Erratum
BibTex RIS Cite

Ruh Sağlığı Çalışanlarının Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Karşılaştırması: Duygusal Emek, Psikolojik Sermaye ve İyi Oluş

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 2030 - 2051, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.801638

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının mesleklerine göre psikolojik sermaye düzeylerini, duygusal emek stratejilerini ve psikolojik iyi oluş (PERMA) düzeylerini tespit etmek ve meslekler arası karşılaştırma yapmaktır. Bu araştırmaya, ruh sağlığı alanında aktif çalışma yaşamı olan 352 uzman katılmıştır. Veriler; 15 sorudan oluşan demografik bilgi formu, Luthans, Avolio, Avey ve Norman (2007) tarafından geliştirilen, 21 sorudan oluşan psikolojik sermaye ölçeği, Diefendorff, Croyle ve Gosserland (2005) tarafından geliştirilen, 13 maddeden oluşan duygusal emek ölçeği ve PERMA-TR ölçeği (Demirci, Ekşi, Dinçer ve Kardaş, 2017) vasıtasıyla elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, meslekler arası karşılaştırmada psikolojik danışmanların psikologlara ve psikiyatristlere göre anlamlı düzeyde psikolojik sermaye kaynaklarının yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Duygusal emek stratejileri açısından meslekler arası karşılaştırma sonuçları ise psikiyatristlerin diğer ruh sağlığı çalışanlarına kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde yüzeysel rol yapma stratejisi kullandığını göstermiştir. PERMA düzeyleri açısından meslekler arası anlamlı bir fark çıkmamıştır. Araştırma sonucunda bulgular ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmış, ve gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Arikan, S. ve Çankır, B. (2019). Gıda ve finans sektöründe çalışan performansı hangi faktörlerden etkileniyor? Sürdürülebilir kalite algısı, psikolojij iyi oluş ve çalışmaya tutkunluk değişkenlerinin rolü. Uluslarası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(18), 1-22.
  • Aristotle. (1985). Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Hackett.
  • Ashforth, B. E. ve Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
  • Avcı, A. ve Bozgeyikli, H. (2017). Okul yöneticilerinin yönetici kaygı düzeylerinin yordayıcısı olarak psikolojik sermaye. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 45, 43-57.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Basım, H.N. ve Beğenirbaş, M. (2012). Çalışma yaşamında duygusal emek: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 19(1), 77-90.
  • Çankır, B. (2019). Çağrı merkezi sektöründe çalışanların öz-yeterlilik, çalışma değerleri, içsel motivasyonları ve bir araştırma. Çukurova Araştırmaları, 5 (2), 241-249.
  • Cankir, B. ve Şahin, S. (2018). Medya-kültür ve sanat alanında çalışanların psikolojik iyi-oluşları ile işten ayrılma arasındaki ilişkide çalışmaya tutkunluğun aracı rolü. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 333-346.
  • Brotheridge, C. ve Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17–39.
  • Brotheridge, C. M., ve Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 57–67.
  • Butler, J. ve Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48.
  • Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
  • Cheung, F., Tang, C. S.K., ve Tang, S. (2011). Psychological capital as a moderator between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management, 18, 348-371.
  • Côté, S. (2005). Do emotionally intelligent people manage their emotions wisely? Robin Gosserand and James Diefendorff (Chairs), Toward a Better Understanding of Emotion Regulation at Work. Symposium conducted at the 20th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Los Angeles, CA.
  • Demir, S. (2018). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Stress, Anxiety, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 18(75), 137-154.
  • Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Dinçer, D. ve Kardaş, S. (2017). Beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: PERMA Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 60-77.
  • Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., ve Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The Dimensionality and Antecedents of Emotional Labor Strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 339-357.
  • Diener, E. (2009). Subjective well-being. E. Diener (Ed.), The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener, içinde (Vol. 37, s. 11-58). New York: Springer.
  • Diener, E, ve Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well‐being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391-406.
  • Grinde, B. (2012). The Biology of Happiness. New York: Springer.
  • Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., ve King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: the costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 219-233.
  • Keyes, C. L. ve Annas, J. (2009). Feeling good and functioning well: distinctive concepts in ancient philosophy and contemporary science. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(3), 197-201.
  • Groth, M., Hennig-Thurau, T., ve Walsh, G. (2009). Customer reactions to emotional labor: The roles of employee acting strategies and customer detection accuracy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 958-974.
  • Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
  • Goldberg, L. S ve Grandey, A. A. (2007). Display rules versus display autonomy: Emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 301-318.
  • Henderson, L.W. ve Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 196-221.
  • Hochschild, A. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85, 551-575.
  • Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Huta, V., Park, N., Peterson, C., ve Seligman, M. (2006). Pursuing pleasure versus eudaimonia: Links with different aspects of well‐being. Yayınlanmamış metin.
  • Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, ve N. Schwarz (Ed.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, içinde (s. 3-25). New York: Sage.
  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95-108.
  • Korkmazer, F., Ekingen, E. ve Yıldız, A. (2016). Psikolojik sermayenin çalışan performansına etkisi: Sağlık çalışanları üzerinde bir araştırma. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 19(3), 271-281.
  • Lam, W., ve Chen, Z. (2012). When I put on my service mask: determinants and outcomes of emotional labour among hotel service providers according to affective event theory, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 3-11.
  • Lui, Y., Prati, L.M., Perrewe, P., ve Brymer, R.A. (2010). Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation, Emotional Experiences at Work, and Work-related Outcomes: A Two-Study Investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(6), 1515-1538.
  • Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, Social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160.
  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., ve Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
  • Ma, S. ve Huang, M. (2006). Emotional labor: Surface acting and deep acting, which one is better? Acta Psychologica Sinica, 38, 262-270.
  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227- 238.
  • McDowell, J. (1980). The role of eudaimonia in Aristotle’s ethics’. A. O. Rorty (Ed.), Essays on Aristotle’s ethics içinde (s. 359-376). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Morris, J. A. ve Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
  • Norton, D. L. (1976). Personal destinies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • National Center for O*NET Development. 19-3033.00 - Clinical and Counseling Psychologists. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3033.00 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • O*NET OnLine (2020). National Center for O*NET Development. 19-3034.00 - School Psychologists. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3034.00 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • O*NET OnLine (2020). National Center for O*NET Development. 29-1223.00 - Psychiatrists. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1223.00 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Polatçı, S. (2011). Psikolojik sermayenin performans üzerindeki etkisinde iş aile yayılımı ve psikolojik iyi oluşun rolü. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erciyes.
  • Salovey, P. ve Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
  • Scheepers, R. A., Boerebach, B. C. M. Arah, O. A., Heineman ve Lombarts, K. M. (2015). A systematic review of the impact of physicians’ occupational well-Being on the quality of patient care. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(6), 683-698.
  • Seligman M. E. P. (2011). Flourish. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • Snyder, C. R. (1994). Psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Totterdell, P. ve Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: Testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 55-73.
  • Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and Hedonic Enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691.
  • Waterman, A. S. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: A eudaimonist's perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 234-252
  • Wong, C., ve Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
  • World Health Organization (1998). World Health Organization Definition of Health. http://www.who.ch/aboutwho/definition.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Youssef, C. M., ve Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33, 774-800.

A Comparison of Mental Health Workers in Terms of Various Variables: Emotional Labor, Psychological Capital and Well-being

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 2030 - 2051, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.801638

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to compare the psychological capital levels, emotional labor strategies and PERMA levels of mental health professionals according to their occupations. 352 professionals who have active work life in the field of mental health participated in this research. The data was obtained through demographic information form, psychological capital scale Luthans, Avolio, Avey ve Norman (2007), emotional labor scale Diefendorff, Croyle ve Gosserland (2005) and PERMA-TR (Demirci, Ekşi, Dinçer ve Kardaş, 2017) scale. The results of the analysis revealed that psychological counselors have the highest level of psychological capital resources when compared to psychologists and psychiatrists. In terms of emotional labor strategies, it has shown that psychiatrists mostly use surface acting strategy compared to other mental health workers. It has found that there no significant difference in terms of PERMA levels. As a result of the research the findings were discussed in the light of the related literature, and suggestions for future studies were also presented.

References

  • Arikan, S. ve Çankır, B. (2019). Gıda ve finans sektöründe çalışan performansı hangi faktörlerden etkileniyor? Sürdürülebilir kalite algısı, psikolojij iyi oluş ve çalışmaya tutkunluk değişkenlerinin rolü. Uluslarası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(18), 1-22.
  • Aristotle. (1985). Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Hackett.
  • Ashforth, B. E. ve Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
  • Avcı, A. ve Bozgeyikli, H. (2017). Okul yöneticilerinin yönetici kaygı düzeylerinin yordayıcısı olarak psikolojik sermaye. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 45, 43-57.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  • Basım, H.N. ve Beğenirbaş, M. (2012). Çalışma yaşamında duygusal emek: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 19(1), 77-90.
  • Çankır, B. (2019). Çağrı merkezi sektöründe çalışanların öz-yeterlilik, çalışma değerleri, içsel motivasyonları ve bir araştırma. Çukurova Araştırmaları, 5 (2), 241-249.
  • Cankir, B. ve Şahin, S. (2018). Medya-kültür ve sanat alanında çalışanların psikolojik iyi-oluşları ile işten ayrılma arasındaki ilişkide çalışmaya tutkunluğun aracı rolü. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 333-346.
  • Brotheridge, C. ve Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17–39.
  • Brotheridge, C. M., ve Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 57–67.
  • Butler, J. ve Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48.
  • Çetin, F. ve Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
  • Cheung, F., Tang, C. S.K., ve Tang, S. (2011). Psychological capital as a moderator between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management, 18, 348-371.
  • Côté, S. (2005). Do emotionally intelligent people manage their emotions wisely? Robin Gosserand and James Diefendorff (Chairs), Toward a Better Understanding of Emotion Regulation at Work. Symposium conducted at the 20th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Los Angeles, CA.
  • Demir, S. (2018). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Stress, Anxiety, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 18(75), 137-154.
  • Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Dinçer, D. ve Kardaş, S. (2017). Beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: PERMA Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 60-77.
  • Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., ve Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The Dimensionality and Antecedents of Emotional Labor Strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 339-357.
  • Diener, E. (2009). Subjective well-being. E. Diener (Ed.), The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener, içinde (Vol. 37, s. 11-58). New York: Springer.
  • Diener, E, ve Ryan, K. (2009). Subjective well‐being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391-406.
  • Grinde, B. (2012). The Biology of Happiness. New York: Springer.
  • Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., ve King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: the costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 219-233.
  • Keyes, C. L. ve Annas, J. (2009). Feeling good and functioning well: distinctive concepts in ancient philosophy and contemporary science. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(3), 197-201.
  • Groth, M., Hennig-Thurau, T., ve Walsh, G. (2009). Customer reactions to emotional labor: The roles of employee acting strategies and customer detection accuracy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 958-974.
  • Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
  • Goldberg, L. S ve Grandey, A. A. (2007). Display rules versus display autonomy: Emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 301-318.
  • Henderson, L.W. ve Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 196-221.
  • Hochschild, A. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85, 551-575.
  • Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Huta, V., Park, N., Peterson, C., ve Seligman, M. (2006). Pursuing pleasure versus eudaimonia: Links with different aspects of well‐being. Yayınlanmamış metin.
  • Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, ve N. Schwarz (Ed.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, içinde (s. 3-25). New York: Sage.
  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95-108.
  • Korkmazer, F., Ekingen, E. ve Yıldız, A. (2016). Psikolojik sermayenin çalışan performansına etkisi: Sağlık çalışanları üzerinde bir araştırma. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 19(3), 271-281.
  • Lam, W., ve Chen, Z. (2012). When I put on my service mask: determinants and outcomes of emotional labour among hotel service providers according to affective event theory, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 3-11.
  • Lui, Y., Prati, L.M., Perrewe, P., ve Brymer, R.A. (2010). Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation, Emotional Experiences at Work, and Work-related Outcomes: A Two-Study Investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(6), 1515-1538.
  • Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, Social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160.
  • Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., ve Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
  • Ma, S. ve Huang, M. (2006). Emotional labor: Surface acting and deep acting, which one is better? Acta Psychologica Sinica, 38, 262-270.
  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227- 238.
  • McDowell, J. (1980). The role of eudaimonia in Aristotle’s ethics’. A. O. Rorty (Ed.), Essays on Aristotle’s ethics içinde (s. 359-376). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Morris, J. A. ve Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
  • Norton, D. L. (1976). Personal destinies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • National Center for O*NET Development. 19-3033.00 - Clinical and Counseling Psychologists. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3033.00 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • O*NET OnLine (2020). National Center for O*NET Development. 19-3034.00 - School Psychologists. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3034.00 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • O*NET OnLine (2020). National Center for O*NET Development. 29-1223.00 - Psychiatrists. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1223.00 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Polatçı, S. (2011). Psikolojik sermayenin performans üzerindeki etkisinde iş aile yayılımı ve psikolojik iyi oluşun rolü. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erciyes.
  • Salovey, P. ve Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
  • Scheepers, R. A., Boerebach, B. C. M. Arah, O. A., Heineman ve Lombarts, K. M. (2015). A systematic review of the impact of physicians’ occupational well-Being on the quality of patient care. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(6), 683-698.
  • Seligman M. E. P. (2011). Flourish. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • Snyder, C. R. (1994). Psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Totterdell, P. ve Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: Testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 55-73.
  • Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and Hedonic Enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691.
  • Waterman, A. S. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: A eudaimonist's perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 234-252
  • Wong, C., ve Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
  • World Health Organization (1998). World Health Organization Definition of Health. http://www.who.ch/aboutwho/definition.htm adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Youssef, C. M., ve Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33, 774-800.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Mamacı 0000-0001-7882-3670

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Acceptance Date November 26, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 35

Cite

APA Mamacı, M. (2021). Ruh Sağlığı Çalışanlarının Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Karşılaştırması: Duygusal Emek, Psikolojik Sermaye ve İyi Oluş. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 2030-2051. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.801638