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HSV Ensefalitinin Neden Olduğu Anti-NMDAR Ensefaliti Olguları: İki Farklı Klinik Seyir ve Prognoz

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 5, 828 - 833, 04.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1638797

Öz

Herpes simpleks virüs ensefaliti (HSVE) sonrası semptomların tekrarlaması veya yeni klinik bulguların ortaya çıkması, aynı viral etkenin nüksü, yeni bir enfeksiyöz ensefalit gelişimi veya otoimmün ensefalit ile ilişkili olabilir. Olguların semptomları, klinik seyri ve elektrofizyolojik bulgularındaki farklılıklar prognozdaki farklılıklarla ilişkili olabilir. Burada sunduğumuz HSVE sonrası gelişen anti-N-metil-D-aspartat reseptör ensefaliti (anti-NMDARE) ile ilgili ilk olguda, epileptik nöbetler gözlenmiş ve elektroensefalografide (EEG) artı modifikatörlü lateralize periyodik deşarjlar (LPD) tespit edilmiştir. Takip sırasında status epileptikus gelişmiş, hasta tedaviye yanıt vermemiş ve hayatını kaybetmiştir. Buna karşılık, HSVE sonrası gelişen ikinci anti-NMDARE olgusu psikiyatrik semptomlarla başvurmuş, olgunun EEG’sinde monomorfik künt delta paterninde LPD’ler gözlemlenmiştir. Bu hasta birinci basamak tedavilere hızla yanıt vermiş ve hafif bilişsel bozukluk ile iyileşme sağlamıştır. Klinik seyir ve sonuçlardaki farklılıkların altında yatan patojenik süreçler henüz net değildir ve daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. HSVE nüksü, beyin omurilik sıvısının polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu testi ile dışlandıktan sonra, kötü prognostik göstergelere sahip hastalarda immünoterapinin erken başlatılması kritik öneme sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR. Autoimmune encephalitis update. Neuro Oncol 2014;16:771-8.
  • 2. Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, et al. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:760-72.
  • 3. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:157-65.
  • 4. Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology 2008;70:504-11.
  • 5. Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, et al. Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017;59:796-805. Esposito S, Autore G, Argentiero A, Ramundo G, Principi N. Autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: A still undefined condition. Autoimmun Rev 2022;21:103187.
  • 6. Prüss H, Finke C, Höltje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2012;72:902-11.
  • 7. Leypoldt F, Titulaer MJ, Aguilar E, et al. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: case report. Neurology 2013;81:1637-9.
  • 8. Hu S, Lan T, Bai R, Jiang S, Cai J, Ren L. HSV encephalitis triggered anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a case report. Neurol Sci 2021;42:857-61.
  • 9. Bulakbasi N, Kocaoglu M. Central nervous system infections of herpesvirus family. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2008;18:53-84.
  • 10. Abbatemarco JR, Yan C, Kunchok A, Rae-Grant A. Antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: A practical approach. Cleve Clin J Med 2021;88:459-71.
  • 11. Kim H, Ryu H, Kang JK. Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis Presenting with Unilateral Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus in a Male Patient. J Epilepsy Res 2015;5:17-9.
  • 12. Liu X, Yan B, Wang R, et al. Seizure outcomes in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A follow-up study. Epilepsia 2017;58:2104-11.
  • 13. Snodgrass SM, Tsuburaya K, Ajmone-Marsan C. Clinical significance of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges: relationship with status epilepticus. J Clin Neurophysiol 1989;6:159-72.

Cases of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis Caused by HSV Encephalitis: Two Different Clinical Courses and Prognosis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 5, 828 - 833, 04.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1638797

Öz

The recurrence of symptoms or the emergence of new clinical findings following herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) can result due to the relapse of the same viral agent, development of a new infectious encephalitis or autoimmune encephalitis. Differences in the presentation, clinical course, and electrophysiological findings of cases may be associated with variations in prognosis. In the first case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDARE) following HSVE that we presented here, the patient exhibited epileptic seizures, and electroencephalography (EEG) revealed lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs) with plus modifiers. During the follow-up, status epilepticus developed and the patient did not respond to treatment and died. In contrast, the second case of anti-NMDARE following HSVE presented with psychiatric symptoms. EEG revealed LPDs in the form of a monomorphic blunt delta pattern. This patient responded rapidly to first-line treatments and achieved recovery with mild cognitive impairment. The pathogenic processes underlying the differences in clinical course and outcomes remain unclear, emphasizing the need for further research. Early initiation of immunotherapy is critical in patients with poor prognostic indicators after excluding HSVE relapse via polymerase chain reaction testing of cerebrospinal fluid.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR. Autoimmune encephalitis update. Neuro Oncol 2014;16:771-8.
  • 2. Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, et al. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:760-72.
  • 3. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:157-65.
  • 4. Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology 2008;70:504-11.
  • 5. Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, et al. Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017;59:796-805. Esposito S, Autore G, Argentiero A, Ramundo G, Principi N. Autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: A still undefined condition. Autoimmun Rev 2022;21:103187.
  • 6. Prüss H, Finke C, Höltje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2012;72:902-11.
  • 7. Leypoldt F, Titulaer MJ, Aguilar E, et al. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: case report. Neurology 2013;81:1637-9.
  • 8. Hu S, Lan T, Bai R, Jiang S, Cai J, Ren L. HSV encephalitis triggered anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a case report. Neurol Sci 2021;42:857-61.
  • 9. Bulakbasi N, Kocaoglu M. Central nervous system infections of herpesvirus family. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2008;18:53-84.
  • 10. Abbatemarco JR, Yan C, Kunchok A, Rae-Grant A. Antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: A practical approach. Cleve Clin J Med 2021;88:459-71.
  • 11. Kim H, Ryu H, Kang JK. Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis Presenting with Unilateral Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus in a Male Patient. J Epilepsy Res 2015;5:17-9.
  • 12. Liu X, Yan B, Wang R, et al. Seizure outcomes in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A follow-up study. Epilepsia 2017;58:2104-11.
  • 13. Snodgrass SM, Tsuburaya K, Ajmone-Marsan C. Clinical significance of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges: relationship with status epilepticus. J Clin Neurophysiol 1989;6:159-72.
Toplam 13 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm OLGU SUNUMLARI / CASE REPORTS
Yazarlar

Özge Öcek 0000-0001-9526-5156

Mahmut Tarı 0000-0003-4878-5030

Levent Öcek 0000-0001-9836-3659

Pınar Ortan 0000-0002-0847-2358

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 47 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Öcek Ö, Tarı M, Öcek L, Ortan P. Cases of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis Caused by HSV Encephalitis: Two Different Clinical Courses and Prognosis. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2025;47(5):828-33.


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