الاستمرارية السياسية للتغيير الاقتصادي: دراسة عن دول الخليج من خلال قطر والإمارات العربية المتحدة

Year 2022, , 269 - 292, 25.04.2023

Başak Özoral , İlke Civelekoğlu

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1219045

Abstract

كان العنصران الرئيسيان للنظام العالمي الجديد الذي تأسس في التسعينيات هما الاقتصاد الليبرالي والديمقراطية. يهدف هذا المقال إلى دراسة آثار السياسات الليبرالية الجديدة على الهياكل السياسية التقليدية والسلطوية من خلال أمثلة دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي وقطر والإمارات العربية المتحدة. هاتان الدولتان الخاضعتان للحكم الملكي ، حيث لا يزال الدين والتقاليد القبلية نشطة في الإدارة السياسية ، هما مثالان مناسبان لدراسة الأنظمة "الاستبدادية". في الوقت الذي أصبحت فيه قطر والإمارات العربية المتحدة أغنياء من خلال الانضمام إلى الأسواق العالمية مع عائدات النفط والغاز الخاصة بهما ، فقد شهدتا جزئيًا التحرير مع بعض المبادرات السياسية في هذه العملية. ومع ذلك ، لم تؤد خطوات التحرير هذه إلى تحول حقيقي ودمقرطة في الهيكل السياسي. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو دراسة أسباب عدم تعرض أساليب الإدارة الاستبدادية لتغييرات سياسية جادة على الرغم من التكامل العميق من الناحية التجارية والمالية مع الأسواق العالمية ، والتي هي مظهر من مظاهر التحرير الاقتصادي ، من خلال هذين البلدين. تجادل الدراسة بأن نجاح دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي في الجمع بين مواطنيها والجهات الفاعلة العالمية على أرضية مشتركة من خلال إضافة ثقافة الاستهلاك إلى نموذج اقتصاد السوق المحدد من خلال التجارة الحرة والليبرالية المالية يلعب دورًا مهمًا في ضمان استمرارية الهيكل السياسي الاستبدادي. . كما سيناقش المقال ، فإن الرفاهية الاقتصادية العالية وحرية الاستهلاك التي ظهرت نتيجة السياسات النيوليبرالية منعت هذه المجتمعات من التشكيك في شرعية إدارة الدولة الاستبدادية وتعميق التغيير السياسي في هذه البلدان. بينما تبحث هذه المقالة في أمثلة قطر والإمارات العربية المتحدة ، وتوضح كيف يمكن لليبرالية الجديدة أن تتعايش مع الأنظمة الاستبدادية ، فإنها تهدف إلى المساهمة في الأدبيات الخاصة بدراسات الشرق الأوسط من خلال مناقشة سبب عدم تعميق تجارب التحرر السياسي لمملكيات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي وكيف لم تتعمق الحكومات. في هذه البلدان تمكنوا من توطيد سلطتهم على السكان على الرغم من بعض التوسعات.

Keywords

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Katar, neo-liberalizm, otoriter rejimler, siyasi liberalleşme

ECONOMIC CHANGE POLITICAL CONTINUITY: A STUDY OF THE GULF MONARCHIES THROUGH QATAR AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Abstract

The new world order that was established in the 1990s had two important elements, liberal economy and democracy. This article aims to address the impact of neoliberal policies on the traditional and authoritarian Gulf states of Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE). As religion and tribalism are still important features of these two monarchies, Qatar and UAE constitute proper cases for studying authoritarian regimes. Qatar and UAE while integrating themselves with the global world markets through sale of oil have also experienced partial political liberalization. However, this partial liberalization has never turned into democratization. This article aims to explore why authoritarian regimes, which have integrated themselves deeply with global markets through trade and financial liberalization fail to experience democratization in the light of Qatar and UAE cases. The article argues that Gulf monarchies` success in maintaining their authoritarian rule lies in co-opting global capitalist actors as well their local citizens through consumption culture and thus, forming an electoral coalition with them. As this article claims, high GDP per capita coupled with freedom to consume have enabled these regimes to survive without encountering any crisis of legitimacy or severe pressure to change. With its focus on two cases, Qatar and UAE, the article aims to contribute to literature by demonstrating that in sharp contrast to what has been argued, neoliberalism can coexist with authoritarianism easily and secondly, the article aims to make its contribution to Middle Eastern studies by showing how Gulf monarchies have strengthened their rule on people despite partial liberalization.

Keywords

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Katar, neo-liberalizm, otoriter rejimler, siyasi liberalleşme

Ekonomik Değişim Siyasi Süreklilik: Katar ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Üzerinden Körfez Monarşilerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

1990’larda kurulan yeni dünya düzeninin iki temel unsuru liberal ekonomi ve demokrasi olmuştur. Bu makale, neo-liberal politikaların geleneksel ve otoriter siyasi yapılar üzerindeki etkisini KİK ülkeleri olan Katar ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE) örnekleri üzerinden incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Dinin ve aşiret geleneğinin siyasi yönetimde hala etkin olduğu monarşiyle yönetilen bu iki ülke ‘’otoriter’’ rejimlerin incelenmesi için uygun örneklerdir. Katar ve BAE petrol ve gaz gelirleri ile dünya piyasalarına eklemlenip zenginleşirken bu süreçte bir takım siyasi açılımlarla liberalleşmeyi kısmen deneyimlemişlerdir. Ancak bu liberalleşme adımları siyasi yapıda gerçek bir dönüşüme ve demokratikleşmeye yol açmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ekonomik liberalleşmenin tezahürü olan küresel piyasalar ile ticari ve finansal anlamda derin bir entegrasyona rağmen, otoriter yönetim şekillerinin ciddi siyasi değişimlere uğramamasının nedenlerini bu iki ülke üzerinden incelemektir. Çalışma, KİK ülkelerinin serbest ticaret ve finansal liberalizm üzerinden tanımladıkları piyasa ekonomisi modeline tüketim kültürünü de eklemleyerek vatandaşlarını ve küresel aktörleri ortak bir paydada buluşturma başarılarının otoriter siyasi yapının sürekliliğini sağlamada önemli bir rol oynadığını öne sürmektedir. Makalede tartışılacağı üzere neoliberal politikalar sonucu ortaya çıkan yüksek ekonomik refah ve tüketim özgürlüğü, bu toplumların otoriter devlet yönetiminin meşruluğunu sorgulamasını ve bu ülkelerdeki siyasi değişiminin derinleşmesini engellemiştir. Bu makale Katar ve BAE örneklerini inceleyerek, neoliberalizmin otoriter rejimler ile nasıl birlikte var olabildiğini gösterirken, KİK monarşilerinin siyasi liberalleşme deneyimlerinin neden derinleşmediğini ve bir takım açılımlara rağmen bu ülkelerdeki yönetimlerin nüfus üzerindeki güçlerini nasıl pekiştirebildiklerini tartışarak Ortadoğu çalışmaları literatürüne katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Katar, neo-liberalizm, otoriter rejimler, siyasi liberalleşme, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Katar, neo-liberalizm, otoriter rejimler, siyasi liberalleşme

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