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Evaluation of Immunization Knowledge Sufficiency Levels, Attitudes and Behaviors and Health Literacy Levels of Adults

Year 2021, Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 7 - 19, 20.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.696984

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the immunization knowledge sufficiency levels, attitudes and behaviors and health literacy levels of adults living in the district center of Alpu, Eskisehir. The study is a cross-sectional study conducted on individuals aged 18 years and over who live in the district center of Alpu between 16 November and 30 December 2018. The study group consisted of 955 participants who gave their verbal consent. The survey includes questions about the evaluation of immunization knowledge, attitudes and practices and the questions from the European Health Literacy Scale Short Form(HLS-EU-Q16). The statistical significance value was accepted as p≤0.05. 493 participants (51.62%) of the study group were female. Their ages ranged between 18 and 85 years with a mean±SD of 42.66±15.64 years. In the study, it was found that 325 people(34.03%) had insufficient knowledge of immunization. A positive weak correlation was found between the scores obtained from the information questions about immunization and the scores obtained from HLS-EU-Q16(r=0.252;p=0.001). It was found that there was a weak positive correlation between the scores obtained from information questions about immunization and the scores obtained from questions about their attitudes and practices towards immunization services(r=0.333;p=0.001). Being 65 years and older, living in the village having not been vaccinated in the last 10 years and lack of previous information about vaccines, were found to be important risk factors for lack of knowledge level on immunization. In the study, 34.03% of the participants in the group had insufficient knowledge of immunization. Determining the factors that affect the level of knowledge about immunization may be important in terms of sustaining the effectiveness of vaccination applications and campaigns. Health education and information services can be provided to increase the level of immunization knowledge.                                                 

References

  • 1. Riedel S, editor Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings; 2005: Taylor & Francis.
  • 2. Ullmann A. Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases. Microbe-American Society for Microbiology. 2007;2:383.
  • 3. World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Erişim: https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en/. (Erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019)
  • 4. Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, et al. Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bulletin of the World health organization. 2008;86:140-6.
  • 5. Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. The American journal of medicine. 2008;121:S28-S35.
  • 6. Toprak D, Akan H, Köksal İ, Sargın M. Erişkin aşılaması, uygulamadaki sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, aile hekimlerinin erişkin aşılamasındaki rolü. Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi. 2018;22:166-74.
  • 7. Salmon DA, Moulton LH, Omer SB, DeHart MP, Stokley S, Halsey NA. Factors associated with refusal of childhood vaccines among parents of school-aged children: a case-control study. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2005;159:470-6.
  • 8. Ropeik D. How society should respond to the risk of vaccine rejection. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2013;9:1815-8.
  • 9. Sadaf A, Richards JL, Glanz J, Salmon DA, Omer SB. A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2013;31:4293-304.
  • 10. Patel H, Jeve YB, Sherman SM, Moss EL. Knowledge of human papillomavirus and the human papillomavirus vaccine in European adolescents: a systematic review. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:474-9.
  • 11. Lorini C, Santomauro F, Donzellini M, Capecchi L, Bechini A, Boccalini S, et al. Health literacy and vaccination: A systematic review. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2018;14:478-88.
  • 12. Wilson FL, Baker LM, Nordstrom CK, Legwand C. Using the teach-back and Orem's Self-care Deficit Nursing theory to increase childhood immunization communication among low-income mothers. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing. 2008;31:7-22.
  • 13. Castro-Sánchez E, Chang PW, Vila-Candel R, Escobedo AA, Holmes AH. Health literacy and infectious diseases: why does it matter? International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;43:103-10.
  • 14. Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Viera A, Crotty K, et al. Health literacy interventions and outcomes: an updated systematic review. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2011;199:941.
  • 15. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Erişim: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr. (Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2019)
  • 16. Özdamar K. Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi-2 (Çok değişkenli analizler). Yenilenmiş 5. Baskı, ETAM A.Ş.: Matbaa Tesisleri, Kaan Kitapevi, Eskişehir, 2004; 324-54.
  • 17. Sørensen K, Pelikan JM, Röthlin F, Ganahl K, Slonska Z, Doyle G, et al. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). European journal of public health. 2015;25:1053-8.
  • 18. GO E, Aygar H, Isiktekin B. Health literacy scale-European union. Int. Res. J. Medical Sci. 2018;6:1-7.
  • 19. Tanrıöver MD, Yıldırım H, Ready ND, Çakır B, Akalın E. Türkiye sağlık okuryazarlığı araştırması. Sağlık-Sen Yayınları. 2014;25:55.
  • 20. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health promotion international. 2000;15:259-67.
  • 21. Porr C, Drummond J, Richter S. Health literacy as an empowerment tool for low-income mothers. Family & Community Health. 2006;29:328-35.
  • 22. İneli BU. “18 Yaş Üstü Erişkinlerin, Erişkin Aşıları Konusundaki Bilgi, Tutum Ve Görüşleri İle AşıYaptırma Oranlarının Değerlendirilmesi”. Uzmanlık Tezi, Antalya; 2016.
  • 23. Baran Aksakal FN, Kocak C, Ugras Dikmen A, Altun B, Buyukdemirci E. Investigation of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors Related To Adult Vaccination of People Over 18 Years Old Who Apply To Family Health Centers in Ankara. Flora İnfeksİyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 2018;23:124-34.
  • 24. Zingg A, Siegrist M. Measuring people's knowledge about vaccination: developing a one-dimensional scale. Vaccine. 2012;30:3771-7.
  • 25. Awadh AI, Hassali MA, Al-lela OQ, Bux SH, Elkalmi RM, Hadi H. Immunization knowledge and practice among Malaysian parents: a questionnaire development and pilot-testing. BMC public health. 2014;14:1107.
  • 26. Ritvo P, Irvine J, Klar N, Wilson K, Brown L, Bremner KE, et al. A Canadian national survey of attitudes and knowledge regarding preventive vaccines. Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines. 2003;1:3.
  • 27. Park B, Choi KS, Lee H-Y, Kwak M-S, Jun JK, Park E-C. Determinants of suboptimal hepatitis B vaccine uptake among men in the Republic of Korea: where should our efforts be focused: results from cross-sectional study. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13:218.
  • 28. Viswanath K, Breen N, Meissner H, Moser RP, Hesse B, Steele WR, et al. Cancer knowledge and disparities in the information age. Journal of health communication. 2006;11:1-17.
  • 29. Marazienė D, Klumbienė J, Tomkevičiūtė J, Misevičienė I. Sources and reasons for seeking health information by Lithuanian adults. Medicina. 2012;48:55.
  • 30. Tan L. Adult vaccination: now is the time to realize an unfulfilled potential. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2015;11:2158-66.
  • 31. Ulusal Aşı Çalıştayı, Çalıştay Raporu. Ankara, 24-26 Mart 2016. Erişim: http://www.enfeksiyon.org.tr/2.calistayrapor.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:07.08.2019).
  • 32. Uzuner A, Arabacı Ş, Yüceel Aİ, Kocatürk AC, Kaynar E, Khan A. Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors of Adults About Adulthood Immunization. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.12:215-25.
  • 33. Bal H, Börekçi G. Mersin ilindeki bir aile sağlığı merkezine kayıtlı altmış beş yaş ve üstü bireylerin erişkin aşılama durumları ve etkileyen faktörler. 2016.
  • 34. Coşkun FO, Sargın M. Aile hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran 65 yaş ve üstü kişilerde aşılanma sıklığı ve farkındalığı. Ankara Medical Journal. 2018;18:1-13.
  • 35. Akmatov MK, Rübsamen N, Deyneko IV, Karch A, Mikolajczyk RT. Poor knowledge of vaccination recommendations and negative attitudes towards vaccinations are independently associated with poor vaccination uptake among adults–findings of a population-based panel study in Lower Saxony, Germany. Vaccine. 2018;36:2417-26.
  • 36. Fry CA, Silverman EP, Miller S. Addressing Pneumococcal Vaccine Uptake Disparities among African‐American Adults in the United States. Public Health Nursing. 2016;33:277-82.
  • 37. Ganczak M, Dmytrzyk-Daniłów G, Korzeń M, Szych Z. A cross-sectional serosurvey on hepatitis B vaccination uptake among adult patients from GP practices in a region of South-West Poland. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1060.
  • 38. Bilgili P, Çakmak T, Aşık Z. Knowledges, attitudes and behaviours of adults about adult vaccines. Turkish Journal of Family Practice. 2013;17:113-8.
  • 39. Skowronski DM, Pielak K, Remple VP, Halperin BA, Patrick DM, Naus M, et al. Adult tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis immunization: knowledge, beliefs, behavior and anticipated uptake. Vaccine. 2004;23:353-61.
  • 40. Smith SG, Forster AS, Kobayashi LC. Predictors of human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge in 2013: The importance of health literacy. American journal of preventive medicine. 2015;49:e5-e7.
  • 41. White S, Chen J, Atchison R. Relationship of preventive health practices and health literacy: a national study. American journal of health behavior. 2008;32:227-42.
  • 42. Aharon AA, Nehama H, Rishpon S, Baron-Epel O. Parents with high levels of communicative and critical health literacy are less likely to vaccinate their children. Patient education and counseling. 2017;100:768-75.
  • 43. Pati S, Feemster KA, Mohamad Z, Fiks A, Grundmeier R, Cnaan A. Maternal health literacy and late initiation of immunizations among an inner-city birth cohort. Maternal and child health journal. 2011;15:386-94.
  • 44. Al-lela OQB, Bahari MB, Al-abbassi MG, Basher AY. Development of a questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and practice about immunization among Iraqi parents. Journal of Public Health. 2011;19:497-503.
  • 45. Zhang X, Wang L, Zhu X, Wang K. Knowledge, attitude and practice survey on immunization service delivery in Guangxi and Gansu, China. Social science & medicine. 1999;49:1125-7.

Erişkinlerin Bağışıklama Bilgi Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin, Tutum ve Davranışları ile Sağlık Okuryazarlık Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 7 - 19, 20.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.696984

Abstract

Çalışmada, Eskişehir ili Alpu ilçe merkezinde yaşayan erişkin bireylerin bağışıklama bilgi yeterlilik düzeylerinin, tutum ve davranışları ile sağlık okuryazarlık düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Çalışma, 16.11.2018-30.12.2018 tarihleri arasında Alpu ilçe merkezinde yaşayan 18 yaş ve üzeri bireylerde yapılan kesitsel tipte bir araştırmadır. Çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden ve sözlü onamları alınan 955 kişi çalışma grubunu oluşturdu. Hazırlanan anket form, bağışıklama bilgi, tutum ve davranışlarının değerlendirilmesi ile ilgili soruları ve Avrupa Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği Kısa Formunun (HLS-EU-Q16) sorularını içermektedir. İstatistiksel anlamlılık değeri olarak p≤0.05 olarak kabul edildi. Çalışma grubunu oluşturanların 493’ü (%51,62) kadındı. Yaşları 18-85 arasında değişmekte olup, ortalama±SD 42,66±15,64 yıl idi. Çalışmada, 325 kişinin (%34,03) bağışıklama bilgi düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğu saptandı. Bağışıklama ile ilgili bilgi sorularından alınan puanlar ile HLS-EU-Q16’den alınan puanlar arasında pozitif yönde zayıf bir ilişki bulundu(r=0.252; p=0.001). Bağışıklama ile ilgili bilgi sorularından alınan puanlar ile bağışıklama hizmetlerine karşı tutum ve davranışlar ile ilgili sorulardan alınan puanlar arasında pozitif yönde zayıf bir ilişki olduğu saptandı(r=0,333; p=0,001). 65 yaş ve üzerinde olmanın, köyde yaşamanın, son 10 yıl içerisinde herhangi bir aşı yaptırmamış olmanın ve aşılar hakkında önceden bilgi edinmemenin, bağışıklama bilgi düzeyi yetersizliği için önemli risk faktörleri olduğu saptandı. Çalışmada grubundakilerin %34,03’ünün bağışıklama bilgi düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğu görüldü. Bağışıklama ile ilgili bilgi düzeyini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi, aşı uygulamalarının ve kampanyalarının etkinliğinin sürdürülebilmesi açısından önemli olabilir. Bağışıklama bilgi düzeyini arttırmak için sağlık eğitimi ve bilgilendirme hizmetleri sağlanabilir.

References

  • 1. Riedel S, editor Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings; 2005: Taylor & Francis.
  • 2. Ullmann A. Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases. Microbe-American Society for Microbiology. 2007;2:383.
  • 3. World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Erişim: https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en/. (Erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019)
  • 4. Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, et al. Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bulletin of the World health organization. 2008;86:140-6.
  • 5. Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. The American journal of medicine. 2008;121:S28-S35.
  • 6. Toprak D, Akan H, Köksal İ, Sargın M. Erişkin aşılaması, uygulamadaki sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, aile hekimlerinin erişkin aşılamasındaki rolü. Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi. 2018;22:166-74.
  • 7. Salmon DA, Moulton LH, Omer SB, DeHart MP, Stokley S, Halsey NA. Factors associated with refusal of childhood vaccines among parents of school-aged children: a case-control study. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2005;159:470-6.
  • 8. Ropeik D. How society should respond to the risk of vaccine rejection. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2013;9:1815-8.
  • 9. Sadaf A, Richards JL, Glanz J, Salmon DA, Omer SB. A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2013;31:4293-304.
  • 10. Patel H, Jeve YB, Sherman SM, Moss EL. Knowledge of human papillomavirus and the human papillomavirus vaccine in European adolescents: a systematic review. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:474-9.
  • 11. Lorini C, Santomauro F, Donzellini M, Capecchi L, Bechini A, Boccalini S, et al. Health literacy and vaccination: A systematic review. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2018;14:478-88.
  • 12. Wilson FL, Baker LM, Nordstrom CK, Legwand C. Using the teach-back and Orem's Self-care Deficit Nursing theory to increase childhood immunization communication among low-income mothers. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing. 2008;31:7-22.
  • 13. Castro-Sánchez E, Chang PW, Vila-Candel R, Escobedo AA, Holmes AH. Health literacy and infectious diseases: why does it matter? International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;43:103-10.
  • 14. Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Viera A, Crotty K, et al. Health literacy interventions and outcomes: an updated systematic review. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2011;199:941.
  • 15. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Erişim: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr. (Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2019)
  • 16. Özdamar K. Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi-2 (Çok değişkenli analizler). Yenilenmiş 5. Baskı, ETAM A.Ş.: Matbaa Tesisleri, Kaan Kitapevi, Eskişehir, 2004; 324-54.
  • 17. Sørensen K, Pelikan JM, Röthlin F, Ganahl K, Slonska Z, Doyle G, et al. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). European journal of public health. 2015;25:1053-8.
  • 18. GO E, Aygar H, Isiktekin B. Health literacy scale-European union. Int. Res. J. Medical Sci. 2018;6:1-7.
  • 19. Tanrıöver MD, Yıldırım H, Ready ND, Çakır B, Akalın E. Türkiye sağlık okuryazarlığı araştırması. Sağlık-Sen Yayınları. 2014;25:55.
  • 20. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health promotion international. 2000;15:259-67.
  • 21. Porr C, Drummond J, Richter S. Health literacy as an empowerment tool for low-income mothers. Family & Community Health. 2006;29:328-35.
  • 22. İneli BU. “18 Yaş Üstü Erişkinlerin, Erişkin Aşıları Konusundaki Bilgi, Tutum Ve Görüşleri İle AşıYaptırma Oranlarının Değerlendirilmesi”. Uzmanlık Tezi, Antalya; 2016.
  • 23. Baran Aksakal FN, Kocak C, Ugras Dikmen A, Altun B, Buyukdemirci E. Investigation of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors Related To Adult Vaccination of People Over 18 Years Old Who Apply To Family Health Centers in Ankara. Flora İnfeksİyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 2018;23:124-34.
  • 24. Zingg A, Siegrist M. Measuring people's knowledge about vaccination: developing a one-dimensional scale. Vaccine. 2012;30:3771-7.
  • 25. Awadh AI, Hassali MA, Al-lela OQ, Bux SH, Elkalmi RM, Hadi H. Immunization knowledge and practice among Malaysian parents: a questionnaire development and pilot-testing. BMC public health. 2014;14:1107.
  • 26. Ritvo P, Irvine J, Klar N, Wilson K, Brown L, Bremner KE, et al. A Canadian national survey of attitudes and knowledge regarding preventive vaccines. Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines. 2003;1:3.
  • 27. Park B, Choi KS, Lee H-Y, Kwak M-S, Jun JK, Park E-C. Determinants of suboptimal hepatitis B vaccine uptake among men in the Republic of Korea: where should our efforts be focused: results from cross-sectional study. BMC infectious diseases. 2013;13:218.
  • 28. Viswanath K, Breen N, Meissner H, Moser RP, Hesse B, Steele WR, et al. Cancer knowledge and disparities in the information age. Journal of health communication. 2006;11:1-17.
  • 29. Marazienė D, Klumbienė J, Tomkevičiūtė J, Misevičienė I. Sources and reasons for seeking health information by Lithuanian adults. Medicina. 2012;48:55.
  • 30. Tan L. Adult vaccination: now is the time to realize an unfulfilled potential. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics. 2015;11:2158-66.
  • 31. Ulusal Aşı Çalıştayı, Çalıştay Raporu. Ankara, 24-26 Mart 2016. Erişim: http://www.enfeksiyon.org.tr/2.calistayrapor.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:07.08.2019).
  • 32. Uzuner A, Arabacı Ş, Yüceel Aİ, Kocatürk AC, Kaynar E, Khan A. Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors of Adults About Adulthood Immunization. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.12:215-25.
  • 33. Bal H, Börekçi G. Mersin ilindeki bir aile sağlığı merkezine kayıtlı altmış beş yaş ve üstü bireylerin erişkin aşılama durumları ve etkileyen faktörler. 2016.
  • 34. Coşkun FO, Sargın M. Aile hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran 65 yaş ve üstü kişilerde aşılanma sıklığı ve farkındalığı. Ankara Medical Journal. 2018;18:1-13.
  • 35. Akmatov MK, Rübsamen N, Deyneko IV, Karch A, Mikolajczyk RT. Poor knowledge of vaccination recommendations and negative attitudes towards vaccinations are independently associated with poor vaccination uptake among adults–findings of a population-based panel study in Lower Saxony, Germany. Vaccine. 2018;36:2417-26.
  • 36. Fry CA, Silverman EP, Miller S. Addressing Pneumococcal Vaccine Uptake Disparities among African‐American Adults in the United States. Public Health Nursing. 2016;33:277-82.
  • 37. Ganczak M, Dmytrzyk-Daniłów G, Korzeń M, Szych Z. A cross-sectional serosurvey on hepatitis B vaccination uptake among adult patients from GP practices in a region of South-West Poland. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1060.
  • 38. Bilgili P, Çakmak T, Aşık Z. Knowledges, attitudes and behaviours of adults about adult vaccines. Turkish Journal of Family Practice. 2013;17:113-8.
  • 39. Skowronski DM, Pielak K, Remple VP, Halperin BA, Patrick DM, Naus M, et al. Adult tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis immunization: knowledge, beliefs, behavior and anticipated uptake. Vaccine. 2004;23:353-61.
  • 40. Smith SG, Forster AS, Kobayashi LC. Predictors of human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge in 2013: The importance of health literacy. American journal of preventive medicine. 2015;49:e5-e7.
  • 41. White S, Chen J, Atchison R. Relationship of preventive health practices and health literacy: a national study. American journal of health behavior. 2008;32:227-42.
  • 42. Aharon AA, Nehama H, Rishpon S, Baron-Epel O. Parents with high levels of communicative and critical health literacy are less likely to vaccinate their children. Patient education and counseling. 2017;100:768-75.
  • 43. Pati S, Feemster KA, Mohamad Z, Fiks A, Grundmeier R, Cnaan A. Maternal health literacy and late initiation of immunizations among an inner-city birth cohort. Maternal and child health journal. 2011;15:386-94.
  • 44. Al-lela OQB, Bahari MB, Al-abbassi MG, Basher AY. Development of a questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and practice about immunization among Iraqi parents. Journal of Public Health. 2011;19:497-503.
  • 45. Zhang X, Wang L, Zhu X, Wang K. Knowledge, attitude and practice survey on immunization service delivery in Guangxi and Gansu, China. Social science & medicine. 1999;49:1125-7.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section ORİJİNAL MAKALE
Authors

Cüneyt Çam 0000-0002-1635-1345

Alaattin Ünsal 0000-0001-8353-1605

Didem Arslantas 0000-0002-5263-3710

Ali Kılınç 0000-0002-0577-8570

Gülsüm Öztürk Emiral 0000-0001-8781-4127

Publication Date January 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 43 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Çam C, Ünsal A, Arslantas D, Kılınç A, Öztürk Emiral G. Erişkinlerin Bağışıklama Bilgi Yeterlilik Düzeylerinin, Tutum ve Davranışları ile Sağlık Okuryazarlık Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2021;43(1):7-19.


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