[TKBB].(2020).Veri Seti https://www.tkbb.org.tr/veri-seti
• Tokgöz, N., ve Yılmaz, H. (2008). Örgütsel sinisizm: Eskişehir ve Alanya’daki otel işletmelerinde bir uygulama.
• Van Dierendonck, D., Schaufeli, W. B., ve Buunk, B. P. (1998). The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 392– 407. https://doi.org/10/bfcqvc
• Vendramin, P. (Ed.). (2010). Generations at work and social cohesion in Europe. P.I.E. Peter Lang.
• V.i, P. (2011). Generations: Socio-Psychological Analysis of Mentality. Social Psychology and Society. https://psyjournals.ru/en/social_psy/2011/n2/44357.shtml
• Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., ve Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism about organizational change: Measurement, antecedents, and correlates. Group ve Organization Management, 25(2), 132–153. https://doi.org/10/cwzc67
• Wessells, A. T. (2007). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory by Bruno Latour: A review of: “ Reassembling the social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory . Bruno Latour. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 312 pages. ISBN: 0199256047.” International Public Management Journal, 10(3), 351–356. https://doi.org/10/c47xws
• Wey Smola, K., ve Sutton, C. D. (2002). Generational differences: Revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.147
• Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., ve Korsgaard, M. A. (2012). Understanding the Relationship between Cynicism and Trust.
• Williams, G. (2020). Management Millennialism: Designing the New Generation of Employee. Work, Employment and Society, 34(3), 371–387. https://doi.org/10/gg38br
• Wohl, R. (1981). The generation of 1914. Harvard University Press.
• Zhang, Q., Sun, S., Zheng, X., ve Liu, W. (2019). The role of cynicism and personal traits in the organizational political climate and sustainable creativity. Sustainability, 11(1), 257. https://doi.org/10/ggwssd