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Helikopter Anne Tutumları: Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Doyumları ve Psikolojik İyi Oluşları Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Rolü

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 1946 - 1967, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.784171

Abstract

Bu araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinin annelerinden algıladıkları helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının yaşam doyumları ve psikolojik iyi oluşları üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 166’sı kadın ve 74’ü erkek olmak üzere 240 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Helikopter Ebeveyn Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin standart sapma, ortalama, basıklık ve çarpıklık değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca psikolojik iyi oluş, yaşam doyumu ve algılanan helikopter anne tutumu değişkeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Diğer açıdan algılanan helikopter anne tutumunun üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumları ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü incelemek için basit doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizinin sonucuna göre üniversite öğrencilerinin annelerinden algıladıkları helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının yaşam doyumları ve psikolojik iyi oluşları üzerinde negatif yordayıcı etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Diğer bir ifadeyle bu sonuç üniversite öğrencilerinin annelerinden algıladıkları helikopter ebeveyn tutumları yükseldikçe yaşam doyumları ile psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinde azalmanın meydana geleceğine işaret etmektedir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular alanyazındaki diğer araştırma sonuçları ile tartışılmış ve araştırmacılara öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Appleton, S. ve Song, L. (2008). Life satisfaction in urban China: Components and determinants. World Development, 36(11), 2325-2340.
  • Bradley-Geist, J. C. ve Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education+ Training. 56(4), 314-328.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Cline, F. W. ve Fay, J. (1990). Parenting with love and logic: Teaching children responsibility. Colorado Springs, CO: Pinon.
  • Dağlı, G. ve Beyazsaçlı, M. (2010). Ana-baba tutumu ve kendini gerçekleştirme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 7, 1-16.
  • Diener, E., Scollon, C. N. ve Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In Assessing well-being (s. 67-100). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Buletin, 95 (3), 542-575.
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 34-43.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1980). Elements of a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development. Psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development. The Course of Life,1, 11-61.
  • Ganaprakasam, C., Davaidass, K.S. ve Muniandy, S.C. (2018). Helicopter parenting and psychological consequences among adolescent. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(6), 378- 382.
  • Gibbs, N. (2009). The growing backlash against overparenting. 20.08.2020 tarihinde http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1940697-7,00.html adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • Han, J. W., Lee, H. (2018). Effects of parenting stress and controlling parenting attitudes on problem behaviors of preschool children: latent growth model analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 48(1), 109-121.
  • Huver, R. M. E., Otten, R., Vries, H. D. ve Engels, C. M. E. (2010). Personality and parenting style in parents of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 395-402
  • Jaureguizar, J., Bernaras, E., Bully, P. ve Garaigordobil, M. (2018). Perceived parenting and adolescents’ adjustment. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica,31(8),1-11.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D. ve Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
  • Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B. ve Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well- being in emerging adulthood: The role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1416–1429.
  • Kouros, C. D., Pruitt, M. M., Ekas, N. V., Kiriaki, R. ve Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: The moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 939-949.
  • Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Le Moyne, T. ve Buchanan, T. (2011). Does ‘‘hovering’’ matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well- being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418.
  • Lee. J. ve Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults’ psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent–child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3672–3686.
  • Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L. ve Duriez, B. (2009). Basic need satisfaction and identity formation: Bridging self-determination theory and process-oriented identity research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 276–288.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L. ve Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 692.
  • Myers, D. G., ve Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological science, 6(1), 10-19.
  • Nelson, M. (2010). Why do we worry about helicopter parents. Psychology Today, 20.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/anxious-parents-in-uncertain times/201006/why- do-we-worry-about-helicopter-parents adresinden erişildi.
  • Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M. ve Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407-425.
  • Oh YK, Lee HS. (2010). The effects of individual psychology, family environment and social environment factors on adolescents’ behavior problems. Korean Journal of Home Economics Education. 22(1),51-64
  • Özensel, E. (2004). Türk toplumunda çocuğun yetiştirilmesinde annenin rolü: Konya İli örneği. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 2(6), 77–96.
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M. ve Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?:Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct fromother forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177– 1190.
  • Rousseau, S. ve Scharf, M. (2017). Why people helicopter parent? An actor–partner interdependence study of maternal and paternal prevention/promotion focus and interpersonal/self-regret. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(7), 919–935.
  • Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C. ve Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and family Studies, 25(10), 3136-3149.
  • Rutherford, M. B. (2011). The social value of self-esteem. Social Science and Public Policy, 48, 407–412.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 10–28.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2018). Well-Being with soul: Science in pursuit of human potential. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 242–248.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Policy, 27(3), 60- 61.
  • Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Dauer, A. ve Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252.
  • Segrin, C., Givertz, M., Swaitkowski, P. ve Montgomery, N. (2015).Overparenting is associated with child problems and a criticalfamily environment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2),470–479.
  • Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., ve Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548-557.
  • Shoup, R., Gonyea, R. M. ve Kuh, G. D. (2009). Helicopter parents: Examining the impact of highly involved parents on student engagement and educational outcomes. In 49th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Atlanta, Georgia. 20.08.2020tarihindehttp://cpr.indiana.edu/uploads/AIR%202009%20Impact%20of%20Helicopter%20Parents. pdf adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • Somers, P. ve Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: Research toward a typology. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 86(1), 18–27.
  • Suldo, S. M., Riley, K. N. ve Shaffer, E. J. (2006). Academic correlates of children and adolescents' life satisfaction. School Psychology International, 27(5), 567-582.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (Sixth edition). Boston: Pearson
  • Tyler, K. (2007). The tethered generation. HR Magazine, 52(5), 41–46. 20.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.shrm.org/Publications/hrmagazine/EditorialContent/Pages/0507cover.aspx. adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacett epe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
  • Vera, J., Granero, R. ve Ezpeleta L. (2012). Father’s and mother’s perceptions of parenting styles as mediators of the effects of parental psychopathology on antisocial behavior in outpatient children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 43(3), 376- 392.
  • Vinson, K. (2012). Hovering too close: The ramifications of helicopter parenting in higher education. Georgia State University Law Review., 29(2), 423-452.
  • Yılmaz, H., Büyükcebeci,A. (2019). Bazı pozitif psikoloji kavramları açısından helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının sonuçları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 9(54), 707-744.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2019). İyi ebeveyn, çocuğu için her zaman her şeyi yapan ebeveyn değildir: Algılanan Helikopter Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (AHETÖ) geliştirme çalışması. Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 3-31.
  • Yörükoğlu, A. (2006). Çocuk ruh sağlığı. (26. Baskı). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları.

Helicopter Mother Attitudes: The Predictive Role in University Students’ Life Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 1946 - 1967, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.784171

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the predictive role of helicopter parental attitudes perceived by university students from their mothers on their life satisfaction and psychological well-being. The study group of the consists of 240 university students, 166 of whom are women and 74 men. Helicopter Parent Attitude Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale and Psychological Well-being Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. Descriptive statistics of the collected data were calculated. In addition, Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between psychological well-being, life satisfaction and perceived helicopter mother attitude variables. On the other hand, simple linear regression analysis was used to examine the predictive role of perceived helicopter mother attitude on university students' life satisfaction and psychological well-being. According to the results of the regression analysis, it was seen that the helicopter parental attitudes that university students perceived from their mothers had a negative predictive effect on their life satisfaction and psychological well-being. In other words, this result indicates that as the helicopter parental attitudes perceived by university students from their mothers increase, their life satisfaction and psychological well-being levels will decrease. The findings obtained in the study were discussed with other research results in the literature, and various suggestions were presented for further research.

References

  • Appleton, S. ve Song, L. (2008). Life satisfaction in urban China: Components and determinants. World Development, 36(11), 2325-2340.
  • Bradley-Geist, J. C. ve Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education+ Training. 56(4), 314-328.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Cline, F. W. ve Fay, J. (1990). Parenting with love and logic: Teaching children responsibility. Colorado Springs, CO: Pinon.
  • Dağlı, G. ve Beyazsaçlı, M. (2010). Ana-baba tutumu ve kendini gerçekleştirme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 7, 1-16.
  • Diener, E., Scollon, C. N. ve Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In Assessing well-being (s. 67-100). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Buletin, 95 (3), 542-575.
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 34-43.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1980). Elements of a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development. Psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development. The Course of Life,1, 11-61.
  • Ganaprakasam, C., Davaidass, K.S. ve Muniandy, S.C. (2018). Helicopter parenting and psychological consequences among adolescent. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8(6), 378- 382.
  • Gibbs, N. (2009). The growing backlash against overparenting. 20.08.2020 tarihinde http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1940697-7,00.html adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • Han, J. W., Lee, H. (2018). Effects of parenting stress and controlling parenting attitudes on problem behaviors of preschool children: latent growth model analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 48(1), 109-121.
  • Huver, R. M. E., Otten, R., Vries, H. D. ve Engels, C. M. E. (2010). Personality and parenting style in parents of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 395-402
  • Jaureguizar, J., Bernaras, E., Bully, P. ve Garaigordobil, M. (2018). Perceived parenting and adolescents’ adjustment. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica,31(8),1-11.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D. ve Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
  • Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B. ve Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well- being in emerging adulthood: The role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1416–1429.
  • Kouros, C. D., Pruitt, M. M., Ekas, N. V., Kiriaki, R. ve Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: The moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 939-949.
  • Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Le Moyne, T. ve Buchanan, T. (2011). Does ‘‘hovering’’ matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well- being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418.
  • Lee. J. ve Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults’ psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent–child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3672–3686.
  • Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L. ve Duriez, B. (2009). Basic need satisfaction and identity formation: Bridging self-determination theory and process-oriented identity research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 276–288.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L. ve Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 692.
  • Myers, D. G., ve Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological science, 6(1), 10-19.
  • Nelson, M. (2010). Why do we worry about helicopter parents. Psychology Today, 20.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/anxious-parents-in-uncertain times/201006/why- do-we-worry-about-helicopter-parents adresinden erişildi.
  • Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M. ve Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407-425.
  • Oh YK, Lee HS. (2010). The effects of individual psychology, family environment and social environment factors on adolescents’ behavior problems. Korean Journal of Home Economics Education. 22(1),51-64
  • Özensel, E. (2004). Türk toplumunda çocuğun yetiştirilmesinde annenin rolü: Konya İli örneği. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 2(6), 77–96.
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M. ve Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?:Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct fromother forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177– 1190.
  • Rousseau, S. ve Scharf, M. (2017). Why people helicopter parent? An actor–partner interdependence study of maternal and paternal prevention/promotion focus and interpersonal/self-regret. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(7), 919–935.
  • Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C. ve Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and family Studies, 25(10), 3136-3149.
  • Rutherford, M. B. (2011). The social value of self-esteem. Social Science and Public Policy, 48, 407–412.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 10–28.
  • Ryff, C. D. (2018). Well-Being with soul: Science in pursuit of human potential. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 242–248.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Policy, 27(3), 60- 61.
  • Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Dauer, A. ve Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252.
  • Segrin, C., Givertz, M., Swaitkowski, P. ve Montgomery, N. (2015).Overparenting is associated with child problems and a criticalfamily environment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2),470–479.
  • Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., ve Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548-557.
  • Shoup, R., Gonyea, R. M. ve Kuh, G. D. (2009). Helicopter parents: Examining the impact of highly involved parents on student engagement and educational outcomes. In 49th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Atlanta, Georgia. 20.08.2020tarihindehttp://cpr.indiana.edu/uploads/AIR%202009%20Impact%20of%20Helicopter%20Parents. pdf adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • Somers, P. ve Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: Research toward a typology. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 86(1), 18–27.
  • Suldo, S. M., Riley, K. N. ve Shaffer, E. J. (2006). Academic correlates of children and adolescents' life satisfaction. School Psychology International, 27(5), 567-582.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (Sixth edition). Boston: Pearson
  • Tyler, K. (2007). The tethered generation. HR Magazine, 52(5), 41–46. 20.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.shrm.org/Publications/hrmagazine/EditorialContent/Pages/0507cover.aspx. adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
  • Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacett epe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
  • Vera, J., Granero, R. ve Ezpeleta L. (2012). Father’s and mother’s perceptions of parenting styles as mediators of the effects of parental psychopathology on antisocial behavior in outpatient children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 43(3), 376- 392.
  • Vinson, K. (2012). Hovering too close: The ramifications of helicopter parenting in higher education. Georgia State University Law Review., 29(2), 423-452.
  • Yılmaz, H., Büyükcebeci,A. (2019). Bazı pozitif psikoloji kavramları açısından helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının sonuçları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 9(54), 707-744.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2019). İyi ebeveyn, çocuğu için her zaman her şeyi yapan ebeveyn değildir: Algılanan Helikopter Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (AHETÖ) geliştirme çalışması. Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 3-31.
  • Yörükoğlu, A. (2006). Çocuk ruh sağlığı. (26. Baskı). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Faruk Caner Yam 0000-0001-8392-9576

Hatice Kumcağız 0000-0002-0165-3535

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Acceptance Date February 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 35

Cite

APA Yam, F. C., & Kumcağız, H. (2021). Helikopter Anne Tutumları: Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Doyumları ve Psikolojik İyi Oluşları Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Rolü. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 1946-1967. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.784171