Sigara İçenlerde Serum Nikel, Silisyum, Arsenik ve Bor Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 43 Sayı: 4, 374 - 381, 18.05.2021

Fatma Ateş Alkan , Denizhan Karış , Gülfidan Çakmak Alev Ercan

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.886366

Öz

Sigara içimiyle oluşan radikaller, inflamasyon ile oksidatif stresi uyararak kardiyoserebrovasküler ve solunum sistemi hastalıklar, kanserler, felç ve ani ölüme sebep olmaktadır. Tütün bitkisinde ve sigara dumanında bulunan elementler kan dolaşımı aracılığıyla perifer dokulara geçmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH) tanısı olmayan sigara içenlerde serum nikel (Ni), silisyum (Si), arsenik (As) ve bor (B) düzeylerindeki değişiklikleri değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma grupları sigarayı bırakanlar (Grup 1; n: 35; 15 kadın / 20 erkek), sigara içenler (Grup 2; n: 35; 13 kadın, 22 erkek) ve sigara içmeyenlerden (Grup 3; n; 40; 20 kadın / 20 erkek) oluşturuldu. Biyokimyasal parametreler Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Biyokimya Laboratuvarında ölçüldü. Serum element düzeyleri İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Biyofizik Anabilim Dalı Eser Element Laboratuvarı'nda İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma Atomik Emisyon Spektroskopisi kullanılarak ölçüldü. İstatistiksel analiz için ANOVA testi ve Pearson's korelasyon testleri kullanıldı. p <0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olarak değerlendirildi. Grup 2'nin serum Ni düzeyleri diğer çalışma gruplarına daha yüksek olmasına rağmen, istatistiksel anlamlılık yoktu. Grup 2’nin serum Si ve As düzeyleri, Grup 1 ve Grup 3'ten istatistiksel olarak daha yüksekti (p <0.01, p <0.05, sırasıyla ). Çalışma grupları arasında serum B düzeyleri açısından istatistiksel anlamlılık yoktu. Sigara içenlerde artmış serum Si ve As düzeyleri, inflamasyon, dislipidemi ve oksidatif stres aracılığıyla ateroskleroza neden olabilir. Ayrıca, sigara içenlerde serum Ni düzeylerinin yüksek olması, Ni’in toksik etkilerini yansıtabilir. Bununla birlikte, sigara içenlerde serum B düzeyinin daha düşük olması, muhtemelen biyolojik savunma mekanizmalarında tüketilmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Serum nikel, silisyum, arsenik ve bor düzeylerinin takibi sigara içenler için biyolojik belirteçler olarak kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nikel, silisyum, arsenik, bor, sigara içimi

Destekleyen Kurum

İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

Proje Numarası

15364

Analysis of Serum Nickel, Silicium, Arsenic and Boron in Smoking Individuals

Öz

Smoking induces inflammation and oxidative stress via radical production from chemicals resulting in cardiocerebrovascular and respiratory diseases, cancers, stroke and sudden death. Elements found in tobacco plant and tobacco smoke are absorbed into blood circulation and transferred into blood and peripheral tissues. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the alterations of serum nickel (Ni), silicium (Si), arsenic (As) and boron (B) levels in smokers. The study groups were categorized as individuals who quitted smoking (Group 1; n: 35; 15 female/20 male), who were smoking (Group 2; n:35; 13 female, 22 male) and who never-smoked (Group 3; n; 40; 20 female/20 male). Biochemical parameters were analyzed in Biochemistry Laboratory of Haseki Traning and Research Hospital. Serum element levels were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy in Trace Element Laboratory of Biophysics Department of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa. ANOVA test and Pearson’s correlation tests were used for statistical analysis and p < 0.05 was evaluated as statistically significant. Serum Ni levels of Group 2 were higher than the other study groups with no significance. Group 2 had statistically higher serum Si and As levels than Group 1 and Group 3 (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). There was no statistical significance by means of serum B levels among study groups. Increased serum levels of Si and As in smokers might induce atherosclerosis via inflammation, dyslipidemia and burden oxidative stress. Besides, higher serum Ni levels of smokers might reflect its toxic effects. However, serum B was lower in smokers probably related with its consumption in biological defence mechanisms. Monitorization of serum nickel, silicium, arsenic and boron levels should be considered as biomarkers for smokers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nickel, Silicicium, Arsenic, Boron, Smocking

Proje Numarası

15364

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization WHO (1996) Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. World Health Organization, Geneva.
• 2. Ates Alkan F, Karis D, Cakmak G, Ercan AM. Analysis of the Relationship Between Hemorheologic Parameters, Aluminum, Manganese, and Selenium in Smoker. BTER 2019;187(1):22-31.
• 3. Uz E, Sahin S, Hepsen IF, Var A, Sogut S, Akyol O. The Relationship Between Serum Trace Element Changes and Visual Function in Heavy Smokers. Acta Opthalmol Scand. 2003; 81:161–4.
• 4. Duzgun Ergun D, Karıs D, Ateş Alkan F, Çakmak G, Yenigün M, Ercan M. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Hemorheologic Parameters, Plasma Osmolality and Lung Function. Clin Hemoheol Microcirc. 2016;63:313–24.
• 5. Wagner GJ. Accumulation of Cadmium in Crop Plants and Its Consequences to Human Health. Advances in Agronomy 1993;51:173–212.
• 6. Kozlowski L, O'Connor R. Cigarette Filter Ventilation is a Defective Design Because of Misleading Taste, Bigger Puffs, and Blocked Vents. Tobb Control 2002;11(1):i40-i50.
• 7. Csalari J, Szantai K. Saucing of Tobacco-Cut so as to İncrease Microelement Content in the Cigarette Smoke. Acta Alimentaria 2002;31(1):83-92.
• 8. Massadeh AM, Alali FQ, Jaradat QM. Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Different Brands of Cigarettes in Jordan. Environ Monit Assess. 2005;104:163–70.
• 9. Freeland-Graves JH Sanjeevi, N, Lee JJ. Global Perspectives on Trace Element Requirements. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;31:135–41.
• 10. Öztoprak S. (2018), Kapalı otoparklarda çalışanlarda egzoz gazı maruziyetine bağlı ağır metal ve total antioksidan kapasitesi seviyelerinin ölçülmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Diyarbakır.
• 11. Torjussen W, Zachariasen H, Andersen I. Cigarette Smoking and Nickel Exposure. J Environ Monit. 2003;5(2):198-201.
• 12. Heckman CA, Lehman GL. Ultrastructure and Distribution of Intracellular Spicules in Rat Lung Following Chronic Tobacco Smoke Exposure. J Natl Cancer I. 1985;74:647-57.
• 13. Steven Pappas R, Halstead MM, Watson CH. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar. Int J Respir Pulm Med. 2016;3(1):1-17.
• 14. Lynn WS, Kylstra JA, Sahu SC, Tainer J, Shelburne J, Pratt PC, Gutknecht WF, Shaw R, Ingram P. Investigations of Black Bronchoalveolar Human Lavage Fluid. Chest 1977;72:483-8.
• 15. Choux R, Pautrat J, Viallat J, Farisse P, Boutin C. Inorganic Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Alveolar Macrophages. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1978;102:79-83.
• 16. Pappas RS. Toxic Elements in Tobacco and in Cigarette Smoke: Inflammation and Sensitization. Metallomics. 2011; 3(11): 1181-98.
• 17. Rodriguez VM, Jimenez-Capdeville ME, Giordano M. The Effects of Arsenic Exposure on the Nervous Systeme. Toxicology Letters 2001;145(1): 1-18.
• 18. Ratnaike RN. Acute and Chronic Arsenic Toxicity. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:391-6.
• 19. Kuru R, Yarat A. Boron and a Current Overview of its Effects on Health. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2017;7:107-14.
• 20. Park M, Li Q, Shcheynikov N, Muallem S, Zeng W. Borate Transport and Cell Growth and Proliferation. Not Only in Plants. Cell Cycle 2005;4(1):24-6.
• 21. Khaliq H, Juming Z, Ke-Mei P. The Physiological Role of Boron on Health. BTER, 2018;186(1):31-51.
• 22. Moustafa SM. Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Experimen Med. 2015;3(5):247-54.
• 23. Gil F, Hernandez AF, Marquez C, Femia P, Olmedo P, Lopez-Guarnido O, Pla A. Biomonitorization of Cadmium, Chromium, Manganese, Nickel and Lead in Whole Blood, Urine, Axillary Hair and Saliva in an Ooccupationally Exposed Population, Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(6):1172-80.
• 24. Khlifi R, Olmedo P, Gi, F, Tounsi MF, Hammami M, Rebai A, Chaffai AM. Nikel Biomonitoring of Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel and Arsenic in General Population Living Near Mining and Active İndustrial Areas in Southern Tunisia. Environ Monit Assess. 2013;186:761-9.
• 25. Protano C, Astolfi ML, Canepari S, Vitali M. Urinary Levels of Trace Elements Among Primary School-Aged Children from Italy: The Contribution of Smoking Habits of Family Members. Sci Tot Environ. 2016;557:378-85.
• 26. Brody AR, Craighead JE. Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Pulmonary Macrophages of Cigarette Smokers. Lab Invest. 1975;32(2):125-32.
• 27. Ferreccio C, Smith AH, Durán V, Barlaro T, Benítez H, Valdés R, et al. Case-Control Study of Arsenic in Drinking Water and Kidney Cancer in Uniquely Exposed Northern Chile. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(5):813-18.
• 28. Kucukkurt I, Akbel E, Karabag F, Ince S. The Effects of Dietary Boron Compounds in Supplemented Diet on Hormonal Activity and Some Biochemical Parameters in Rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2015;31(3): 255-60.