İş Yükünün Kadınların Psikolojik Sağlığı Üzerine Etkisinde Ev İçi İş Bölümünün Düzenleyicilik Etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 33, 193 - 220, 31.01.2021

Sevim Ünlü

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.756225

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadınlarda iş yükü algısının psikolojik sağlık üzerindeki etkisinde ev işlerinin eşler arası dağılımının düzenleyicilik etkisini araştırmaktır. Türkiye’de 7 farklı ilde yürütülen araştırmaya farklı gelir, meslek ve eğitim düzeylerinden 814 çoklu rol sahibi (evli, çoçuk sahibi, çalışan) kadın katılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre ev içi iş bölümünün dağılımında kadınlar aleyhine belirgin bir eşitsizlik söz konusudur. Ev işlerinin eşler arası dağılımında elde edilen ortalama değer 3,91’dir (5 ev içi işlerin hepsini kadınların yaptığını, 1 ise tüm işleri erkeklerin yaptığını ifade etmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda kadınların iş yüklerini yüksek olarak algıladığı (ort: 2.4) ve ev içi iş bölümünün, örneklemin %84’ünde kadınlar aleyhine, %15’inde eşleri ile ortak ve %1’inde eşleri aleyhine dağıldığı görülmektedir. Kadınlarda iş yükü algısı psikolojik sağlık üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. Yüksek iş yükü algısı özellikle anksiyete ve depresyon tecrübe etme riskini arttırmaktadır. Ev işlerinin dağılımı psikolojik sağlığın iki alt boyutu üzerinde p<.05 güven aralığında anlamlı etkilere (A&D üzerinde β: 0,051; SİB üzerinde ise 0,095) sahiptir. Bununla birlikte iş yükünün psikolojik sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkisinin ev içi işlerin dağılımındaki eşitsizliğin artmasıyla birlikte güçlendiği görülmektedir.

Keywords

Çoklu Roller, İş yükü, Ev yükü, Psikolojik Sağlık

Supporting Institution

Sakarya Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeler Koordinatörlüğü, Tez Projesi

Project Number

2017-60-02-001

The Effects of Workload on Women’s Psychological Health

Abstract

The aim of the study is to test the effect of the workload on psychological health of women with multiple roles with moderation roles of division of household labor. 814 women with multiple roles (working married mother who are from different occupaitons, levels of income, education) from seven different cities which are located at Turkey contributed this research. According to results, the division of household labor unequally distributed against women. The average is obtained in the distribution of household is 3.91 (5 indicates that all household is done by women, 1 indicates that all household is done by men). Unequal distribution is relevant for %84 of the sample. Percieve their workload as high (mean: 2,4) and division of household labor distributed as: against women %84, equally %15, against men %1 of the sample. The workload has negative effects on psychological health. The increase in workload noteworthily increase the risk to experienece anxiety and depression. Besides the inequality in the division of household labor against women moderate the negative relation between workload and psychological health.

Keywords

Multiple Roles, Work Overload, Domestic Labour, Mental Health

Project Number

2017-60-02-001

References

• Ahmad-Nia, S. (2002). Women’s work and health in Iran: A comparison of working and non-working mothers. Social Science ve Medicine, 54(5), 753–765. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00107-1
• Arber S. 1991. Class, paid employment and family roles: making sense of structural disadvantage, gender, and health status. Soc. Sci. Med. 32, 425–36
• Arber, S. (1997). Comparing inequalities in women’s and men’s health: Britain in The 1990s. Social Science ve Medicine, 44(6), 773–787. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00185-2
• Arber, S., Gilbert, G. N., ve Dale, A. (1985). Paid employment and women’s health: A benefit or a source of role strain? Sociology Of Health ve Illness, 7(3), 375–400. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/1467-9566.Ep10834014
• Aycan, Z., ve Eskin, M. (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7), 453–471. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11199-005-7134-8
• Banks, M. H. (1983). Validation of the general health questionnaire in a young community sample. Psychological Medicine, 13(2), 349–353. Https://Doi.Org/DOI: 10.1017/S0033291700050972
• Banks, M. H., Clegg, C. W., Jackson, P. R., Kemp, N. J., Stafford, E. M., ve Wall, T. D. (1980). The use of the general health questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal Of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 187–194. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.2044-8325.1980.Tb00024.X
• Barnett, R. C., ve Marshall, N. L. (1992). Worker and mother roles, spillover effects, and psychological distress. Women ve Health, 18(2), 9–40. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v18n02_02
• Baruch, G. K., ve Barnett, R. (1986). Role quality, multiple role ınvolvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 51(3), 578–585. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0022- 3514.51.3.578
• Baxter, J., ve Tai, T. (2016). Inequalities in unpaid work: A cross-national comparison. In M. L. Connerley ve J. Wu (Eds.), Handbook On Well-Being Of Working Women, içinde (s.653–671). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-017-9897-6_36
• Bernstein, A. B. (2001). Motherhood, health status, and health care. Women’s Health Issues, 11(3), 173–184. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S1049-3867(01)00078-0
• Bird, C. E. (1999). Gender, household labor, and psychological distress: The impact of the amount and division of housework. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 40(1), US: American Sociological Assn. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2676377
• Britt, T. W. ve Dawson, C. R. (2005). Predicting work: Family conflict from workload, job attitudes, group attributes, and health: A Longitudinal Study. Military Psychology, 17, 203–227.
• Cleveland, J. N., Fisher, G. G. Ve Sawyer, K. B. (2015). Work–life equality: The ımportance of a level playing field at home bt. In M. J. Mills (Ed.), Gender And The Work-Family Experience: An Intersection Of Two Domains içinde (s.177–199). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-319-08891-4_10
• Dağdeviren, M., Eraslan E. ve Kurt,M. (2005). Çalışanların toplam iş yükü seviyelerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir model uygulaması. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4), 517-525.
• Dedeoğlu, S., ve Öztürk, M. Y. (2010). Kapitalizm, ataerkillik ve kadın emeği: Türkiye örneği. İstanbul: Sav Yayıncılık.
• Dennerstein, L. (1995). Mental health, work, and gender. International Journal Of Health Services, 25(3), 503– 509. Https://Doi.Org/10.2190/QJRA-8NMB-KR1R-QH4Q
• Dökmen, Z. Y. (2003). Çalişma durumlari farkli üç grup kadinda ruh sağliği, kontrol odağı inanci ve cinsiyet rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 18(51), 111–127.
• Dugan A. G. ve Barnes-Farrell J. L., (2018). Working mothers’ second shift, personal resources, and self-care. Community, Work & Family, 1-17 DOI:10.1080/13668803.2018.1449732
• Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2018) Mental health: strengthening our response https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-respo
• Eek, F., ve Axmon, A. (2014). Gender inequality at home is associated with poorer health for women. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43(2), 176–182. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494814562598
• Etiler, N. (2015). Çalışan kadınlar ile ev kadınlarının sağlık durumu üzerine bir analiz. Mesleki Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Dergisi (MSG), 15(57).
• Froberg, D., Gjerdingen, D. K., ve Preston, M. (1986). Multiple roles and women’s mental and physical health. Women ve Health, 11(2), 79–96. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v11n02_06
• Geurts, S. A. E., Kompier, M. A. J., Roxburgh, S., ve Houtman, I. L. D. (2003). Does work-home ınterference mediate the relationship between workload and well-being? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 532-559.
• Gjerdingen, D.K., Chaloner, K.M., (1994). The relationship of women’s postpartum mental health to employment, childbirth, and social support. Journal of Family Practice, 38(5), 465-472.
• Glass, J., ve Fujimoto, T. (1994). Housework, paid work, and depression among husbands and wives. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior, 35(2), 179–191. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2137364
• Glynn, K., Maclean, H., Forte, T., ve Cohen, M. (2009). The association between role overload and women’s mental health. Journal of Women’s Health, 18(2), 217–223. doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0783
• Gökkaya, Ö. (2014). Yerel yönetimlerde iş-yaşam dengesi ve çalışan davranışı ilişkisinin incelenmesi: Kocaeli Belediyeler örneği. Elektronik Mesleki Gelişim ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 2-18.
• Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Maudsley Monograph No. 21. London: Oxford University Press.
• Goldberg, D. P. (1978). Manual of the general health questionnaire, NFER. Windsor: NFER Publishing Company.
• Goode, W. J., (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483–496. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2092933
• Gove, W. R., ve Tudor, J. F. (1973). Adult sex roles and mental ıllness. American Journal Of Sociology, 78(4), 812–835. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/225404
• Graetz, B. (1991). Multidimensional properties of the general health questionnaire. Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(3), 132–138. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/BF00782952
• Griffin, J. M., Fuhrer, R., Stansfeld, S. A., ve Marmot, M. (2002). The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: Do these effects vary by gender and social class? Social Science ve Medicine, 54(5), 783–798. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00109-5
• Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., ve Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 76(4), 560–568. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.560
• Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis : A global perspective. (7th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, Boston Columbus: Pearson.
• Hammarström, A., ve Phillips, S. P. (2012). Gender inequity needs to be regarded as a social determinant of depressive symptoms: Results from the Northern Swedish Cohort. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 40(8), 746–752. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494812464915
• Harryson, L., Strandh, M., ve Hammarström, A. (2012). Domestic work and psychological distress: What is the importance of relative socioeconomic position and gender inequality in the couple relationship? Plos One, 7(6), E38484–E38484. Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0038484
• Hartley, M., Popay, J., ve Plewis, I. (1992). Domestic Conditions, paid employment and women’s experience of ıll-health. Sociology of Health & Illness, 14(3), 313–343. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-9566.1992.Tb00126.X
• Hibbard, J. H. ve Pope, C. R. (1991). Effect of domestic and occupational roles on morbidity and mortality. Social Science & Medicine, 32(7), 805-811.
• Hochschild, A., ve Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. Penguin.
• TÜİK. (2015). Zaman kullanım araştırması. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18627 adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Karatepe, O. M. (2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance: The mediation of emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 614-634.
• Keser, A. (2006). Çağrı merkezi çalışanlarında iş yükü düzeyi ile iş doyumu ilişkisinin araştırılması. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 100-119.
• Kılıç, C., Rezaki, M., Rezaki, B., Kaplan, I., Özgen, G., Sağduyu, A., ve Öztürk, M. O. (1997). General health questionnaire (GHQ12 ve GHQ28): Psychometric properties and factor structure of the scales in a Turkish primary care sample. Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32(6), 327–331.
• Kinnunen, U., ve Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations, 51(2), 157–177. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/001872679805100203
• Klein, M.H., Hyde, J.S., Essex, M.J. ve Clark, R., (1998). Maternity leave, role quality, work ınvolvement, and mental health one year after delivery. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 239-266.
• Kopp, R. G., ve Ruzicka, M. F. (1993). Women’s multiple roles and psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 72(3_Suppl), 1351–1354. Https://Doi.Org/10.2466/Pr0.1993.72.3c.1351
• Lennon, M. C., ve Rosenfield, S. (1994). Relative fairness and the division of housework: The ımportance of options. American Journal Of Sociology, 100(2), 506–531. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/230545
• Lordoğlu, K., ve Özkaplan, N. (2005). Çalışma iktisadı. İstanbul: Der Yayınları
• Madsen, S. R. (2001). Work and family conflict: A review of the theory and literature. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Academy Of Human Resource Development Conference Proceedings (Symposium 22)
• Madsen, S. R. (2003). The effects of home-based teleworking on work-family conflict. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(1), 35–58. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Hrdq.1049
• Mcbride, A. B. (1990). Mental health effects of women’s multiple roles. Addictions Nursing Network, 2(3), 4–14. Https://Doi.Org/10.3109/10884609009149669
• Mcnamara, M., Bohle, P., ve Quinlan, M. (2011). Precarious employment, working hours, work-life conflict and health in hotel work. Applied Ergonomics, 42(2), 225–232. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Apergo.2010.06.013
• Meijman, T. F. ve Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In Handbook of Work and Organizational: Work Psychology içinde (cilt: 2, 2nd Ed., s.5–33), Hove, England: Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis.
• Memiş, E., ve Özay, Ö. (2011). Eviçi uğraşlardan iktisatta karşılıksız emeğe: Türkiye üzerine yapılan çalışmalara ilişkin bir değerlendirme. In S. Sancar (Ed.), Birkaç Arpa Boyu içinde(Vol. 21, 249–280). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları
• Moen, P., Dempster-Mcclain, D., ve Williams Robin M. (1992). Successful aging: A life-course perspective on women’s multiple roles and health. American Journal Of Sociology, 97(6), 1612–1638. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/229941
• Molarius, A., Granström, F., Lindén-Boström, M., ve Elo, S. (2013). Domestic work and self-rated health among women and men aged 25–64 years: Results from a population-based survey in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 42(1), 52–59. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494813503056
• Montazeri, A., Harirchi, A. M., Shariati, M., Garmaroudi, G., Ebadi, M., ve Fateh, A. (2003). The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health And Quality Of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 66. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-66.
• Nathanson, C. A. (1980). Social roles and health status among women: The significance of employment. Social Science ve Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology ve Medical Sociology, 14(6), 463–471. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0271-7123(80)80050-2
• Noor, N. M. (2004). Work-family conflict, work- and family-role salience, and women’s well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(4), 389–406. Https://Doi.Org/10.3200/SOCP.144.4.389-406
• Northcott, H. C. (1980). Women, work, and health. The Pacific Sociological Review, 23(4), 393–404. doi:10.2307/1388732
• Ozer, E. M. (1995). The ımpact of childcare responsibility and self-efficacy on the psychological health of professional working mothers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(3), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471- 6402.1995.tb00078.x
• Perry-Jenkins, M., ve Folk, K. (1994). Class, couples, and conflict: Effects of the division of labor on assessments of marriage İn Dual-Earner Families. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 56(1), 165–180. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/352711
• Qureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Abbas, S. G., Hassan, U., Khan K. ve Zaman, K. (2013). Relationship between job stress, workload, environment and employees turnover ıntentions: What we know, what should we know. World Applied Sciences Journal, 764-770. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.06.313
• Reskin, B. F., ve Coverman, S. (1985). Sex and race in the determinants of psychophysical distress: A reappraisal of the sex-role hypothesis. Social Forces, 63(4), 1038–1059. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Sf/63.4.1038
• Roxburgh, S., 1997. The Effect of children on the mental health of women ın the paid labor force. Journal of Family Issues 18(3), 270-289.
• Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., Panzer, K., ve King, S. N. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy Of Management Journal, 45(2), 369–386. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/3069352
• Rydstedt, L. W., Johansson, G., ve Evans, G. W. (1998). A longitudinal study of workload, health and well-being among male and female urban bus drivers. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 71, 35– 45.
• Sánchez-López, M. Del P., ve Dresch, V. (2008). The 12-ıtem general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, External validity and factor structure in the spanish population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839–843.
• Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., ve Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2011). Daily detachment from work and home: The moderating effect of role salience. Human Relations, 64(6), 775–799. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0018726710393368
• Savran, G. A., ve Demiryontan, N. T. (2008). Kadının görünmeyen emeği. İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
• Sharma, J., Dhar, R. L., ve Tyagi, A. (2016). Stress as a mediator between work–family conflict and psychological health among the nursing staff: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 268–275. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Apnr.2015.01.010
• Shelton, B. A., ve John, D. (1996). The division of household labor. Annual Review Of Sociology, 22(1), 299–322. Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev.Soc.22.1.299
• Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 567–578. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2094422
• Sorensen, G., ve Verbrugge, L. M. (1987). Women, work, and health. Annual Review Of Public Health, 8(1), 235– 251. Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev.Pu.08.050187.001315
• Staland-Nyman, C., Alexanderson, K., ve Hensing, G. (2008). Associations between strain in domestic work and self-rated health: A study of employed women in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal Of Public Health, 36(1), 21–27. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1403494807085307
• Svedberg, P., Mather, L., Bergström, G., Lindfors, P., ve Blom, V. (2018). Work-home ınterference, perceived total workload, and the risk of future sickness absence due to stress-related mental diagnoses among women and men: A prospective twin study. International Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 25(1), 103–111. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S12529-017-9669-9
• Thoits, P. A. (1983). Multiple ıdentities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social ısolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 174–187. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2095103
• Urhan, B., ve Etiler, N. (2011). Sağlık sektöründe kadın emeğinin toplumsal cinsiyet açısından analizi. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(29), 191–215.
• Verbrugge, L. M. (1986). Role Burdens And Physical Health Of Women And Men. Women ve Health, 11(1), 47–77. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v11n01_04
• Verdonk, P., Hooftman, W. E., Van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., Boelens, L. R. M., ve Koppes, L. L. J. (2010). Work-related fatigue: The specific case of highly educated women in the Netherlands. International Archives Of Occupational And Environmental Health, 83(3), 309–321. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S00420-009-0481-Y
• Voydanoff, P., ve Donnelly, B. W. (1999). multiple roles and psychological distress: The ıntersection of the paid worker, spouse, and parent roles with the role of the adult child. Journal of Marriage And Family, 61(3), 725– 738. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/353573
• Waldron, I, ve Jacobs, J. A. (1988). Effects of labor force participation on women’s health: New evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal Of Occupational Medicine. : Official Publication Of The Industrial Medical Association, 30(12), 977—983. Https://Doi.Org/10.1097/00043764-198812000-00019
• Waldron, I., Hughes, M. E., ve Brooks, T. L. (1996). Marriage protection and marriage selection: Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health. Social Science ve Medicine, 43(1), 113–123. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00347-9
• Waldron, I., ve Jacobs, J. A. (1989). Effects of multiple roles on women’s health: Evidence from a national longitudinal study. Women ve Health, 15(1), 3–20. Https://Doi.Org/10.1300/J013v15n01_02
• Waldron, I., Weiss, C. C., ve Hughes, M. E. (1998). Interacting effects of multiple roles on women’s health. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior, 39(3), 216–236. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/2676314
• Werneke, U., Goldberg, D. P., Yalcın, I., ve Üstün, B. T. (2000). The stability of the factor structure of the general health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 823–829. Https://Doi.Org/DOI: 10.1017/S0033291799002287
• Worsley, A., ve Gribbin, C. C. (1977). A factor analytic study of the twelve item general health questionnaire. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 11(4), 269-272.