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A Case of Visceral Leishmaniasis Confused with Lupus Nephritis

Year 2024, Volume: 46 Issue: 5, 795 - 800, 12.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1442977

Abstract

Leismania is an intracellular parasite transmitted to mammals by infected sand flies. There are three clinical forms: cutaneous, visceral and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The five key diagnostic features are fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. These findings may be confused with autoimmune or hematological diseases. Here, a case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) confused with lupus nephritis diagnosed in a non-endemic region is presented. A 49-year-old male patient was followed up in the regional hospital for a while due to fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. He was referred to our hospital with preliminary diagnoses of hematological malignancy and vasculitis. No signs of malignancy were detected in the patient. Renal and hematological involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus was considered in the patient who developed acute renal failure. Renal histopathology resulted in focal proliferative necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Leishmania spp. PCR and Lesihmania spp IgG were detected positive. With the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, seven doses of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) 3 mg/kg/day were administered. The patient's clinical and laboratory findings improved and no relapse occurred. As a result, early diagnosis of VL can be achieved with increased awareness of physicians. Patients can recover without complications by being protected from unnecessary medical or surgical treatment

References

  • 1. Naomi E. Aronson, Nathanial K. Copeland, and Alan J. Magill. Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, and Mucosal Leishmaniasis. Editors: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. In. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th edition., Elsevier, Philadelphia. 2020:3321-3339.
  • 2. Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2022: assessing trends over the past 10 years. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9840-471-487. publication date: 6 October 2023, Erişim: 5 Şubat 2024.
  • 3. Ok UZ, Balcıoglu IC, Taylan Ozkan A, Ozensoy S, Ozbel Y. Leishmaniasis in Turkey. Acta Tropica. 2002;84: 43-/8.
  • 4. Özbel Y, Töz S, Muñoz C, Ortuño M Jumakanova,Z, Pérez-Cutillas P, Maia C, Conceição C, Baneth G, Pereira A, Stede YV, Gossner CM, Berriatua E. The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries. Zoonoses Public Health. 2022;69:395–07.
  • 5. Karakuş M, Çizmeci Z, Karabela ŞN, Erdoğan B, Nuray Güleç N. The impact of refugees on leishmaniasis in Turkey: a new Syrian/Turkish Leishmania tropica population structure described by multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT). Parasitology Research. 2019; 118:2679–87
  • 6. Eroglu F, Ozgoztasi O. The increase in neglected cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gaziantep province of Turkey after mass human migration. Acta Tropica. 2019;192: 138–43
  • 7. Jaiteh MB, Çalık Başaran N, ÖzışıkL, Akman O, Hasanlı N, Tortop S, Özmen Çapın BB, Hüseyinova S, Üner A, İnkaya AÇ. Visceral Leishmaniasis in A Patient Presenting with Fever of Unknown Origin: A Case Report From a Low-endemic Region of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2019;43(4):210-2
  • 8. Neşe Yaralı, Tunç Fışgın, Feride Duru, Abdurrahman Kara. Myelodysplastic Features in Visceral Leishmaniasis. American Journal of Hematology . 2002;71:191–5.
  • 9. Guzel Tunccan Ö, Tufan A, Telli G, Akyürek N, Pamukçuoğlu M, Yılmaz G, Hızel K. Visceral Leishmaniasis Mimicking Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Overlap. Korean J Parasitol. 2012; 50 (2): 133-6
  • 10. Yaralı N, Hacisalihoglu S, Culha V, Altan O, Gurlek Gokcebay D. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Confusing Problem of the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2018; 34(1):161–2
  • 11. .Çelik Ü, Leblebisatan G, Alhan E, Aksaray N. Immune Hemolytic Anemia in Association with Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Pediatr Inf 2007; 1: 36-8
  • 12. Shumy F, Anam AM, Jalil Chowdhury MA. Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis in visceral leishmaniasis. Tropical Doctor 2018; 48(1):38–40
  • 13. .Akkuzu G, Ozkara S, Ozgur DS, Karaalioglu B, Yıldırım F, Ayer M, Bes C. Visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Dilemma in diagnosis and management. Int J Rheum Dis. 2023;26:769–73.
  • 14. Bueno GCL, Koerich AT, Burg LB, Kretzer SL, Moral JAG, Pereira IA. Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking systemic lupus Erythematosus. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine. 2019; 52:e20180208
  • 15. .Clementi A, Battaglia G, Floris M, Castellino P, Ronco C, Cruz DN. Renal involvement in leishmaniasis: a review of the literatüre. NDT Plus. 2011; 4: 147–52.

Lupus Nefriti ile Karışan Visseral Leishmaniasis Olgusu

Year 2024, Volume: 46 Issue: 5, 795 - 800, 12.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1442977

Abstract

Leismania enfekte kum sinekleri ile memelilere aktarılan hücre içi bir parazittir. Kutanöz, visseral ve mukokutanöz leishmaniasis olmak üzere üç klinik formu bulunmaktadır. Tanısal beş temel özelliği ateş, kilo kaybı, hepatosplenomegali, pansitopeni ve hipergammaglobulinemidir. Bu bulgularla otoimmun veya hematolojik hastalıklar ile karışabilmektedir. Burada endemik olmayan bir bölgede tanı konulan lupus nefriti ile karışan bir visseral leishmaniasis (VL) olgusu sunulmuştur. Kırkdokuz yaşında erkek hasta ateş, kilo kaybı, hepatosplenomegali, pansitopeni nedeniyle bölge hastanesinde bir süre takip edilmiştir. Daha sonra hematolojik malignite ve vaskülit öntanıları ile hastanemize sevk edilmiştir. Hastada malignite bulgusu saptanmamıştır. Akut böbrek yetmezliği gelişen hastada sistemik lupus eritematozis böbrek ve hematolojik tutulumu düşünülmüştür. Böbrek histopatolojisi fokal proliferatif nekrotizan glomerülonefrit olarak sonuçlanmıştır. Leishmania spp. PCR ve Lesihmania spp IgG pozitif saptanmıştır. Visseral leishmaniasis tanısı ile yedi doz lipozomal amfoterisin B (L-AMB) 3 mg/kg/gün uygulanmıştır. Hastanın klinik ve laboratuvar bulguları düzelmiş, relaps gelişmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, hekimlerin farkındalığının artması ile VL’de erken tanıya ulaşılabilir. Hastalar gereksiz medikal ya da cerrahi tedaviden korunarak, komplikasyonsuz olarak iyileşebilir.

Ethical Statement

Hastaya aydınlatılmış onam formu imzalatılmıştır. Tüm yazarlar tarafından Telif Hakkı Devir Formu imzalanmıştır. Yazarlar çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan etmişlerdir.

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadıklarını beyan etmişlerdir.

References

  • 1. Naomi E. Aronson, Nathanial K. Copeland, and Alan J. Magill. Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, and Mucosal Leishmaniasis. Editors: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. In. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th edition., Elsevier, Philadelphia. 2020:3321-3339.
  • 2. Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2022: assessing trends over the past 10 years. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9840-471-487. publication date: 6 October 2023, Erişim: 5 Şubat 2024.
  • 3. Ok UZ, Balcıoglu IC, Taylan Ozkan A, Ozensoy S, Ozbel Y. Leishmaniasis in Turkey. Acta Tropica. 2002;84: 43-/8.
  • 4. Özbel Y, Töz S, Muñoz C, Ortuño M Jumakanova,Z, Pérez-Cutillas P, Maia C, Conceição C, Baneth G, Pereira A, Stede YV, Gossner CM, Berriatua E. The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries. Zoonoses Public Health. 2022;69:395–07.
  • 5. Karakuş M, Çizmeci Z, Karabela ŞN, Erdoğan B, Nuray Güleç N. The impact of refugees on leishmaniasis in Turkey: a new Syrian/Turkish Leishmania tropica population structure described by multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT). Parasitology Research. 2019; 118:2679–87
  • 6. Eroglu F, Ozgoztasi O. The increase in neglected cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gaziantep province of Turkey after mass human migration. Acta Tropica. 2019;192: 138–43
  • 7. Jaiteh MB, Çalık Başaran N, ÖzışıkL, Akman O, Hasanlı N, Tortop S, Özmen Çapın BB, Hüseyinova S, Üner A, İnkaya AÇ. Visceral Leishmaniasis in A Patient Presenting with Fever of Unknown Origin: A Case Report From a Low-endemic Region of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2019;43(4):210-2
  • 8. Neşe Yaralı, Tunç Fışgın, Feride Duru, Abdurrahman Kara. Myelodysplastic Features in Visceral Leishmaniasis. American Journal of Hematology . 2002;71:191–5.
  • 9. Guzel Tunccan Ö, Tufan A, Telli G, Akyürek N, Pamukçuoğlu M, Yılmaz G, Hızel K. Visceral Leishmaniasis Mimicking Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Overlap. Korean J Parasitol. 2012; 50 (2): 133-6
  • 10. Yaralı N, Hacisalihoglu S, Culha V, Altan O, Gurlek Gokcebay D. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Confusing Problem of the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2018; 34(1):161–2
  • 11. .Çelik Ü, Leblebisatan G, Alhan E, Aksaray N. Immune Hemolytic Anemia in Association with Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Pediatr Inf 2007; 1: 36-8
  • 12. Shumy F, Anam AM, Jalil Chowdhury MA. Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis in visceral leishmaniasis. Tropical Doctor 2018; 48(1):38–40
  • 13. .Akkuzu G, Ozkara S, Ozgur DS, Karaalioglu B, Yıldırım F, Ayer M, Bes C. Visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: Dilemma in diagnosis and management. Int J Rheum Dis. 2023;26:769–73.
  • 14. Bueno GCL, Koerich AT, Burg LB, Kretzer SL, Moral JAG, Pereira IA. Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking systemic lupus Erythematosus. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine. 2019; 52:e20180208
  • 15. .Clementi A, Battaglia G, Floris M, Castellino P, Ronco C, Cruz DN. Renal involvement in leishmaniasis: a review of the literatüre. NDT Plus. 2011; 4: 147–52.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Infectious Diseases
Journal Section OLGU SUNUMU
Authors

Zehra Karacaer 0000-0002-2658-4679

Ayberk Melih Kapıcı 0000-0002-0621-1963

Gülden Yılmaz 0000-0002-2186-492X

Cemal Bulut 0000-0002-9215-9769

Mesudiye Bulut 0009-0003-2598-6785

Haydar Zengin 0000-0001-9872-0206

Emre Tekgöz 0000-0002-0866-1503

Publication Date September 12, 2024
Submission Date March 2, 2024
Acceptance Date April 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 46 Issue: 5

Cite

Vancouver Karacaer Z, Kapıcı AM, Yılmaz G, Bulut C, Bulut M, Zengin H, Tekgöz E. Lupus Nefriti ile Karışan Visseral Leishmaniasis Olgusu. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2024;46(5):795-800.


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