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The Grand Turk vs. Machiavelli: Understanding Turks in Early Modern Period from Botero's Perspective

Year 2024, Issue: 21, 115 - 138, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1419307

Abstract

In his treatise named "Della Ragione di Stato", Giovanni Botero criticized the issue of reason of state, which was attributed to Niccolo Machiavelli. In general, this concept was based on the idea that religion did not have a binding force for the states, and it was associated with the thought that it was more ideal for an emperor to prefer what was advantageous for himself instead of following the eternal verities of God and Christianity. However, Giovanni Botero suggested the idea that the concept of reason of state did truly exist, but he also believed that the concept was merely based on the codes presented by God, and, accordingly, by Christianity contrary to what Machiavelli believed. Giovanni Botero tried to support his thoughts on the ideal nature of a Christian emperor in his treatise by exemplifying the issue based on Turks. Thus, Turks contributed Giovanni Botero's insights on the ideal Christian emperor with their qualifications on state government, taxes, army structure and military government. The depiction of the "Grand Turk" described the ideal Christian emperor and provided the ideality of this figuration. More importantly, "The Prince" was transformed into "The Christian Prince" by Giovanni Botero.

References

  • Boneventura, Federico. Della Ragion di Stato et Della Prudenza Politica. Urbino: Alessandro Corvini, 1623.
  • Botero, Giovanni. Della Ragione di Stato. Roma: Vincenzio Pellagallo, 1590.
  • Botero, Giovanni. Reason of State. Edited by Robert Bireley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Burke, Peter. "Tacitism, Scepticism, and Reason of State." The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700, James Henderson Burns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Calderini, D’Appolinare de. Discorsi sopra La Ragione di Stato del Signor Giovanni Botero. Milano : Pietro Locarno, 1597.
  • Castro, Fernando Alvia. Verdadera Razon de Estado: Discurso Politico. Lizbon : Pedro Craesbeeck, 1616.
  • Descendre, Romain. "Ragion di Stato." Enciclopedia Machiavelliana (V. II), Gennaro Sasso& Monica Trecca. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Fondata da Giovanni Treccani: Rome, 2014.
  • Dios, Jerónimo Gracián de la Madre de. Diez Lamentaciones Del Miserable Estado de los Ateístas de Nuestro Tiempo. Brüksel : Roger Velpio y Huberto Antonio, 1611.
  • Frachetta, Girolamo. L' Idea del Libro de' Governi di Stato et di Gverra. Venedik : Zenaro, 1592.
  • Guicciardini, Francesco. Dialogo e Discorsi del Reggimento di Firenze. Bari: Laterza& Figli Tipografi Editori: Librai, 1932. Homem, Pedro Barbosa. Discursos de la Juridica y Verdadera Razón de Estado. Coimbra: Nicolao Caruallo, 1626.
  • Höpfl, Harro. "Orthodoxy and Reason of State." History of Political Thought 23/2 (2002): 211-237.
  • Hörcher, Ferenc. "The Renaissance of Political Realism in Early Modern Europe: Giovanni Botero and the Discourse of “Reason of State”." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 9/2 (2016): 187-210.
  • Index Librorvm Prohibitorvm. Venedik, 1564.
  • Kahn, Victoria. Machiavellian Rhetoric: From the Counter-Reformation to Milton. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Kalkan, Mehmet Talha. "Erken Modern Dönemde Machiavelli, Yarar, Çıkar ve Devlet Muhafazası." Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal 6/37 (2020): 1866-1878.
  • Maquiavelo, Nicolas. El Príncipe. Edited by Helena Puigdomenech. Barcelona : Altaya, 1983.
  • Meinecke, Friedrich. Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison D'Etat and its Place in Modern History. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1998.
  • Rathé, Edward. "Innocent Gentillet and the First "Anti-Machiavel"." Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 27/1 (1965): 186-225.
  • Ribadeneyra, Pedro de. Tratado de la Religion y Virtudes Que Debe Tener El Principe Christiano, Para Gobernar y Conservar Sus Estados, Contra Lo Que Nicolas Machiavelo y Los Politicos De Este Tiempo Enseñan. Madrid : Pantaleon Aznar, 1788.
  • Ruggiero, Guido de. Rinascimento, Riforma e Controriforma. Bari : Editori Laterza, 1930.
  • Senellart, Michel. Machiavellianism and Reason of State. Paris: PUF, 1989.
  • Settala, Lodovico. Della Ragion di Stato. Milano : Battista Bidelli, 1627.
  • Vidal, Silvina Paula. "Giovanni Botero y Su Teorización de la Razón de Estado: Algunas Reflexiones Desde la Historia Conceptual." Conceptos Históricos 6/10 (2020): 14-45.
  • Viroli, Mauricio. "The Origin and the Meaning of the Reason of State." History of Concepts: Comparative Perspectives, Karin Tilmans& Frank van Vree Iain Hampsher-Monk. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 1998.
  • Viroli, Maurizio. From Politics to Reason of State: The Acquisition and Transformation of the Language of Politics 1250-1600. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,1992.

Büyük Türk, Machiavelli’ye Karşı: Erken Modern Dönemde Botero’nun Gözünden Türkleri Anlamak

Year 2024, Issue: 21, 115 - 138, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1419307

Abstract

XVI. yüzyılda Katolik Kilisesi tarafından ortaya konan Karşı-Reform hareketinin en önemli isimlerinden biri olan İtalyan Giovanni Botero, kaleme almış olduğu “Della Ragione di Stato” adlı eserinde Floransalı yazar Niccolo Machiavelli’ye atfedilen devlet çıkarı meselesini tartışmıştır. Genel olarak bu düşünce, Floransalı yazarın dinin, ahlaki kuralların ve ilahi hükümlerin devletler için bağlayıcı olmadığı fikrinden ileri gelmiş ve hükümdarın Hristiyanlığın ve Tanrı’nın ilahi kuralları yerine kendi adına faydalı olanı tercih etmesi gerektiği inancına bağlanmıştır. Öte yandan, İtalyan yazar Giovanni Botero da Niccolo Machiavelli’ye atfedilen devlet çıkarı düşüncesinin var olduğunu, fakat onun ileri sürdüğünün aksine bu fikrin yalnızca Hristiyanlıktan ve Tanrı’nın ortaya koymuş olduğu kanunlarından ileri geldiğini öne sürmüştür. Giovanni Botero, kaleme aldığı eserinde, çağdaşlarından farklı olarak ideal bir Hristiyan hükümdarın nasıl olması gerektiğine dair düşüncelerini Türkler üzerinden vermiş olduğu örnekler ve tarihi olaylarla desteklemeye çalışmıştır. Bu nedenle, Giovanni Botero’nun ideal Hristiyan hükümdar anlayışına Türkler; devlet yönetimi, vergi, ordu yapısı ve askerî yönetim konusundaki özellikleriyle katkı sağlamıştır. "Büyük Türk/Gran Turco" tasviri, Botero’nun ideal Hristiyan hükümdarının sınırlarını çizmiş, onun idealize edilmesine yardımcı olmuştur. Daha da önemlisi, Niccolo Machiavelli’nin “Hükümdar”ı Giovanni Botero tarafından “Hristiyan Hükümdar”a dönüştürülmüş, bu dönüşümün ana noktalarından birini de Hristiyanların hangi alanlarda zayıf olduğunun farkında olan ve onları kullanmaktan çekinmeyen Türkler oluşturmuştur.

References

  • Boneventura, Federico. Della Ragion di Stato et Della Prudenza Politica. Urbino: Alessandro Corvini, 1623.
  • Botero, Giovanni. Della Ragione di Stato. Roma: Vincenzio Pellagallo, 1590.
  • Botero, Giovanni. Reason of State. Edited by Robert Bireley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Burke, Peter. "Tacitism, Scepticism, and Reason of State." The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700, James Henderson Burns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Calderini, D’Appolinare de. Discorsi sopra La Ragione di Stato del Signor Giovanni Botero. Milano : Pietro Locarno, 1597.
  • Castro, Fernando Alvia. Verdadera Razon de Estado: Discurso Politico. Lizbon : Pedro Craesbeeck, 1616.
  • Descendre, Romain. "Ragion di Stato." Enciclopedia Machiavelliana (V. II), Gennaro Sasso& Monica Trecca. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Fondata da Giovanni Treccani: Rome, 2014.
  • Dios, Jerónimo Gracián de la Madre de. Diez Lamentaciones Del Miserable Estado de los Ateístas de Nuestro Tiempo. Brüksel : Roger Velpio y Huberto Antonio, 1611.
  • Frachetta, Girolamo. L' Idea del Libro de' Governi di Stato et di Gverra. Venedik : Zenaro, 1592.
  • Guicciardini, Francesco. Dialogo e Discorsi del Reggimento di Firenze. Bari: Laterza& Figli Tipografi Editori: Librai, 1932. Homem, Pedro Barbosa. Discursos de la Juridica y Verdadera Razón de Estado. Coimbra: Nicolao Caruallo, 1626.
  • Höpfl, Harro. "Orthodoxy and Reason of State." History of Political Thought 23/2 (2002): 211-237.
  • Hörcher, Ferenc. "The Renaissance of Political Realism in Early Modern Europe: Giovanni Botero and the Discourse of “Reason of State”." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 9/2 (2016): 187-210.
  • Index Librorvm Prohibitorvm. Venedik, 1564.
  • Kahn, Victoria. Machiavellian Rhetoric: From the Counter-Reformation to Milton. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  • Kalkan, Mehmet Talha. "Erken Modern Dönemde Machiavelli, Yarar, Çıkar ve Devlet Muhafazası." Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal 6/37 (2020): 1866-1878.
  • Maquiavelo, Nicolas. El Príncipe. Edited by Helena Puigdomenech. Barcelona : Altaya, 1983.
  • Meinecke, Friedrich. Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison D'Etat and its Place in Modern History. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1998.
  • Rathé, Edward. "Innocent Gentillet and the First "Anti-Machiavel"." Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 27/1 (1965): 186-225.
  • Ribadeneyra, Pedro de. Tratado de la Religion y Virtudes Que Debe Tener El Principe Christiano, Para Gobernar y Conservar Sus Estados, Contra Lo Que Nicolas Machiavelo y Los Politicos De Este Tiempo Enseñan. Madrid : Pantaleon Aznar, 1788.
  • Ruggiero, Guido de. Rinascimento, Riforma e Controriforma. Bari : Editori Laterza, 1930.
  • Senellart, Michel. Machiavellianism and Reason of State. Paris: PUF, 1989.
  • Settala, Lodovico. Della Ragion di Stato. Milano : Battista Bidelli, 1627.
  • Vidal, Silvina Paula. "Giovanni Botero y Su Teorización de la Razón de Estado: Algunas Reflexiones Desde la Historia Conceptual." Conceptos Históricos 6/10 (2020): 14-45.
  • Viroli, Mauricio. "The Origin and the Meaning of the Reason of State." History of Concepts: Comparative Perspectives, Karin Tilmans& Frank van Vree Iain Hampsher-Monk. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 1998.
  • Viroli, Maurizio. From Politics to Reason of State: The Acquisition and Transformation of the Language of Politics 1250-1600. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,1992.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ottoman Institutions and Civilization (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Talha Kalkan 0000-0002-1954-5698

Publication Date June 15, 2024
Submission Date January 13, 2024
Acceptance Date March 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 21

Cite

Chicago Kalkan, Mehmet Talha. “The Grand Turk Vs. Machiavelli: Understanding Turks in Early Modern Period from Botero’s Perspective”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 21 (June 2024): 115-38. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1419307.



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