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The New Citizenship Concept In The Digital World: Case Of E-Citizenship In Estonia

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 2254 - 2289, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.869773

Abstract

Estonia is a developed European country in terms of e-government applications and e-services. E-government system of Estonia which established its new state construction upon the technological infrastructure after the independence claims to be strong due to the legal and technologic substructure and its society’s technology-friendly culture. Estonia is the first country running all processes of elections over internet, a success which makes Estonia a national brand. In 2014, the state commenced E-citizenship which enables the whole world to use its digital services and EU network and this is the first and only practice in the world. This study investigates e-citizenship which enables citizens of any countries to attain citizenship of another country and thus brings about a new discourse on citizenship. E-citizenship project lies behind the re-examination of the concepts like traditional citizenship, state borders, globalization and has a potential to influence them deeply via its transformative power. But, the application has a deep barrier between the digital and physical environments. In other words, e-citizen does not have its digital opportunities in physical settings, even as the entrance to the country. In addition to this, e-citizen does not differ from a foreigner in physical settings legally, and even he is subjected to many disadvantages about his obligations especially in terms of protection of personal data. The concept of e-citizen is tried to be developed by Estonia and spread to other countries despite the above-mentioned critics.

References

  • Aavik, G., ve Krimmer, R. (2016). Integrating digital migrants: Solutions for cross-border identification from e-residency to eidas. a case study from Estonia. International Conference on Electronic Government içinde(s. 151-163). Springer, Cham.
  • Alvarez, R. M., Hall, T. E., ve Trechsel, A. H. (2009). Internet voting in comparative perspective: the case of Estonia. PS: Political Science and Politics, 497-505.
  • Anthes, G. (2015). Estonia: a model for e-government. Communications of the ACM, 58(6), 18-20.
  • Attenborough, K. (1988). Review of ground effects on outdoor sound propagation from continuous broadband sources. Applied acoustics, 24(4), 289-319.
  • Aydın, Y. A. (2021). Quick comparison of e-government systems of Estonia and Turkey. 20. 01.2021 tarihinde www.academia.edu.tr adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Björklund, F. (2016). E-government and moral citizenship: the case of Estonia. Citizenship studies, 20(6-7), 914-931.
  • Czosseck, C., Ottis, R., ve Talihärm, A. M. (2011). Estonia after the 2007 cyber attacks: Legal, strategic and organisational changes in cyber security. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism (IJCWT), 1(1), 24-34.
  • de Carlos Sola, J. (2018). Process of modernization and technological development in Estonia. 20.01.2021 tarihinde https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7fca/85a70be8f11b322226130a2b7b07a6828312.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Demirel, D. (2010). yönetişimde yeni bir boyut: E-yönetişim. Türk İdare Dergisi, 466, 65-94.
  • Hartleb, F. (2020). E-Estonia: “Europe’s Silicon Valley” or a New “1984”?. Redesigning Organizations içinde (s. 215-228). Springer, Cham.
  • Jansen, S. C. (2008). Designer nations: Neo-liberal nation branding–Brand Estonia. Social identities, 14(1), 121- 142
  • Kabakuşak D. ve Kaya A., (2014). Estonya’da uygulanan e-devlet uygulamalarının Türkiye’de e-devlet uygulamarıyla mukayesesine dair bir çalışma. Afro-Avrasya Kamu Yönetimi Uygulamaları ve Sorunları, TODAİE, 853-863
  • Kalja, A., Robal, T., ve Vallner, U. (2015). New generations of Estonian eGovernment components. In 2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) içinde (s. 625- 631). IEEE.
  • Kalvet, T. (2012). Innovation: a factor explaining e-government success in Estonia. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 9(2), 142-157.
  • Kaneva, N. (2011). Nation branding: Toward an agenda for critical research. International journal of communication, 25(5), 117-141
  • Kassen, M. (2019). Open data and e-government–related or competing ecosystems: a paradox of open government and promise of civic engagement in Estonia. Information Technology for Development, 25(3), 552-578.
  • Kerikmäe, T., ve Nyman-Metcalf, K. (2012). Less is more or more is more? Revisiting universality of human rights. International and Comparative Law Review, 12(1), 39-56.
  • Kimmo, M., Pappel, I., ve Draheim, D. (2018). E-residency as a nation branding case. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance içinde (s. 419-428).
  • Kimmo, M., Pappel, I., ve Draheim, D. (2018). E-Residency as a nation branding case. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance içinde (s. 419-428), IEEE.
  • Korjus, K., del Castillo, C. I. V. A., ve Kotka, T. (2017). Perspectives for e-Residency strenghts, opportunities, weaknesses and threats. 2017 Fourth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG) içinde (s. 177-181). IEEE.
  • Kotka, T., ve Liiv, I. (2015). Concept of Estonian Government cloud and data embassies. In International Conference on Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective içinde (s. 149-162). Springer, Cham.
  • Kotka, T., Vargas, C., ve Korjus, K. (2015). Estonian e-Residency: Redefining the nation-state in the digital era. University of Oxford Cyber Studies Programme working paper, 3.
  • Lember, V., Rainer K. ve Tõnurist, P (2018). "Technological capacity in the public sector: the case of Estonia." International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(2), 214-230.
  • Martens, T. (2010). Electronic identity management in Estonia between market and state governance. Identity in the Information Society, 3(1), 213-233.
  • Mets, T. (2017). From the educational tiger leap program to the ICT startup booming in Estonia. In 2017 15th International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA) içinde (s. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Nielsen, M. M. (2017, June). eGovernance and online service delivery in Estonia. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research , 300-309.
  • Ottis, R. (2008). Analysis of the 2007 cyber attacks against estonia from the information warfare perspective. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare .
  • Özüdoğru, Ş., ve Yüksel, A. H. (2019). Ulus markalama ve beslendiği kaynaklar: Bir derleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 329-349.
  • Parsovs, A. (2020). Estonian electronic identity card: security flaws in key management. 29th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 20), içinde (s.1785-1802).
  • Polese, A., Ambrosio, T., ve Kerikmäe, T. (2020). Estonian identity construction between nation branding and building. Czech Journal of International Relations, 55(2), 22-46.
  • Prause, G. (2016). E-Residency: A business platform for Industry 4.0?. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 3(3), 216-227.
  • Priisalu, J., ve Ottis, R. (2017). Personal control of privacy and data: Estonian experience. Health and technology, 7(4), 441-451.
  • Republic of Estonia. (t.y). The Website of E-Government. 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://ega.ee/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Republic of Estonia. (t.y). The Implementation of E-Residency, 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://e-resident.gov.ee/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Republic of Estonia (t.y). The News from The Website of E-Government, 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.news.err.ee adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Roots, L., ve Dumbrava, C. (2016). E-citizenship opportunities in the changing technological environment. In The Future of Law and eTechnologies (pp. 45-56). Springer, Cham.
  • Rusidze, N. (2019). Estonia, regional challenges and state brand. Köz-gazdaság-Review of Economic Theory and Policy, 14(1), 77-86.
  • Särav, S., ve Kerikmäe, T. (2016). E-residency: A cyberdream embodied in a digital identity card?. In The Future of Law and eTechnologies içinde (s. 57-79). Springer, Cham.
  • Sullivan, C., ve Burger, E. (2017). E-residency and blockchain. Computer Law & Security Review, 33(4), 470- 481.
  • Tammpuu, P., ve Masso, A. (2018). ‘Welcome to the virtual state’: Estonian e-residency and the digitalised state as a commodity. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(5), 543-560
  • Tanel, K., ve Sandra, S. (2015). Legal ımpediments in the EU to new technologies in the example of e- residency. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics, 8(2), 71-90.
  • Tehnopol. (t.y). The Website of Tehnopol. 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.tehnopol.ee/en/, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Uljala, L., ve Scupola, A. (2018). Motivators and inhibitors of e-Residency adoption for global e- entrepreneurship. Services, Experiences and Innovation: Integrating and Extending Research içinde (s. 208- 223). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Dijital Dünyada Yeni Vatandaşlık Konsepti: Estonya’da E-Vatandaşlık Örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 35, 2254 - 2289, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.869773

Abstract

Estonya, e-devlet uygulamaları ve e-hizmetleri açısından gelişmiş bir Avrupa ülkesidir. Bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra yeni devlet inşasını teknoloji üzerine kuran Estonya’nın e-devlet sistemi; yasal ve teknolojik altyapı, toplumun teknoloji yanlısı bir kültüre sahip olması gibi nedenlerden dolayı güçlüdür. Estonya, dünyada seçim süreçlerinin tümünü internete taşıyan ilk ülkedir. Bu başarısıyla ulusal bir marka haline gelen Estonya, 2014 yılında tüm dünyaya dijital hizmetlerini kullanma ve Avrupa Birliği networkünü kullanma imkanı sağlayan E-vatandaşlık uygulamasını başlatmıştır ve bu uygulama dünyada ilk ve şu an için tektir. Bu çalışma, Estonya’da başlatılan ve herhangi bir ülkenin vatandaşının dijital ortamda başka bir ülkenin vatandaşı olmasına imkan veren vatandaşlıkla ilgili yeni bir söylem getiren e-vatandaşlık uygulamasını araştırmaktadır. E-vatandaşlık uygulaması geleneksel vatandaşlık, devlet sınırları, küreselleşme gibi kavramların yeniden sorgulanmasına yol açmıştır ve dönüştürücü etkisiyle bu kavramları derinden etkileme potansiyeline sahiptir. Ancak uygulama, dijital ortamla fiziksel ortam arasında derin bir bariyere sahiptir başka bir deyişle e-vatandaş sanal ortamda sahip olduğu imkanlara fiziki olarak, ülkeye girmesi de dahil, sahip değildir. Bunun yanı sıra fiziki ortamda hukuki olarak herhangi bir yabancıdan farksız olan e-vatandaş, yerine getirmesi gereken yükümlülükler açısından da özellikle kişisel verilerin korunması noktasında pek çok dezavantajlarla karşı karşıyadır. Bu yönüyle eleştirilen e-vatandaşlık konsepti, Estonya tarafından geliştirilmeye ve diğer ülkelere yayılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

References

  • Aavik, G., ve Krimmer, R. (2016). Integrating digital migrants: Solutions for cross-border identification from e-residency to eidas. a case study from Estonia. International Conference on Electronic Government içinde(s. 151-163). Springer, Cham.
  • Alvarez, R. M., Hall, T. E., ve Trechsel, A. H. (2009). Internet voting in comparative perspective: the case of Estonia. PS: Political Science and Politics, 497-505.
  • Anthes, G. (2015). Estonia: a model for e-government. Communications of the ACM, 58(6), 18-20.
  • Attenborough, K. (1988). Review of ground effects on outdoor sound propagation from continuous broadband sources. Applied acoustics, 24(4), 289-319.
  • Aydın, Y. A. (2021). Quick comparison of e-government systems of Estonia and Turkey. 20. 01.2021 tarihinde www.academia.edu.tr adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Björklund, F. (2016). E-government and moral citizenship: the case of Estonia. Citizenship studies, 20(6-7), 914-931.
  • Czosseck, C., Ottis, R., ve Talihärm, A. M. (2011). Estonia after the 2007 cyber attacks: Legal, strategic and organisational changes in cyber security. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism (IJCWT), 1(1), 24-34.
  • de Carlos Sola, J. (2018). Process of modernization and technological development in Estonia. 20.01.2021 tarihinde https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7fca/85a70be8f11b322226130a2b7b07a6828312.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Demirel, D. (2010). yönetişimde yeni bir boyut: E-yönetişim. Türk İdare Dergisi, 466, 65-94.
  • Hartleb, F. (2020). E-Estonia: “Europe’s Silicon Valley” or a New “1984”?. Redesigning Organizations içinde (s. 215-228). Springer, Cham.
  • Jansen, S. C. (2008). Designer nations: Neo-liberal nation branding–Brand Estonia. Social identities, 14(1), 121- 142
  • Kabakuşak D. ve Kaya A., (2014). Estonya’da uygulanan e-devlet uygulamalarının Türkiye’de e-devlet uygulamarıyla mukayesesine dair bir çalışma. Afro-Avrasya Kamu Yönetimi Uygulamaları ve Sorunları, TODAİE, 853-863
  • Kalja, A., Robal, T., ve Vallner, U. (2015). New generations of Estonian eGovernment components. In 2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) içinde (s. 625- 631). IEEE.
  • Kalvet, T. (2012). Innovation: a factor explaining e-government success in Estonia. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 9(2), 142-157.
  • Kaneva, N. (2011). Nation branding: Toward an agenda for critical research. International journal of communication, 25(5), 117-141
  • Kassen, M. (2019). Open data and e-government–related or competing ecosystems: a paradox of open government and promise of civic engagement in Estonia. Information Technology for Development, 25(3), 552-578.
  • Kerikmäe, T., ve Nyman-Metcalf, K. (2012). Less is more or more is more? Revisiting universality of human rights. International and Comparative Law Review, 12(1), 39-56.
  • Kimmo, M., Pappel, I., ve Draheim, D. (2018). E-residency as a nation branding case. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance içinde (s. 419-428).
  • Kimmo, M., Pappel, I., ve Draheim, D. (2018). E-Residency as a nation branding case. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance içinde (s. 419-428), IEEE.
  • Korjus, K., del Castillo, C. I. V. A., ve Kotka, T. (2017). Perspectives for e-Residency strenghts, opportunities, weaknesses and threats. 2017 Fourth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG) içinde (s. 177-181). IEEE.
  • Kotka, T., ve Liiv, I. (2015). Concept of Estonian Government cloud and data embassies. In International Conference on Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective içinde (s. 149-162). Springer, Cham.
  • Kotka, T., Vargas, C., ve Korjus, K. (2015). Estonian e-Residency: Redefining the nation-state in the digital era. University of Oxford Cyber Studies Programme working paper, 3.
  • Lember, V., Rainer K. ve Tõnurist, P (2018). "Technological capacity in the public sector: the case of Estonia." International Review of Administrative Sciences, 84(2), 214-230.
  • Martens, T. (2010). Electronic identity management in Estonia between market and state governance. Identity in the Information Society, 3(1), 213-233.
  • Mets, T. (2017). From the educational tiger leap program to the ICT startup booming in Estonia. In 2017 15th International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA) içinde (s. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Nielsen, M. M. (2017, June). eGovernance and online service delivery in Estonia. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research , 300-309.
  • Ottis, R. (2008). Analysis of the 2007 cyber attacks against estonia from the information warfare perspective. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Information Warfare .
  • Özüdoğru, Ş., ve Yüksel, A. H. (2019). Ulus markalama ve beslendiği kaynaklar: Bir derleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 329-349.
  • Parsovs, A. (2020). Estonian electronic identity card: security flaws in key management. 29th {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 20), içinde (s.1785-1802).
  • Polese, A., Ambrosio, T., ve Kerikmäe, T. (2020). Estonian identity construction between nation branding and building. Czech Journal of International Relations, 55(2), 22-46.
  • Prause, G. (2016). E-Residency: A business platform for Industry 4.0?. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 3(3), 216-227.
  • Priisalu, J., ve Ottis, R. (2017). Personal control of privacy and data: Estonian experience. Health and technology, 7(4), 441-451.
  • Republic of Estonia. (t.y). The Website of E-Government. 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://ega.ee/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Republic of Estonia. (t.y). The Implementation of E-Residency, 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://e-resident.gov.ee/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Republic of Estonia (t.y). The News from The Website of E-Government, 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.news.err.ee adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Roots, L., ve Dumbrava, C. (2016). E-citizenship opportunities in the changing technological environment. In The Future of Law and eTechnologies (pp. 45-56). Springer, Cham.
  • Rusidze, N. (2019). Estonia, regional challenges and state brand. Köz-gazdaság-Review of Economic Theory and Policy, 14(1), 77-86.
  • Särav, S., ve Kerikmäe, T. (2016). E-residency: A cyberdream embodied in a digital identity card?. In The Future of Law and eTechnologies içinde (s. 57-79). Springer, Cham.
  • Sullivan, C., ve Burger, E. (2017). E-residency and blockchain. Computer Law & Security Review, 33(4), 470- 481.
  • Tammpuu, P., ve Masso, A. (2018). ‘Welcome to the virtual state’: Estonian e-residency and the digitalised state as a commodity. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(5), 543-560
  • Tanel, K., ve Sandra, S. (2015). Legal ımpediments in the EU to new technologies in the example of e- residency. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics, 8(2), 71-90.
  • Tehnopol. (t.y). The Website of Tehnopol. 18.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.tehnopol.ee/en/, adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Uljala, L., ve Scupola, A. (2018). Motivators and inhibitors of e-Residency adoption for global e- entrepreneurship. Services, Experiences and Innovation: Integrating and Extending Research içinde (s. 208- 223). Edward Elgar Publishing.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hatice Koç 0000-0003-0190-512X

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Acceptance Date March 9, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 35

Cite

APA Koç, H. (2021). Dijital Dünyada Yeni Vatandaşlık Konsepti: Estonya’da E-Vatandaşlık Örneği. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 2254-2289. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.869773