Çocuklarda Ekran ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 47 Sayı: Beyin Farkındalığı 2025 Özel Sayısı, 65 - 78, 22.08.2025

Büşra Durmuş , Damla Eyüboğlu

Öz

Günümüzde dijital teknolojiler gündelik yaşamın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiş; bu durum çocuklarda da ekran karşısında geçirilen sürenin artmasına; eğlenme ve öğrenme süreçlerini şekillendirmeye başlamıştır. Artan ekran kullanımı bireylerin fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlıkları üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratabilmektedir. Dijital teknolojilerin bilinçli ve dengeli bir şekilde kullanılması, bireysel sağlığın korunması ve verimli bir yaşam sürdürülmesi için önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çocuk , ekran bağımlılığı , internet , internet bağımlılığı , sosyal medya

Screen and Social Media Addiction in Children

Öz

Digital technologies have become an integral part of daily life, leading to a significant increase in children's screen time and shaping both their entertainment and learning processes. However, excessive screen use may have negative impacts on individuals' physical and psychological health. Therefore, the conscious and balanced use of digital technologies is essential for safeguarding individual well-being and maintaining a healthy, productive lifestyle.

Anahtar Kelimeler

child , screen addiction , internet , internet addiction , social media

Kaynakça

• 1. Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 2019;9:e023191.
• 2. Odgers CL, Jensen MR. Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020;61(3):336–48.
• 3. Panjeti-Madan VN, Ranganathan P. Impact of screen time on children’s development: cognitive, language, physical, and social and emotional domains. Multimodal Technol Interact 2023;7(5):52.
• 4. Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: literature review and case study. Environ Res 2018;164:149–57.
• 5. Leiner BM, Cerf VG, Clark DD, Kahn RE, Kleinrock L, Lynch DC, et al. The past and future history of the Internet. Commun ACM. 1997;40(2):102–8.
• 6. Obar JA, Wildman S. Social media definition and the governance challenge: an introduction to the special issue. Telecomm Policy 2015;39(9):745–50.
• 7. We Are Social, Meltwater. Digital 2025: The Essential Guide to the Global State of Digital. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2025/02/digital-2025-the-essential-guide-to-the-global-state-of-digital/ Erişim 30.07.2025.
• 8. Kemp S. Digital 2025: Turkey. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-turkey Erişim 30.07.2025.
• 9. Nagata JM, Memon Z, Talebloo J, Li K, Low P, Shao IY, et al. Prevalence and patterns of social media use in early adolescents. Acad Pediatr 2025;25(4):102784.
• 10. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması, 2024.
• https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53638 Erişim 30.07.2025.
• 11. Flisher C. Getting plugged in: an overview of Internet addiction. J Paediatr Child Health 2010;46(10):557–9.
• 12. Young KS. Pathological internet use – a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychol Rep 1996;79:899–902.
• 13. Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 1998;1(3):237–44.
• 14. Tian M, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Du F, Hou H, Chao F, et al. PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(7):1388–97.
• 15. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
• 16. Darvesh N, Radhakrishnan A, Lachance CC, Nincic V, Sharpe JP, Ghassemi M, et al. Exploring the prevalence of gaming disorder and Internet gaming disorder: a rapid scoping review. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):68.
• 17. Shonin E, van Gordon W, Griffiths MD. Mindfulness and the social media. J Mass Commun Journalism 2014;4:1–4.
• 18. Giordano AL, Prosek EA, Watson JC. Understanding adolescent cyberbullies: exploring social media addiction and psychological factors. J Child Adolesc Couns 2021;7:42–55.
• 19. Öztürk M, Ögel K, Evren C, Bilici R (Editörler). Bağımlılık: tanı, tedavi, önleme. In: Dinç M, Ögel K. İnternet bağımlılığı ve tedavisi. 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Yeşilay Yayınları, 2021:703-18.
• 20. Pekcanlar Akay A, Ercan ES (Editörler). Çocuk ve ergen ruh sağlığı ve hastalıkları. In: Yalçın Ö, Karaçetin G. İnternet bağımlılığı ve diğer teknolojik bağımlılıklar. 4. Baskı, Ankara: Türkiye Çocuk ve Genç Psikiyatrisi Derneği Yayınları, 2021:527–44.
• 21. Ries RK, Fiellin DA, Miller SC, Saitz R (Edited by). The ASAM principles of addiction medicine. In: Rosenthal RN, Taintor ZC, Ries RK, Fiellin DA, Miller SC, Saitz R. Microprocessor abuse and internet addiction. 5th Edition, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, 2014:980–90.
• 22. Pazdur M, Tutus D, Haag AC. Risk factors for problematic social media use in youth: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Adolesc Res Rev 2025;10(2):237–53.
• 23. Li W, O’Brien JE, Snyder SM, Howard MO. Characteristics of internet addiction/pathological internet use in U.S. university students: a qualitative-method investigation. PLoS One 2015;10(2):e0117372.
• 24. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C. Prefrontal control and internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Front Hum Neurosci 2014;8:375.
• 25. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Internet gaming addiction: a systematic review of empirical research. Int J Ment Health Addict 2012;10(2):278–96.
• 26. Orben A, Meier A, Dalgleish T, Blakemore SJ. Mechanisms linking social media use to adolescent mental health vulnerability. Nat Rev Psychol 2024;3(6):407–23.
• 27. Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2021;86:102021.
• 28. Zhang J, Ying J, Shen Y, Chen D, Zhan S, You J. Examining the interrelationships of school connectedness, social anxiety, and problematic social network use in adolescents. J Adolesc 2025;97(3):687–99.
• 29. Stockdale LA, Coyne SM. Bored and online: reasons for using social media, problematic social networking site use, and behavioral outcomes across the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. J Adolesc 2020;79(1):173–83.
• 30. Yang C, Carter MDK, Webb JJ, Holden SM. Developmentally salient psychosocial characteristics, rumination, and compulsive social media use during the transition to college. Addict Res Theory 2020;28(5):433–42
• 31. Shoshani A, Kor A, Farbstein-Yavin S, Gvion Y. Risk and protective factors for substance use and media addictive behaviors in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc 2024;96(4):746–59.
• 32. Liu Q, Hu Q, Qi D. Online psychological need satisfaction and social networking addiction: a longitudinal study among Chinese adolescents. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 2023;40(6):867–81.
• 33. Youssef L, Hallit R, Akel M, Kheir N, Obeid S, Hallit S. Social media use disorder and alexithymia: any association between the two? Results of a cross-sectional study among Lebanese adults. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021;57(1):20–6.
• 34. Israelashvili M, Kim T, Bukobza G. Adolescents’ over-use of the cyber world – internet addiction or identity exploration? J Adolesc 2012;35(2):417–24.
• 35. Ögel K. İnternet bağımlılığı, internetin psikolojisini anlamak ve bağımlılıkla başa çıkmak. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları; 2014.
• 36. Gingras MP, Brendgen M, Beauchamp MH, Séguin JR, Tremblay RE, Côté SM, et al. Adolescents and social media: longitudinal links between types of use, problematic use and internalizing symptoms. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023;51(11):1641–55.
• 37. Hawk ST, van den Eijnden RJJM, van Lissa CJ, ter Bogt TFM. Narcissistic adolescents’ attention-seeking following social rejection: links with social media disclosure, problematic social media use, and smartphone stress. Comput Human Behav 2019;92:65–75.
• 38. Favini A, Culcasi F, Cirimele F, Remondi C, Plata MG, Caldaroni S, et al. Smartphone and social network addiction in early adolescents: the role of self-regulatory self-efficacy in a pilot school-based intervention. J Adolesc 2024;96(3):551–65.
• 39. Leijse MML, Koning IM, van den Eijnden RJJM. The influence of parents and peers on adolescents’ problematic social media use revealed. Comput Human Behav 2023;143:107705.
• 40. Wu CST, Wong HT, Yu KF, Fok KW, Yeung SM, Lam CH, et al. Parenting approaches, family functionality, and internet addiction among Hong Kong adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2016;16(1):130.
• 41. Durkee T, Kaess M, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, Floderus B, et al. Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe: demographic and social factors. Addiction 2012;107(12):2210–22.
• 42. Philippi J, Simon-Kutscher K, Austermann MI, Thomasius R, Paschke K. Investigating parental factors for adolescent problematic gaming and social media use – a cross-sectional and longitudinal approach. J Adolesc Health 2024;75(4):626–34.
• 43. van den Eijnden RJJM, Spijkerman R, Vermulst AA, van Rooij TJ, Engels RCME. Compulsive internet use among adolescents: bidirectional parent–child relationships. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2010;38(1):77–89.
• 44. Yu L, Shek DTL. Internet addiction in Hong Kong adolescents: a three-year longitudinal study. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013;26(3):S10–7.
• 45. Geurts SM, Koning IM, van den Eijnden RJJM, Vossen HGM. Predicting adolescents’ problematic social media use from profiles of internet-specific parenting practices and general parenting dimensions. J Youth Adolesc 2023;52(9):1829–43.
• 46. Raney JH, Al-shoaibi AbubakrA, Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Singh G, et al. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and early adolescent problematic screen use in the United States. BMC Public Health 2023;23(1):1213.
• 47. Xu J, Farooq B, Crick DCP, Zhou X, Howe LD. Adverse childhood experiences and excessive recreational screen time among adolescents in the United Kingdom: a national longitudinal study. J Adolesc Health 2024;75(3):451–60.
• 48. Noll JG, Haag AC, Shenk CE, Wright MF, Barnes JE, Kohram M, et al. An observational study of Internet behaviours for adolescent females following sexual abuse. Nat Hum Behav 2021;6(1):74–87.
• 49. Listernick ZI, Badawy SM. Mental health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic among children and adolescents: what do we know so far? Pediatric Health Med Ther 2021;12:543–9.
• 50. Pace CS, Rogier G, Muzi S. How are the youth? A brief‐longitudinal study on symptoms, alexithymia and expressive suppression among Italian adolescents during COVID‐19 pandemic. Int J Psychol 2022;57(6):700–8.
• 51. Chen IH, Chen CY, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Lin CY, Li XD, et al. Problematic internet-related behaviors mediate the associations between levels of internet engagement and distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 lockdown: A longitudinal structural equation modeling study. J Behav Addict 2021;10(1):135–48.
• 52. Eyüboğlu D, Eyüboğlu M, Bayar D, Tekeli Ö, Namıduru D, Ünal NE, et al. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on internet, smartphone use and emotional-behavioral problems in adolescents: a longitudinal study. J Clin Psychiatry 2023;26(3):186–92.
• 53. Bányai F, Zsila Á, Király O, Maraz A, Elekes Z, Griffiths MD, et al. Problematic social media use: results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0169839.
• 54. Boer M, van den Eijnden RJJM, Boniel-Nissim M, Wong SL, Inchley JC, Badura P, et al. Adolescents’ intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries. J Adolesc Health 2020;66(6):S89–99.
• 55. Sedgwick R, Epstein S, Dutta R, Ougrin D. Social media, internet use and suicide attempts in adolescents. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2019;32(6):534–41.
• 56. Bozzola E, Spina G, Agostiniani R, Barni S, Russo R, Scarpato E, et al. The use of social media in children and adolescents: scoping review on the potential risks. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16):9960.
• 57. Armitage RC. Social media usage in children: an urgent public health problem. Public Health. 2021;200:e2–3.
• 58. Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self‐esteem. J Adolesc 2016;51(1):41–9.
• 59. Fassi L, Ferguson AM, Przybylski AK, Ford TJ, Orben A. Social media use in adolescents with and without mental health conditions. Nat Hum Behav 2025;9(6):1283–99.
• 60. Custers K. The urgent matter of online pro-eating disorder content and children: clinical practice. Eur J Pediatr. 2015;174(4):429–33.
• 61. Borzekowski DLG. Constancy (the New Media “C”) and future generations. Health Educ Behav 2019;46(2_suppl):20S-29S.
• 62. Moorman EL, Warnick JL, Acharya R, Janicke DM. The use of internet sources for nutritional information is linked to weight perception and disordered eating in young adolescents. Appetite 2020;154:104782.
• 63. Khalil SA, Kamal H, Elkholy H. The prevalence of problematic internet use among a sample of Egyptian adolescents and its psychiatric comorbidities. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022;68(2):294–300.
• 64. Shah J, Das P, Muthiah N, Milanaik R. New age technology and social media: adolescent psychosocial implications and the need for protective measures. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019;31(1):148–56.
• 65. Nagata JM. New findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey: social media, social determinants, and mental health. J Adolesc Health 2020;66(6):S1–2.
• 66. Hawi NS, Samaha M, Griffiths MD. The digital addiction scale for children: development and validation. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2019;22(12):771–8.
• 67. Turhan Gürbüz P, Çoban ÖG, Erdoğan A, Kopuz HY, Adanir AS, Önder A. Evaluation of internet gaming disorder, social media addiction, and levels of loneliness in adolescents and youth with substance use. Subst Use Misuse 2021;56(12):1874–9.
• 68. Chiu M, Gatov E, Fung K, Kurdyak P, Guttmann A. Deconstructing the rise in mental health–related ED visits among children and youth in Ontario, Canada. Health Aff 2020;39(10):1728–36.
• 69. Emond AM, Griffiths MD. Gambling in children and adolescents. Br Med Bull 2020;136(1):21–9.
• 70. Unger JB, Urman R, Cruz TB, Majmundar A, Barrington-Trimis J, Pentz MA, et al. Talking about tobacco on Twitter is associated with tobacco product use. Prev Med 2018;114:54–6.
• 71. Hale L, Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Sleep Med Rev 2015;21:50–8.
• 72. Hoge E, Bickham D, Cantor J. Digital media, anxiety, and depression in children. Pediatrics 2017;140(Suppl_2):S76–80.
• 73. Bozzola E, Spina G, Ruggiero M, Vecchio D, Caruso C, Bozzola M, et al. Media use during adolescence: the recommendations of the Italian Pediatric Society. Ital J Pediatr 2019;45(1):149.
• 74. Hadjipanayis A, Efstathiou E, Altorjai P, Stiris T, Valiulis A, Koletzko B, et al. Social media and children: what is the paediatrician’s role? Eur J Pediatr 2019;178(10):1605–12.
• 75. Varghese NE, Santoro E, Lugo A, Madrid-Valero JJ, Ghislandi S, Torbica A, et al. The role of technology and social media use in sleep-onset difficulties among Italian adolescents: cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(1):e20319.
• 76. Reid Chassiakos Y (Linda), Radesky J, Christakis D, Moreno MA, Cross C, Hill D, et al. Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics 2016;138(5).
• 77. Mazur A, Caroli M, Radziewicz‐Winnicki I, Nowicka P, Weghuber D, Neubauer D, et al. Reviewing and addressing the link between mass media and the increase in obesity among European children: The European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) and The European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) consensus statement. Acta Paediatr 2018;107(4):568–76.
• 78. Yuan G, Zhu Z, Guo H, Yang H, Zhang J, Zhang K, et al. Screen time and autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive systematic review of risk, usage, and addiction. J Autism Dev Disord 2024;1–15.
• 79. Kwon S, Armstrong B, Wetoska N, Capan S. Screen time, sociodemographic factors, and psychological well-being among young children. JAMA Netw Open 2024;7(3):e2354488.
• 80. Bhutani P, Gupta M, Bajaj G, Deka RC, Satapathy SS, Ray SK. Is the screen time duration affecting children’s language development? - a scoping review. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2024;25:101457.
• 81. Santos RMS, Mendes CG, Sen Bressani GY, de Alcantara Ventura S, de Almeida Nogueira YJ, de Miranda DM, et al. The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2023;11(1):127.
• 82. Richards D, Caldwell PH, Go H. Impact of social media on the health of children and young people. J Paediatr Child Health 2015;51(12):1152–7.
• 83. Aboujaoude E, Savage MW, Starcevic V, Salame WO. Cyberbullying: review of an old problem gone viral. J Adolesc Health 2015;57(1):10–8.
• 84. Hamm MP, Newton AS, Chisholm A, Shulhan J, Milne A, Sundar P, et al. Prevalence and effect of cyberbullying on children and young people. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(8):770.
• 85. Anderson M, Jiang J. Teens, social media & technology 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wpcontent/uploads/sites/9/2018/05/PI_2018.05.31_TeensTech_FINAL.pdf Erişim 30.07.2025.
• 86. O’Reilly M, Levine D, Donoso V, Voice L, Hughes J, Dogra N. Exploring the potentially positive interaction between social media and mental health; the perspectives of adolescents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023;28(2):668–82.
• 87. Schmidt-Persson J, Rasmussen MGB, Sørensen SO, Mortensen SR, Olesen LG, Brage S, et al. Screen media use and mental health of children and adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 2024;7(7):e2419881.
• 88. World Health Organization. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/311664/9789241550536-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Erişim 30.07.2025.
• 89. Hill D, Ameenuddin N, Reid Chassiakos Y (Linda), Cross C, Hutchinson J, Levine A, et al. Media and young minds. Pediatrics 2016;138(5).