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Allerjik Kontakt Dermatit Kaynağı olan Nikelin İmitasyon Takılardan Dimetilglioksim (DMG) Testi ile Tespiti

Year 2019, Volume: 41 Issue: 4, 397 - 404, 01.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.489500

Abstract

En geniş immünolojik organ olan deri, allerjik
kontakt dermatit ile çok sık karşılaşmaktadır. Karsinojenik özelliği de olan
nikel bileşikleri allerjik kontakt dermatitin en önde gelen kaynağıdır. İnsanlar
günlük yaşamlarında imitasyon takılar, bozuk para, saat, gözlük gibi metal
objeler ile temas ederek nikele maruz kalmaktadır. Altın, gümüş gibi değerli
metallerin yüksek fiyatlı olması, tüketiciyi imitasyon takılara yönlendirmiş
ancak kaplamalarında kullanılan nikel bileşenleri nedeniyle bu tür ürünler allerjik
kontakt dermatit görülme sıklığını arttırmıştır. Bu nedenle metal objelerden
salınan nikel için Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu bir kısıtlama getirmiş ve kısa/uzun
dönem temas sonucu ortaya çıkabilecek etkilerin azaltılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı İstanbul’da satılmakta olan imitasyon takılardaki nikeli
Dimetilglioksim testi ile belirlemek, fiyat ve satış kategorisi ile ilişkisini
değerlendirmektir. İstanbul’da 21 farklı satış noktasından, 30 bilezik, 29
kolye, 73 yüzük, 12 hızma, 18 piercing (dil, dudak, kulak kepçesi, göbek için)
ve 223 küpe olmak üzere toplam 385 adet takı
satın alınmıştır.
Objelere yapay ter çözeltisinde bekletilmeden önce ve sonra dimetilglioksim
testi uygulanmıştır. Test sonuçlarına göre, 96 objede (%24.9) nikel tespit
edilmiştir. Objeler fiyatlarına göre değerlendirildiğinde, test sonucu pozitif
çıkan objelerin fiyatlarının anlamlı bir şekilde daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur
(p=0.001). Öte yandan markalı zincir
mağazalardan alınan takılarda nikel tespit edilme oranının anlamlı şekilde daha
düşük olduğu görülmüştür (p=0.001). Dermatolojik
ve uzun vadedeki karsinojenik etkisi nedeni ile özellikle kadınların sıklıkla
kullandığı imitasyon objelerdeki nikel konsantrasyonu denetlenmeli ve kontrol
altına alınmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın, ülkemizde satılan imitasyon objelerdeki
nikelin belirlendiği ilk çalışma olması bakımından, sonraki çalışmalara ve
düzenlemelere ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir. 

References

  • 1. Denkhaus E, Salnikow K. Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2002; 42: 35–56.
  • 2. Cempel M, Nikel G. Nickel: A review of its sources and environmental toxicology. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 2006; 15(3): 375-382.
  • 3. Schaumlöffel D. Nickel species: Analysis and toxic effects. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2012; 26: 1– 6.
  • 4. IARC, 1990. Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Chromium, nickel and welding, vol 49, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
  • 5. Mowad CM, Marks Jr JG. (2012) Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV. Editors. Dermatology. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier; pp. 233-248.
  • 6. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Suiwongsa B, Kasemsarn P. Assessment of nickel and cobalt release from jewelry from a non-nickel directive country. Dermatitis. 2015; 26(1): 44-48.
  • 7. Doğramacı AÇ, Gürer MA. Kontakt dermatitli hastalarda yama testi sonuçları: Beş yıllık retrospektif çalışma. Türkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol. 2008; 18: 215-22.
  • 8. Uçar-Tavlı Y, Mevlitoğlu İ, Şahin TK, Daye M. Beş yıllık yama testi sonuçlarımız. Genel Tıp Derg. 2012; 22(1): 16-20.
  • 9. Bocca B, Forte G, Senofonte O, et al. A pilot study on the content and the release of Ni and other allergenic metals from cheap earrings available on the Italian market. Science of the Total Environment. 2007; 388: 24-34.
  • 10. Thyssen JP, Menné T. Metal allergy-A review on exposures, penetration, genetics, prevalence, and clinical implications. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010; 23(2): 309–318.
  • 11. Hamann CR, Hamann DJ, Hamann QJ, et al. Assessment of nickel release from earrings randomly purchased in China and Thailand using the dimethylglyoxime test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010; 62:232-240.
  • 12. Commission Directive 2004/96/EC of 27 September 2004. Official Journal L 301.
  • 13. Junping Y, Wei L, Chang W. Nickel release of 10 K white gold alloy for jewelry. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 2012; 41(6): 0947-0951.
  • 14. Thyssen JP, Maibach HI. Nickel release from earrings purchased in the United States: The San Francisco earring study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 58: 1000-5.
  • 15. Thyssen JP, Skare L, Lundgren L. Sensitivity and specificity of the nickel spot (dimethylglyoxime) test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010; 62: 279–288.
  • 16. Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD. Nickel release from inexpensive jewelry and hair clasps purchased in an EU country - Are consumers sufficiently protected from nickel exposure? Science of the Total Environment. 2009; 407: 5315–5318.
  • 17. European nickel release standard, EN 1811:2011+A1:2015, defined the test method and criteria for compliance with the REACH Annex XVII requirements for nickel release.
  • 18. Technical Committee CEN/TC 283, (2002) Screening tests for nickel release from alloys and coatings in items that come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin (CR 12471:2002), ISBN: 0 580 40486 2

Determination of Nickel As An Allergic Contact Dermatitis Source From Imitation Jewelry by Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) Test

Year 2019, Volume: 41 Issue: 4, 397 - 404, 01.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.489500

Abstract

As the
largest immunologic organ, skin is often met allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel
compounds are known as carcinogenic and nickel is the main source of allergic
contact dermatitis. People are exposed to nickel in daily life through jewelry,
metal coins, watches, glasses. The high price of precious metals such as gold
and silver headed the consumer to imitation jewelry, however, using such
products increased the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis due to the
nickel components used in their coatings. Hence, European Commission restricted
the nickel release from metal objects and targeted to reduce effects of short
and prolonged contact with the skin.  The
aim of this study was to determine the nickel release by Dimethylglioxime test
from imitation jewelry purchased in Istanbul and to consider the nickel release
according to price and shopping categories. Imitation jewelry objects (n=385)
were purchased from 21 different points in Istanbul with different prices,
including 30 bracelets, 29 necklaces, 73 rings, 12 nose rings, 18 piercings
(for tongue, lips, external ear, belly button) and 223 earrings.
Dimethylglyoxime tests were applied to objects before and after the incubation
in artificial sweat solutions. According to the DMG test results, 96 items
(%24.9) were found positive for nickel. Considering the price, the number of
nickel releasing objects were significantly higher among low priced objects
(p=0.001). In addition, number of Ni-positive items purchased
from chain stores was found significantly lower than others
(p=0.001). Release of nickel in imitation objects, which are
generally used by women, should be audited and controlled because of its
dermatological and long-term carcinogenic effects. It is thought that this study
will guide to further studies and regulations as the first reported study from
Turkey.

References

  • 1. Denkhaus E, Salnikow K. Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2002; 42: 35–56.
  • 2. Cempel M, Nikel G. Nickel: A review of its sources and environmental toxicology. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 2006; 15(3): 375-382.
  • 3. Schaumlöffel D. Nickel species: Analysis and toxic effects. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2012; 26: 1– 6.
  • 4. IARC, 1990. Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Chromium, nickel and welding, vol 49, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
  • 5. Mowad CM, Marks Jr JG. (2012) Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV. Editors. Dermatology. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier; pp. 233-248.
  • 6. Boonchai W, Maneeprasopchoke P, Suiwongsa B, Kasemsarn P. Assessment of nickel and cobalt release from jewelry from a non-nickel directive country. Dermatitis. 2015; 26(1): 44-48.
  • 7. Doğramacı AÇ, Gürer MA. Kontakt dermatitli hastalarda yama testi sonuçları: Beş yıllık retrospektif çalışma. Türkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol. 2008; 18: 215-22.
  • 8. Uçar-Tavlı Y, Mevlitoğlu İ, Şahin TK, Daye M. Beş yıllık yama testi sonuçlarımız. Genel Tıp Derg. 2012; 22(1): 16-20.
  • 9. Bocca B, Forte G, Senofonte O, et al. A pilot study on the content and the release of Ni and other allergenic metals from cheap earrings available on the Italian market. Science of the Total Environment. 2007; 388: 24-34.
  • 10. Thyssen JP, Menné T. Metal allergy-A review on exposures, penetration, genetics, prevalence, and clinical implications. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010; 23(2): 309–318.
  • 11. Hamann CR, Hamann DJ, Hamann QJ, et al. Assessment of nickel release from earrings randomly purchased in China and Thailand using the dimethylglyoxime test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010; 62:232-240.
  • 12. Commission Directive 2004/96/EC of 27 September 2004. Official Journal L 301.
  • 13. Junping Y, Wei L, Chang W. Nickel release of 10 K white gold alloy for jewelry. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 2012; 41(6): 0947-0951.
  • 14. Thyssen JP, Maibach HI. Nickel release from earrings purchased in the United States: The San Francisco earring study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 58: 1000-5.
  • 15. Thyssen JP, Skare L, Lundgren L. Sensitivity and specificity of the nickel spot (dimethylglyoxime) test. Contact Dermatitis. 2010; 62: 279–288.
  • 16. Thyssen JP, Menné T, Johansen JD. Nickel release from inexpensive jewelry and hair clasps purchased in an EU country - Are consumers sufficiently protected from nickel exposure? Science of the Total Environment. 2009; 407: 5315–5318.
  • 17. European nickel release standard, EN 1811:2011+A1:2015, defined the test method and criteria for compliance with the REACH Annex XVII requirements for nickel release.
  • 18. Technical Committee CEN/TC 283, (2002) Screening tests for nickel release from alloys and coatings in items that come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin (CR 12471:2002), ISBN: 0 580 40486 2
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section ORİJİNAL MAKALE
Authors

Selda Mercan 0000-0002-0431-6972

Publication Date October 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 41 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Mercan S. Allerjik Kontakt Dermatit Kaynağı olan Nikelin İmitasyon Takılardan Dimetilglioksim (DMG) Testi ile Tespiti. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2019;41(4):397-404.


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