Evaluation of the Sleep Quality and Nutrition Status of Elite Athletes in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: Pandemi Özel Sayısı, 3918 - 3942, 30.04.2021

Aysun Yüksel

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.909434

Cited By: 3

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected the sports industry. The obligation of athletes to stay at home, restricting access to gyms or completely training/trainer, canceled organizations, uncertainty, etc. while these factors increased stress and anxiety levels, they also changed sleep and eating habits. The study was conducted with 13 professional women's volleyball team players.
Face-to-face interviews were conducted with all athletes, and scales were used to assess their general characteristics, sleep quality, stress-anxiety-depression levels, and eating habits. In addition, the athletes' 24-hour retrospective food consumption was questioned, and body composition analyses were performed. The athletes' average height is 173.62 ± 7.69 cm, and their body fat percentage is 22.46 ± 3.69 percent. Most of the athletes (53.85%) were found to have poor sleep quality. The difference between the mean total body fluid amount (kg) of those with poor and good sleep quality was found to be significant. The percentage of those who have stress, anxiety, and depression scores above normal is 38.5%, 38.5% and 46.2%, respectively. In the study, a negative correlation between sleep score and lean mass (r = -0.565 p = 0.044), muscle mass (r = -0.584 p = 0.036) and protein amount (r = -0,566 p = 0.044) was determined (p <0.05). It was determined that the maximum daily calorie intake was 1781.75 kcal, and the mean protein amount was 0.81 ± 0.22 g/kg. Precautions should be taken to avoid the pandemic's negative effects on athletes. At the same time, athletes infected with COVID-19 should have their health and athletic performance closely monitored.

Keywords

COVID-19, sport, nutrition, sleep quality, body composition

COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Elit Sporcuların Uyku Kalitesi ile Beslenme Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisi spor sektörünü derinden etkilemiştir. Sporcuların evde kalma zorunluluğu, spor salonlarına veya tümüyle antrenmana/antrenöre erişimlerinin kısıtlanması, iptal edilen organizasyonlar, belirsizlik vb. birçok faktör stres ve kaygı düzeyini artırırken, uyku ve beslenme alışkanlıklarında değişime neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, elit sporcuların uyku, stres, anksiyete ve depresyon durumlarını belirlemek, beslenme durumları ile vücut kompozisyonları arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma 13 profesyonel kadın voleybol takımı oyuncusu ile yapılmıştır. Tüm sporcular ile yüz yüze görüşülerek genel özellikleri, uyku kalitesi, stres-anksiyete-depresyon düzeyleri ve yeme davranışları ölçekler aracılıyla belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca sporcuların 24-saatlik geriye dönük besin tüketimleri sorgulanmış, vücut kompozisyonu analizleri yapılmıştır. Sporcuların ortalama boy uzunlukları 173,62 ± 7,69 cm, vücut yağ yüzdeleri 22,46 ± 3,69’dur. Sporcuların çoğunluğunun (%53,85) kötü uyku kalitesine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kötü ve iyi uyku kalitesine sahip olanların toplam vücut sıvı miktarı (kg) ortalamaları arasındaki fark anlamlı bulunmuştur. Stres, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri normalin üzerinde olanların oranı sırasıyla %38,5, %38,5 ve %46,2’dir. Çalışmada uyku puanının yağsız kütle (r= -,565 p= 0,044), kas kütlesi (r= -,584 p= 0,036) ve protein miktarı (r= -,566 p= 0,044) ile negatif yönlü ilişkisi belirlenmiştir (p <0.05). Günlük alınan enerjinin maksimum değerinin 1781,75 kkal, ortalama protein miktarının 0,81 ± 0,22 g/kg olduğu saptanmıştır. Sporcular için pandeminin olumsuz etkilerine yönelik önlemler alınmalıdır. Aynı zamanda COVID-19’a yakalanan sporcuların sağlıkları ve spor performansları yakından takip edilmelidir.

Keywords

COVID-19, spor, beslenme, uyku kalitesi, vücut komposizyonu

References

• Agargun, M. (1996). Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin gecerligi ve guvenirligi. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107-115.
• AlDabal, L., ve BaHammam, A. S. (2011). Metabolic, endocrine, and immune consequences of sleep deprivation. The open respiratory medicine journal, 5, 31.
• Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., . . . Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13052.
• Amita, A., Shaimaa, S. A., Mariam, M., Zainab, A., Mona, H., ve Reyad, S. O. (2017). Assessment of Body Composition, Endurance and Nutrient Intakes among Females Team Players in Sports Club. Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE), 1(3). doi:10.18502/ajne.v1i3.1231
• Andreato, L. V., Coimbra, D. R., ve Andrade, A. (2020). Challenges to athletes during the home confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Strength and Conditioning Journal.
• Brito, D., Meester, S., Yanamala, N., Patel, H. B., Balcik, B. J., Casaclang-Verzosa, G., . . . Balla, S. (2021). High prevalence of pericardial involvement in college student athletes recovering from COVID-19. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 14(3), 541-555.
• Dattilo, M., Antunes, H. K. M., Medeiros, A., Neto, M. M., Souza, H. S. d., Tufik, S., ve De Mello, M. (2011). Sleep and muscle recovery: endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis. Medical hypotheses, 77(2), 220-222.
• Di Renzo, L., Gualtieri, P., Pivari, F., Soldati, L., Attinà, A., Cinelli, G., . . . De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 229. doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5
• Fullagar, H. H., Skorski, S., Duffield, R., Hammes, D., Coutts, A. J., ve Meyer, T. (2015). Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports medicine, 45(2), 161-186.
• Hadjidemetriou, G. M., Sasidharan, M., Kouyialis, G., ve Parlikad, A. K. (2020). The impact of government measures and human mobility trend on COVID-19 related deaths in the UK. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 6, 100167.
• Håkansson, A., Jönsson, C., ve Kenttä, G. (2020). Psychological distress and problem gambling in elite athletes during COVID-19 restrictions—A web survey in top leagues of three sports during the pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6693.
• Håkansson, A., Moesch, K., Jönsson, C., ve Kenttä, G. (2021). Potentially prolonged psychological distress from postponed olympic and paralympic games during COVID-19—career uncertainty in elite athletes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(1), 2.
• Huang, Y., ve Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954.
• Hyun, S., Hahm, H. C., Wong, G. T. F., Zhang, E., ve Liu, C. H. (2021). Psychological correlates of poor sleep quality among US young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep medicine, 78, 51-56.
• Ibarrola, M., ve Dávolos, I. (2020). Myocarditis in athletes after COVID-19 infection: The heart is not the only place to screen. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 2(3), 172-173.
• IOC. (2020). Int Statement From The Internatıonal Olympic Committee And The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee. 24. Mart. https://www.olympic.org/news/joint-statement-from-the-international-olympic- committee-and-the-tokyo-2020-organising-committee.
• Jenner, S. L., Buckley, G. L., Belski, R., Devlin, B. L., ve Forsyth, A. K. (2019). Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients, 11(5), 1160.
• Kıraç, D., Kaspar, E. Ç., Avcılar, T., Çakır, Ö. K., Ulucan, K., Kurtel, H., . . . Güney, A. İ. (2015). Obeziteyle ilişkili beslenme alışkanlıklarının araştırılmasında yeni bir yöntem “Üç faktörlü beslenme anketi”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 5(3), 162-169.
• Koçak, U. Z., ve Derya, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi, spor, sporcu üçgeni: Etkilenimler ve öneriler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 129-133.
• Kutlu, R. (2020). What we have learned about the new coronavirus pandemic, Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches and The Situation in Turkey. TJFMPC, 14(2), 329-344.
• M. Aline, F. L. V. S. S. G. B. d. L. d. v. i. f. R. M. D. V. r. L. L. B. J.-M. K. J. D. r. P. C. (2004). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in a general population. The Journal of nutrition, 134(9), 2372-2380.
• Mah, C. D., Kezirian, E. J., Marcello, B. M., ve Dement, W. C. (2018). Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student-athlete population. Sleep health, 4(3), 251-257.
• Mah, C. D., Mah, K. E., Kezirian, E. J., ve Dement, W. C. (2011). The Effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate Basketball Players. Sleep, 34(7), 943-950. doi:10.5665/sleep.1132
• Mala, L., Maly, T., Zahalka, F., Bunc, V., Kaplan, A., Jebavy, R., ve Tuma, M. (2015). Body composition of elite female players in five different sports games. J Hum Kinet, 45, 207-215. doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0021
• Martín-Matillas, M., Valadés, D., Hernández-Hernández, E., Olea-Serrano, F., Sjöström, M., Delgado-Fernández, M., ve Ortega, F. B. (2014). Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype characteristics of elite female volleyball players from the highest Spanish league. J Sports Sci, 32(2), 137-148. doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.809472
• Maughan R., ve L., B. (2012). Nutrition for Athletes, the Nutrition Working Group of the International Olympic Committee. , http://www.audyn.org.uy/sitio/repo/arch/NutritionforAthletes.pdf.
• Mehrsafar, A. H., Gazerani, P., Zadeh, A. M., ve Sánchez, J. C. J. (2020). Addressing potential impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on physical and mental health of elite athletes. Brain, behavior, and immunity.
• Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Zourdos, M. C., Calleja-González, J., Urdampilleta, A., ve Ostojic, S. M. (2015). Dietary intake habits and controlled training on body composition and strength in elite female volleyball players during the season. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 40(8), 827-834. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0100
• News, B. (2020). Koronavirüs spor dünyasını nasıl etkiledi? 3. Nisan. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler- dunya-52152460.
• Paoli, A., ve Musumeci, G. (2020). Elite athletes and COVID-19 lockdown: future health concerns for an entire sector: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
• Pem, D., ve Jeewon, R. (2015). Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Benefits and Progress of Nutrition Education Interventions- Narrative Review Article. Iran J Public Health, 44(10), 1309-1321.
• Pillay, L., van Rensburg, D. C. C. J., van Rensburg, A. J., Ramagole, D. A., Holtzhausen, L., Dijkstra, H. P., ve Cronje, T. (2020). Nowhere to hide: The significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(7), 670-679.
• Rajpal, S., Tong, M. S., Borchers, J., Zareba, K. M., Obarski, T. P., Simonetti, O. P., ve Daniels, C. J. (2021). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in competitive athletes recovering from COVID-19 infection. JAMA cardiology, 6(1), 116-118.
• Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra, A., . . . Currie, A. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). British journal of sports medicine, 53(11), 667-699.
• Sánchez-Sánchez, E., Ramírez-Vargas, G., Avellaneda-López, Y., Orellana-Pecino, J. I., García-Marín, E., ve Díaz-Jimenez, J. (2020). Eating Habits and Physical Activity of the Spanish Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Nutrients, 12(9), 2826.
• Schwartz, J., ve Simon Jr, R. D. (2015). Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: A study with college varsity tennis players. Physiology & behavior, 151, 541-544.
• Simpson, N., Gibbs, E., ve Matheson, G. (2017). Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for elite athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 27(3), 266-274.
• T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı. (2020). 2020/2 Genelge. Resmi Gazete, 31067.
• T.C İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi Kararları https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/81-il-valiligine- koronavirus-tedbirleri-konulu-ek-genelge-gonderildi.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). Genel Koronavirüs Tablosu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html#.
• T.C. Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi Kararları. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/koronavirus/bakan-kasapoglu-koronavirus-nedeniyle-ligler-ertelendi/1772105.
• Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., ve Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet, 116(3), 501-528. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006
• Türken, M., ve Köse, Ş. (2020). Covid-19 bulaş yolları ve önleme. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi, 30, 36-42.
• Türkmen, M., ve Özsarı, A. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve spor sektörüne etkileri. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 8(2), 55-67.
• TVF. (2020a). 2020-2021 Voleybol Sezonu Kadınlar ve Erkekler 2’nci Liglerinin Fikstürleri https://www.tvf.org.tr/haberler/2020-2021-voleybol-sezonu-kadinlar-ve-erkekler-2nci-liglerinin-fiksturleri- belli-oldu/.
• TVF. (2020b). Türkiye Voleybol Federasyonu CEV Organizasyonları Hakkında Önemli Duyuru. 23. Nisan. https://www.tvf.org.tr/duyurular/cev-organizasyonlari-hakkinda-onemli-duyuru-2/.
• Watson, A. M. (2017). Sleep and athletic performance. Current sports medicine reports, 16(6), 413-418.
• WHO. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019.
• Yılmaz, Ö., Hakan, B., ve Arslan, A. (2017). Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kisa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalişmasi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 78-91.
• Zhou, S.-J., Wang, L.-L., Yang, R., Yang, X.-J., Zhang, L.-G., Guo, Z.-C., . . . Chen, J.-X. (2020). Sleep problems among Chinese adolescents and young adults during the coronavirus-2019 pandemic. Sleep medicine, 74, 39-47.