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Why Does an International Organization Fail? A Theoretical and Systemic Approach to the Developing Eight D-8

Year 2017, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 84 - 103, 01.12.2017

Abstract

The Developing Eight D-8 grouping was one of the organizations that brought the key countries from the Islamic world. Initiated with huge enthusiasm by the leadership of Turkey in 1997, the D-8 has not been able to live up to expectations so far in terms of economic development and increasing inter-trade relations among members. In this article, first the failure of D-8 is analyzed from three major IR theories and shed some light on why the organization in the third world failed. Second, D-8 is located within the systemic character of the Muslim world. It is the argument of this article that any Muslim organization is likely to fail, should it not include Saudi Arabia. It is not the only mover-and-shaker of the Islamic world, but at least its silent approval is needed. Whatever the reason, from a Muslim world perspective the failure of D-8 to some extent should be attributed the absence of Saudi Arabia as a member

References

  • Alan, Bulent (ed), D-8, Developing 8 Countries: A New World, Istanbul: Yorunge, 2001.
  • Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 15-21 February 2001, Issue no 521.
  • Anaz, Necati, “Understanding the contemporary United States and European Union foreign policy in the Middle East”, Estudios Políticos, 38, 2011, pp. 175-194.
  • Aral, Berdal, “An Inquiry into the D-8 Experiment: An Incipient Model of an Islamic Common Market?”, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 4 (1&2), Spring & Summer 2005.
  • Ashley, Richard K., “The Geopolitics of geopolitical space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics”, Alternatives, 12 (4), October 1987.
  • Barnett, Michael N., and Martha Finnemore, “The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organization”, International Organization, 53(4), Autumn 1999.
  • Bozbas, Gokhan, “İslam ve Demokrasi” Tartişmalari Üzerinden Bir Algi Yönetimi”, Turkish Journal of TESAM Academy, 4 (1), 2017, pp. 133-153.
  • Bromley, Simon, “Blood for Oil?”, New Political Economy, Vol 11, No 3, September 2006, pp.419-434.
  • Voll, J. Obert, “Relations among Islamist Groups”, in John L. Esposito (ed), Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform?, London: Lynne Rienner,, 1997.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
  • Davutoglu, Ahmet, Civilizational Transformation and the Muslim World, Kuala Lumpur: Mahir Publications, Quill, 1994.
  • Davutoglu, Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, Turkiye’nin Uluslararasi Konumu (Strategic Depth, Turkey’s International Position), Istanbul: Kure Yayinlari, 2001.
  • D-8 Istanbul Declaration, http://www.developing8.org/documents/summit/is- tanbul-declaration-1997/ (accessed 27 October 2018).
  • “D-8 Developing Eight Countries”, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdO- BuhZ86Qc&mode=related&search= (accessed 27 October 2018).
  • Esposito, John L., Islam and Politics, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1984.
  • Falk, Richard, “False Universalism and the Geopolitics of Exclusion: the Case of Islam”, Third World Quarterly, 18 (1), 1997.
  • Gallarotti, Giulio M., “The Limits of International Organization: Systemic Failure in the Management of International Relations”, International Organization, 45 (2), Spring 1991, pp.183-220.
  • Grieco, Joseph M., “Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism”, International Organization, 42 (3), 1998.
  • Haas, Ernst, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • Higgott, Richard, “Multilateralism and the Limits of Global Governance”, pa- per presented at United Nations University conference on ‘Learning from the Crisis: Where do we go for Global Governance?’, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 19-21, 2004.
  • Katzenstein, Peter J., “Regionalism in Comparative Perspective”, Cooperation and Conflict, 31(2), 1996.
  • Keohane, Robert O., After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
  • Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “The Club Model of Multilateral Cooperation and Problems of Democratic Legitimacy”, paper presented at the American Political Science Convention, Washington, D.C., 31 August-3 September 2000. Available at http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/prg/nye/clubmo- del.pdf, (accessed 25 October 2016).
  • Landsberg, Chris, “Promoting Democracy: The Mandela-Mbeki Doctrine”, Journal of Democracy, 11(3), July 2000.
  • Lebow, Richard Ned, “The Long Piece, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism”, International Organization, 38 (2), Spring 1994.
  • Makovsky, Alan, “How to Deal with Erbakan”, The Middle East Quarterly, 4 (1), March 1997.
  • Martin, Lisa L., and Beth A. Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions”, International Organization, 52 (4), Autumn 1998.
  • Mearsheimer, John J., “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, 19 (3), Winter 1994-1995.
  • Ozfatura, Mustafa N., “(D-8) Developing Countries and the Facts”, Turkiye (Turkish Daily), 17 June 1997.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “El Oriente Medio en la Política Mundial: Un Enfoque Sistémico”, Estudios Politicos, 38, 2011, pp.99-120.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “Turkish Activism in the Middle East after 1990s: Towards a Periodization of Three Waves”, Turkish Review of Middle East Studies, 17, 2006, pp. 157-185.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “Turkey in the Islamic World: An Institutional Perspective”, Turkish Review of Middle East Studies, 18, 2007, pp. 159-193.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “Islamic Politics, Arab Spring and Turkish Model”, in K. Chatterjee, P. Singh (ed), The Dilemma of Popular Sovereignty in the Middle East: Power from or to the People, New Delhi: KW Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2014, pp. 89-104.
  • Piscatori, James P., “Islamic Values and National Interest: The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia”, in Adeed Dawisha (ed), Islam in Foreign Policy, London: Cambridge University Press in Association with The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1983.
  • Putnam, Robert D., “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games,” International Organization, 42 (3), Summer 1988, pp. 427-460.
  • Robins, Philip, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan”, Survival, 39 (2), Summer 1997.
  • Robins, Philip, “Confusion at Home, Confusion Abroad: Turkey Between Copenhagen and Iraq”, International Affairs, 79 (3), 2003.
  • Sheikh, Naveed S., “Postmodern Islamism?: The International Politics, and Polemics, of Contemporary Islam”, Journal of Third World Studies, 19(2), Fall 2002.
  • Sheikh, Naveed S., The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States, London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
  • Sick, G., “Rethinking Dual Containment”, Survival, 40 (1), March 1998.
  • Tickner, J. Ann, “You Just Don’t Understand: Troubled Engagements between Feminists and IR Theorists”, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1997.
  • Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of it: the Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46 (2), Spring 1992.
  • White, Jenny B., “Pragmatists or Ideologues? Turkey’s Welfare Party in Power”, Current History 96, January 1997.

Uluslararası Bir Organizasyon Neden Başarısız Olur? Gelişen Sekize D-8 Teorik ve Sistemik Bir Yaklaşım

Year 2017, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 84 - 103, 01.12.2017

Abstract

Gelişen Sekiz Ülke D-8 gruplaması, İslam dünyasından kilit ülkeleri bir araya getiren örgütlerden biriydi. 1997’de Türkiye’nin öncülüğünde büyük bir coşkuyla yola çıkan D-8, ekonomik kalkınma ve üyeler arasında artan ticari ilişkileri geliştirme konusunda şu ana kadar beklentileri karşılayamamıştır. Bu makalede, ilk olarak D-8’in başarısızlığı üç ana Uluslararası İlişkiler teorisi doğrultusunda analiz edilmiş ve organizasyonun üçüncü dünyada başarısız olmasının nedenlerine ışık tutulmuştur. Bununla birlikte D-8, Müslüman dünyasının sistemik karakteri içinde yer almaktadır. Bu makalenin argümanı, Suudi Arabistan’ı bünyesine dahil etmeyen herhangi bir Müslüman örgütün başarısız olacağıdır. Suudi Arabistan İslam dünyasına yön veren tek aktör değil, ancak en azından sessiz onayına ihtiyaç var. Sebep ne olursa olsun, Müslüman dünya bakış açısına göre D-8’in başarısızlığı bir dereceye kadar Suudi Arabistan’ın üye olmamasına bağlanmalıdır

References

  • Alan, Bulent (ed), D-8, Developing 8 Countries: A New World, Istanbul: Yorunge, 2001.
  • Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 15-21 February 2001, Issue no 521.
  • Anaz, Necati, “Understanding the contemporary United States and European Union foreign policy in the Middle East”, Estudios Políticos, 38, 2011, pp. 175-194.
  • Aral, Berdal, “An Inquiry into the D-8 Experiment: An Incipient Model of an Islamic Common Market?”, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 4 (1&2), Spring & Summer 2005.
  • Ashley, Richard K., “The Geopolitics of geopolitical space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics”, Alternatives, 12 (4), October 1987.
  • Barnett, Michael N., and Martha Finnemore, “The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organization”, International Organization, 53(4), Autumn 1999.
  • Bozbas, Gokhan, “İslam ve Demokrasi” Tartişmalari Üzerinden Bir Algi Yönetimi”, Turkish Journal of TESAM Academy, 4 (1), 2017, pp. 133-153.
  • Bromley, Simon, “Blood for Oil?”, New Political Economy, Vol 11, No 3, September 2006, pp.419-434.
  • Voll, J. Obert, “Relations among Islamist Groups”, in John L. Esposito (ed), Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform?, London: Lynne Rienner,, 1997.
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
  • Davutoglu, Ahmet, Civilizational Transformation and the Muslim World, Kuala Lumpur: Mahir Publications, Quill, 1994.
  • Davutoglu, Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, Turkiye’nin Uluslararasi Konumu (Strategic Depth, Turkey’s International Position), Istanbul: Kure Yayinlari, 2001.
  • D-8 Istanbul Declaration, http://www.developing8.org/documents/summit/is- tanbul-declaration-1997/ (accessed 27 October 2018).
  • “D-8 Developing Eight Countries”, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdO- BuhZ86Qc&mode=related&search= (accessed 27 October 2018).
  • Esposito, John L., Islam and Politics, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1984.
  • Falk, Richard, “False Universalism and the Geopolitics of Exclusion: the Case of Islam”, Third World Quarterly, 18 (1), 1997.
  • Gallarotti, Giulio M., “The Limits of International Organization: Systemic Failure in the Management of International Relations”, International Organization, 45 (2), Spring 1991, pp.183-220.
  • Grieco, Joseph M., “Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism”, International Organization, 42 (3), 1998.
  • Haas, Ernst, When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • Higgott, Richard, “Multilateralism and the Limits of Global Governance”, pa- per presented at United Nations University conference on ‘Learning from the Crisis: Where do we go for Global Governance?’, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 19-21, 2004.
  • Katzenstein, Peter J., “Regionalism in Comparative Perspective”, Cooperation and Conflict, 31(2), 1996.
  • Keohane, Robert O., After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
  • Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “The Club Model of Multilateral Cooperation and Problems of Democratic Legitimacy”, paper presented at the American Political Science Convention, Washington, D.C., 31 August-3 September 2000. Available at http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/prg/nye/clubmo- del.pdf, (accessed 25 October 2016).
  • Landsberg, Chris, “Promoting Democracy: The Mandela-Mbeki Doctrine”, Journal of Democracy, 11(3), July 2000.
  • Lebow, Richard Ned, “The Long Piece, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism”, International Organization, 38 (2), Spring 1994.
  • Makovsky, Alan, “How to Deal with Erbakan”, The Middle East Quarterly, 4 (1), March 1997.
  • Martin, Lisa L., and Beth A. Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions”, International Organization, 52 (4), Autumn 1998.
  • Mearsheimer, John J., “The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, 19 (3), Winter 1994-1995.
  • Ozfatura, Mustafa N., “(D-8) Developing Countries and the Facts”, Turkiye (Turkish Daily), 17 June 1997.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “El Oriente Medio en la Política Mundial: Un Enfoque Sistémico”, Estudios Politicos, 38, 2011, pp.99-120.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “Turkish Activism in the Middle East after 1990s: Towards a Periodization of Three Waves”, Turkish Review of Middle East Studies, 17, 2006, pp. 157-185.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “Turkey in the Islamic World: An Institutional Perspective”, Turkish Review of Middle East Studies, 18, 2007, pp. 159-193.
  • Ozkan, Mehmet, “Islamic Politics, Arab Spring and Turkish Model”, in K. Chatterjee, P. Singh (ed), The Dilemma of Popular Sovereignty in the Middle East: Power from or to the People, New Delhi: KW Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2014, pp. 89-104.
  • Piscatori, James P., “Islamic Values and National Interest: The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia”, in Adeed Dawisha (ed), Islam in Foreign Policy, London: Cambridge University Press in Association with The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1983.
  • Putnam, Robert D., “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games,” International Organization, 42 (3), Summer 1988, pp. 427-460.
  • Robins, Philip, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan”, Survival, 39 (2), Summer 1997.
  • Robins, Philip, “Confusion at Home, Confusion Abroad: Turkey Between Copenhagen and Iraq”, International Affairs, 79 (3), 2003.
  • Sheikh, Naveed S., “Postmodern Islamism?: The International Politics, and Polemics, of Contemporary Islam”, Journal of Third World Studies, 19(2), Fall 2002.
  • Sheikh, Naveed S., The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States, London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
  • Sick, G., “Rethinking Dual Containment”, Survival, 40 (1), March 1998.
  • Tickner, J. Ann, “You Just Don’t Understand: Troubled Engagements between Feminists and IR Theorists”, International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1997.
  • Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of it: the Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46 (2), Spring 1992.
  • White, Jenny B., “Pragmatists or Ideologues? Turkey’s Welfare Party in Power”, Current History 96, January 1997.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Özkan

Publication Date December 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Özkan, Mehmet. “Uluslararası Bir Organizasyon Neden Başarısız Olur? Gelişen Sekize D-8 Teorik Ve Sistemik Bir Yaklaşım”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 9, no. 2 (December 2017): 84-103.

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