Research Article
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An Evaluation Of Healthcare System Resilience in a Possible Earthquake: The Case of Istanbul

Year 2024, Volume: 46 Issue: 3, 359 - 377, 27.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1421515

Abstract

Turkey is frequently exposed to natural disasters due to both its geopolitical structure and geographical location. As a matter of fact, tens of thousands of people lost their lives and more than a hundred thousand people were injured in the recent Maraş Earthquakes, which were effective in 11 provinces and occurred consecutively. In these earthquakes, many of the institutions and organizations providing health services were destroyed, and many health personnel living in those regions were lost. This situation has caused serious disruptions in the provision of health services in the region. This research was conducted to examine the health care capacity of 39 districts in Istanbul in preparation for a possible Istanbul earthquake, which is frequently mentioned by earthquake experts. The study used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to determine healthcare capacity. DEA analyzes were carried out using BCC-CCR input and output oriented models. According to the analysis results, 12.8% (5 districts) in BCC input-output oriented models in the health services capacity of districts in Istanbul; in CCR input-output oriented models, 7.6% (3 districts) were found to be fully effective. In addition, it was determined that the technical efficiency average in health services of 39 districts was between 0.155-0.594. This research was conducted under the assumption that the available medical facilities in Istanbul can operate at full capacity for the health services needed in a possible Istanbul Earthquake, and it has been interpreted that even under this assumption, the needed health services can be provided with an average of 37.4% capacity. As a result of the research, it was suggested that health services capacity planning in Istanbul should be done within the framework of the needs to be experienced at the district level.

Project Number

YOK

References

  • 1. Donahue A, Joyce PA. Framework for analyzing emergency management with an application to federal budgeting. Public Administration Review 2001; 61(6):728-740.
  • 2. Altay N, Green, WG. OR/MS research in disaster operations management, Eur. J. Oper. Res.2006;175(1):475–493.
  • 3. UCLG. Sendai afet risk azaltma çerçevesi raporu 2015-2030, https://uclg-mewa.org/kutuphane/yayinlar/ Erişim: 07.03.2023.
  • 4. Işık Ö, Aydınlıoğlu HM, Koç S, et al. Afet yönetimi ve afet odaklı sağlık hizmetleri, Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2012;Ek sayı 2; 82-123.
  • 5. Alkan N, Elmas İ, Karakuş M, Akkay E. Doğal afetler sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar: bir anket çalışması. Ulusal Travma Dergisi. 2001; (7):195-200.
  • 6. AFAD, 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş)Mw:7.7–Mw:7.6 Depremleri Raporu.2023;140, https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
  • 7. Phalkey R, Dash S, Mukhopadhyay A, et al. Prepared to react? Assessing the functional capacity of the primary health care system ın rural orissa, ındia to respond to the devastating flood of september 2008. Global Health Action. 2012;5(1): 10964.
  • 8. Al-Shareef AS, Alsulimani LK, Bojan HM, Masri TM, Grime JO, Molloy MS, Ciottone GR. Evaluation of hospitals’ disaster preparedness plans in the holy city of Makkah (mecca): a cross-sectional observation study. Prehospital And Disaster Medicine.2017; 32(1):33-45.
  • 9. Munasinghe NL, Matsui K. Examining disaster preparedness at matara district general hospital in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2019; (40):101154.
  • 10. Edwards JC, Kang J, Silenas R. Promoting regional disaster preparedness among rural hospitals. The Journal of Rural Health, 2008;24(3): 321-325.
  • 11. Şimşek AB. Gökteki Z, Afet sonrası sağlık hizmeti sunum potansiyeline göre şehirlerin sınıflandırılması. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364830201_Afet_Sonrasi_Saglik_Hizmeti_Sunum_Potansiyeline_Gore_Sehirlerin_Siniflandirilmasi [Erişim: Mar 2023].
  • 12. Çiftçi S, Sakallı ÜS. A mathematical modelling approach for planning health resources after earthquake: Kırıkkale city example. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University. 2023; 38(2): 1203-1216. 10.17341/gazimmfd.1092469
  • 13. Lillibridge SR, Noji E, Burkle FM. Disaster assessment: The emergency health evaluation of a population affected by a disaster. Ann. Emerg. Med.1993;22:1715–1720.
  • 14. Ceferino L, Mitrani-Reiser J, Kiremidjian A, Deierlein G, Bambarén C. Effective plans for hospital system response to earthquake emergencies. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4325.
  • 15. Bakırcı F. Üretimde etkinlik ve verimlilik ölçümü veri zarflama analizi teori ve uygulamalar. Atlas Yayınları. Ankara, 2006.
  • 16. Frehe T. An efficiency evaluation of small and medium sized industries by data envelopment analysis. Master Thesis, University of Vaasa, 2013.
  • 17. Kıllı M, Uludağ S. Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Maliyet Performansı Ölçümü: BIST Tekstil Sektöründe Bir Uygulama, BMIJ.2020;8(4):797-828,
  • 18. Kasap P, Güç F. veri zarflama analizi ile sağlık alanında bir performans değerlendirmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi.2022;12(1): 327-343.
  • 19. Seiford LM. Data envelopment analysis: the evolution of the state of the art (1978–1995). Journal of Productivity Analysis. 1996;7(2):99-137.
  • 20. Banker RD, Charnes A, Cooper WW. Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in DEA. Management Science.1984;30(9):1078-1092.
  • 21. Kalaycı S. SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik, Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2016.
  • 22. İBB. Olası deprem kayıp tahminleri kitapçığı 2020. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, İstanbul https://depremzemin.ibb.istanbul/wp-content/uploads. Erişim: 16.02.2023.
  • 23. Basara BB, Çağlar S, Aygün A, vd. Sağlık istatistikleri yıllığı- 2020, Sağlık Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı, ISBN: 978-975-590-854-0. Ankara,2022.
  • 24. Bahurmoz AM. Measuring efficiency in primary health care centres in Saudi Arabia. Economics and Administration. 1999;12(2):3-18.
  • 25. Tepe M. Kıyaslama Çalışmasında Veri Zarflama Analizi Kullanımı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • 26. Kirsch T, Mitrani-Reiser J, Bissell R, vd. Impact on hospital functions following the 2010 Chilean Earthquake. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4(2):122-128.
  • 27. Lin YX, Lin CH, Lin CH. A challenge for healthcare system resilience after an earthquake: The crowdedness of a first-aid hospital by non-urgent patients. PLoS One. 2021;2;16(4):e0249522.
  • 28. Rodriguez-Llanes JM., Hellman L, Wu Q, vd. Time to include burden of surgical injuries after disasters in the Global Surgery agenda? An assessment of DALYs and averted burden by surgery after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMJ Glob Health. 2018, 3:e000909.
  • 29. Chen Z, Chen X, Li Q, Chen J, The temporal hierarchy of shelters: A hierarchical location model for earthquake-shelter planning. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci.2013;27:612–1630.
  • 30. Isnaeni W, Asa’ad S, Hatta M, Syamsuddin S, Andiwijaya FR., Agustawijaya DS. The development of health capacity index for a semiQuantitative earthquake hazards risk analysis with a special reference to the Lombok Earthquake Disaster 2018, Advances in Health Sciences Research. 2021;46, 10.2991/ahsr.k.220206.040
  • 31. Çağlar A. Veri zarflama analizi ile belediyelerin etkinlik ölçümü. Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2003.
  • 32. Zhao J, Ding F, Wang Z, vd. A rapid public health needs assessment framework for after major earthquakes using high-resolution satellite ımagery, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018; 15: 1111; www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
  • 33. Bambaren C. Legal issues of humanitarian assistance after the 2007 earthquake in Pisco, Peru. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 2010; 25:203–206.
  • 34. Malish R, Oliver DE, Rush Jr vd. Potential roles of military-specific response to natural disasters —analysis of the rapid deployment of a mobile surgical team to the 2007 peruvian earthquake. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 2009;24:3–8.
  • 35. Bar-Dayan Y, Berad P, Mankuta D, vd. An earthquake disaster in Turkey: an overview of the experience of the Israeli Defence Forces field hospital in Adapazari. Disasters. 2000;24:262–270.
  • 36. Lee VJ, Low E, Ng YY, Teo C. Disaster relief and initial response to the earthquake and tsunami in Meulaboh, Indonesia. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2005;34:586–590.
  • 37. DSÖ. Minimum technical standards and recommendations for rehabilitation–emergency medical teams. Geneva. World Health Organization, 2016. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252809.
  • 38. Li XH, Zheng JC. Efficient Post-Disaster Patient Transportation And Transfer: Experiences And Lessons Learned İn Emergency Medical Rescue In Aceh After The 2004 Asian Tsunami. Mil Med. 2014;179(8):913-9.
  • 39. Johannessen KA, Kittelsen SA, Hagen TP. Assessing Physician productivity following norwegian hospital reform: a panel and data envelopment analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 2017;175: 117-126.
  • 40. Stefko R, Gavurova B, Kocisova K. Healthcare Efficiency assessment using DEA analysis in the Slovak Republic. Health Economics Review, 2018; 8(1):1-12.
  • 41. Li Q, Wei J, Jiang F, Zhou G, Jiang R, Chen M, Zhang X, Hu, W. Equity and efficiency of health care resource allocation in Jiangsu Province, China. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2020; 19:1-13.

Olası Bir Depremde Sağlık Sistemi Dayanıklılığının Değerlendirilmesi: İstanbul Örneği

Year 2024, Volume: 46 Issue: 3, 359 - 377, 27.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1421515

Abstract

Türkiye gerek jeopolitik yapısı gerek coğrafi konumu dolayısıyla sıklıkla doğa kaynaklı afetlere maruz kalmaktadır. Nitekim yakın zamanda 11 ilde etkili olan ve ardışık şekilde gerçekleşen Maraş Depremlerinde on binlerce insan hayatını kaybetmiş, yüz binin üzerinde insan yaralanmıştır. Yaşanan bu depremlerde sağlık hizmeti sunan kurum ve kuruluşların birçoğu yıkılmış ayrıca o bölgelerde ikamet eden çok sayıda sağlık personeli kaybı da yaşanmıştır. Bu durum, bölgede sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunda ciddi aksaklıklara neden olmuştur. Bu araştırma, deprem uzmanlarının sık sık dile getirdiği olası İstanbul depremine hazırlıkta sağlık hizmetleri kapasitesinin İstanbul özelinde 39 ilçesinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada sağlık hizmetleri kapasitesini belirlemek için veri zarflama analizi (VZA) kullanılmıştır. VZA analizleri BCC-CCR girdi ve çıktı odaklı modeller kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre İstanbul’da ilçelerin sağlık hizmetleri kapasitesinde BCC girdi-çıktı odaklı modellerde %12,8’i (5 ilçe); CCR girdi-çıktı odaklı modellerde ise %7,6’sı (3 ilçe) tam etkin bulunmuştur. Ayrıca 39 ilçenin sağlık hizmetlerinde teknik etkinlik ortalamasının 0,155-0,594 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırma olası bir İstanbul Depremi’nde ihtiyaç duyulacak sağlık hizmetlerinin İstanbul’da mevcut kullanılabilir tıbbi olanaklarının tam kapasite ile çalışabileceği varsayımı altında yapılmış olup; bu varsayım altında bile ihtiyaç duyulan sağlık hizmetlerinin ortalama %37,4 kapasiteyle sunulabileceği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda İstanbul ilinde sağlık hizmetleri kapasite planlamasının ilçeler düzeyinde yaşanacak ihtiyaçlar çerçevesince yapılması önerilmiştir.

Ethical Statement

Veriler kamuya açık veriler olması nedeniyle etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

YOK

Thanks

yok

References

  • 1. Donahue A, Joyce PA. Framework for analyzing emergency management with an application to federal budgeting. Public Administration Review 2001; 61(6):728-740.
  • 2. Altay N, Green, WG. OR/MS research in disaster operations management, Eur. J. Oper. Res.2006;175(1):475–493.
  • 3. UCLG. Sendai afet risk azaltma çerçevesi raporu 2015-2030, https://uclg-mewa.org/kutuphane/yayinlar/ Erişim: 07.03.2023.
  • 4. Işık Ö, Aydınlıoğlu HM, Koç S, et al. Afet yönetimi ve afet odaklı sağlık hizmetleri, Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2012;Ek sayı 2; 82-123.
  • 5. Alkan N, Elmas İ, Karakuş M, Akkay E. Doğal afetler sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar: bir anket çalışması. Ulusal Travma Dergisi. 2001; (7):195-200.
  • 6. AFAD, 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş)Mw:7.7–Mw:7.6 Depremleri Raporu.2023;140, https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
  • 7. Phalkey R, Dash S, Mukhopadhyay A, et al. Prepared to react? Assessing the functional capacity of the primary health care system ın rural orissa, ındia to respond to the devastating flood of september 2008. Global Health Action. 2012;5(1): 10964.
  • 8. Al-Shareef AS, Alsulimani LK, Bojan HM, Masri TM, Grime JO, Molloy MS, Ciottone GR. Evaluation of hospitals’ disaster preparedness plans in the holy city of Makkah (mecca): a cross-sectional observation study. Prehospital And Disaster Medicine.2017; 32(1):33-45.
  • 9. Munasinghe NL, Matsui K. Examining disaster preparedness at matara district general hospital in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2019; (40):101154.
  • 10. Edwards JC, Kang J, Silenas R. Promoting regional disaster preparedness among rural hospitals. The Journal of Rural Health, 2008;24(3): 321-325.
  • 11. Şimşek AB. Gökteki Z, Afet sonrası sağlık hizmeti sunum potansiyeline göre şehirlerin sınıflandırılması. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364830201_Afet_Sonrasi_Saglik_Hizmeti_Sunum_Potansiyeline_Gore_Sehirlerin_Siniflandirilmasi [Erişim: Mar 2023].
  • 12. Çiftçi S, Sakallı ÜS. A mathematical modelling approach for planning health resources after earthquake: Kırıkkale city example. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University. 2023; 38(2): 1203-1216. 10.17341/gazimmfd.1092469
  • 13. Lillibridge SR, Noji E, Burkle FM. Disaster assessment: The emergency health evaluation of a population affected by a disaster. Ann. Emerg. Med.1993;22:1715–1720.
  • 14. Ceferino L, Mitrani-Reiser J, Kiremidjian A, Deierlein G, Bambarén C. Effective plans for hospital system response to earthquake emergencies. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4325.
  • 15. Bakırcı F. Üretimde etkinlik ve verimlilik ölçümü veri zarflama analizi teori ve uygulamalar. Atlas Yayınları. Ankara, 2006.
  • 16. Frehe T. An efficiency evaluation of small and medium sized industries by data envelopment analysis. Master Thesis, University of Vaasa, 2013.
  • 17. Kıllı M, Uludağ S. Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Maliyet Performansı Ölçümü: BIST Tekstil Sektöründe Bir Uygulama, BMIJ.2020;8(4):797-828,
  • 18. Kasap P, Güç F. veri zarflama analizi ile sağlık alanında bir performans değerlendirmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi.2022;12(1): 327-343.
  • 19. Seiford LM. Data envelopment analysis: the evolution of the state of the art (1978–1995). Journal of Productivity Analysis. 1996;7(2):99-137.
  • 20. Banker RD, Charnes A, Cooper WW. Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in DEA. Management Science.1984;30(9):1078-1092.
  • 21. Kalaycı S. SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik, Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2016.
  • 22. İBB. Olası deprem kayıp tahminleri kitapçığı 2020. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, İstanbul https://depremzemin.ibb.istanbul/wp-content/uploads. Erişim: 16.02.2023.
  • 23. Basara BB, Çağlar S, Aygün A, vd. Sağlık istatistikleri yıllığı- 2020, Sağlık Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı, ISBN: 978-975-590-854-0. Ankara,2022.
  • 24. Bahurmoz AM. Measuring efficiency in primary health care centres in Saudi Arabia. Economics and Administration. 1999;12(2):3-18.
  • 25. Tepe M. Kıyaslama Çalışmasında Veri Zarflama Analizi Kullanımı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • 26. Kirsch T, Mitrani-Reiser J, Bissell R, vd. Impact on hospital functions following the 2010 Chilean Earthquake. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4(2):122-128.
  • 27. Lin YX, Lin CH, Lin CH. A challenge for healthcare system resilience after an earthquake: The crowdedness of a first-aid hospital by non-urgent patients. PLoS One. 2021;2;16(4):e0249522.
  • 28. Rodriguez-Llanes JM., Hellman L, Wu Q, vd. Time to include burden of surgical injuries after disasters in the Global Surgery agenda? An assessment of DALYs and averted burden by surgery after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMJ Glob Health. 2018, 3:e000909.
  • 29. Chen Z, Chen X, Li Q, Chen J, The temporal hierarchy of shelters: A hierarchical location model for earthquake-shelter planning. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci.2013;27:612–1630.
  • 30. Isnaeni W, Asa’ad S, Hatta M, Syamsuddin S, Andiwijaya FR., Agustawijaya DS. The development of health capacity index for a semiQuantitative earthquake hazards risk analysis with a special reference to the Lombok Earthquake Disaster 2018, Advances in Health Sciences Research. 2021;46, 10.2991/ahsr.k.220206.040
  • 31. Çağlar A. Veri zarflama analizi ile belediyelerin etkinlik ölçümü. Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2003.
  • 32. Zhao J, Ding F, Wang Z, vd. A rapid public health needs assessment framework for after major earthquakes using high-resolution satellite ımagery, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018; 15: 1111; www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
  • 33. Bambaren C. Legal issues of humanitarian assistance after the 2007 earthquake in Pisco, Peru. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 2010; 25:203–206.
  • 34. Malish R, Oliver DE, Rush Jr vd. Potential roles of military-specific response to natural disasters —analysis of the rapid deployment of a mobile surgical team to the 2007 peruvian earthquake. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 2009;24:3–8.
  • 35. Bar-Dayan Y, Berad P, Mankuta D, vd. An earthquake disaster in Turkey: an overview of the experience of the Israeli Defence Forces field hospital in Adapazari. Disasters. 2000;24:262–270.
  • 36. Lee VJ, Low E, Ng YY, Teo C. Disaster relief and initial response to the earthquake and tsunami in Meulaboh, Indonesia. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2005;34:586–590.
  • 37. DSÖ. Minimum technical standards and recommendations for rehabilitation–emergency medical teams. Geneva. World Health Organization, 2016. Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252809.
  • 38. Li XH, Zheng JC. Efficient Post-Disaster Patient Transportation And Transfer: Experiences And Lessons Learned İn Emergency Medical Rescue In Aceh After The 2004 Asian Tsunami. Mil Med. 2014;179(8):913-9.
  • 39. Johannessen KA, Kittelsen SA, Hagen TP. Assessing Physician productivity following norwegian hospital reform: a panel and data envelopment analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 2017;175: 117-126.
  • 40. Stefko R, Gavurova B, Kocisova K. Healthcare Efficiency assessment using DEA analysis in the Slovak Republic. Health Economics Review, 2018; 8(1):1-12.
  • 41. Li Q, Wei J, Jiang F, Zhou G, Jiang R, Chen M, Zhang X, Hu, W. Equity and efficiency of health care resource allocation in Jiangsu Province, China. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2020; 19:1-13.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration, Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section ORİJİNAL MAKALE
Authors

Gülay Ekinci 0000-0003-4773-4821

Mustafa Hakan Yılmaztürk 0000-0003-2976-1818

Merve Koç 0009-0004-6696-5005

Aysun Danayiyen 0000-0002-4782-5697

Project Number YOK
Publication Date May 27, 2024
Submission Date January 24, 2024
Acceptance Date March 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 46 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Ekinci G, Yılmaztürk MH, Koç M, Danayiyen A. Olası Bir Depremde Sağlık Sistemi Dayanıklılığının Değerlendirilmesi: İstanbul Örneği. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2024;46(3):359-77.


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