Factors Affecting Pregnant Women’s Fear of Birth Levels during Labour and Effects of the Fear of Birth on Birth Pain, Birth Trauma Perception and Mood: An Analytical-Cross-Sectional Study
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 304 - 311, 15.09.2025
Melek Balçık Çolak
,
Hafize Öztürk Can
,
Büşra Yolcu
,
Sare Cansu Kalkan
,
Nazlı Ünlü Bıdık
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing pregnant women's fear of childbirth during labour when they arrived at the hospital for delivery.
Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, cross-sectional study conducted with 244 pregnant women admitted to the Obstetrics Clinic of Sakarya Training and Research Hospital. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form, the Delivery Fear Scale, the Visual Analogue Scale, the City Birth Trauma Scale and the Labour Agentry Scale.
Results: Participants' mean childbirth fear scale scores were found to be below the moderate level. Fear levels were significantly correlated with participation in childbirth education and delivery method (p<0.05), but not with birth interventions or pain perception (p>0.05).
Fear was negatively correlated with perceived control and positively correlated with birth trauma scores (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Fear of childbirth can be alleviated by providing holistic and supportive care during the antenatal period. Reducing this fear may lead to improved birth outcomes. It is recommended that future research involve larger, multicenter samples and focus on identifying psychological, social and cultural variables, as well as evaluating interventions that effectively reduce childbirth fear.
Ethical Statement
Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Ethics Committee of the Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine (Date: 15.11.2022, decision no: 324), along with permission from the hospital administration where the study was conducted. All participants provided verbal consent, permitting the use of their anonymized data for academic purposes. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Thanks
We would like to thank the pregnant women who participated in the research and the midwives who cared for these pregnant women. We would also like to express our gratitude to Mustafa Demir for his assistance with the English translation of the article.
References
-
Serçekuş P, İsbir GG, İnci FH. Reliability and validity of the delivery fear scale. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2017;10(4):179-185.
-
do Souto SPA, da Silva RCG, Prata AP, Guerra MJ, Couto C, de Albuquerque RS. Midwives’ interventions for reducing fear of childbirth in pregnant women: a scoping review. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2022;20(12):2867-935. doi:10.11124/JBIES-21-00382
-
İsbir GG, Serçekuş P, Yenal K, et al. The prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth among Turkish pregnant women. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2024;42(1):62-77. doi:10.1080/02646838.2022.2057938
-
Bilge Ç, Dönmez S, Olgaç Z, Pirinççi F. Fear of labour during pregnancy and factors affecting. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer. 2022;12(2):330-5. doi:10.33631/sabd.1067958
-
Grundström H, Malmquist A, Ivarsson A, Torbjörnsson E, Walz M, Nieminen K. Fear of childbirth postpartum and its correlation with post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life among women with birth complications-A cross-sectional study. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2022;25(2):485-91. doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01289-7
-
Balçık Çolak M, Öztürk Can H, Denizci Zirek Z. Annelerin doğumda duygulanım düzeyi ve etkileyen faktörler. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;10(2): 180-185. doi:10.53424/balikesirsbd.773611
-
Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. Postpartum bonding and association with depressive symptoms and prenatal attachment in women with fear of birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04197-3
-
Asselmann E, Garthus-Niegel S, Martini J. Personality impacts fear of childbirth and subjective birth experiences: A prospective-longitudinal study. PloS One. 2021;16(11):e0258696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258696
-
Hendrix YM, Baas MA, Vanhommerig JW, de Jongh A, Van Pampus MG. Fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:923819. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923819
-
Bıyık İ, Aslan MM. The effect of education during pregnancy on fear of labour and caesarean section rates. Kocaeli Medical Journal. 2020;9(2):77-82. doi:10.5505/ktd.2020.37097
-
O'Connell MA, Leahy‐Warren P, Khashan AS, Kenny LC, O'Neill SM. Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2017;96(8):907-20. doi:10.1111/aogs.13138
-
Wijma K, Alehagen S, Wijma B. Development of the delivery fear scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2002;23(2):97-107. doi:10.3109/01674820209042791
-
Sakorntanun W, Chatchawan U, Hongrattana K. The characteristics of labour pain during the active phase of primipara. Journal of Medical Technology and Physical Therapy. 2012;24(2):191-200.
-
Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A. Development of a measure of postpartum PTSD: the city birth trauma scale. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2018;9:409. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409
-
Bayrı Bingöl F, Bal MD, Dişsiz M, Sormageç MT, Yildiz PD. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2021;41(7):1023-31. doi:10.1080/01443615.2020.1821354
-
Hodnett ED, Simmons‐Tropea DA. The labour agentry scale: psychometric properties of an instrument measuring control during childbirth. Research in Nursing & Health. 1987;10(5):301-10. doi:10.1002/nur.4770100503
-
Gençalp, NS. Doğum eyleminde anneye verilen destekleyici hemşirelik bakımının doğum sürecine etkisi. T.C. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doğum-Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Programı. Doktora Tezi. Ankara, Türkiye. 1998.
-
Conrad MS, Trachtenberg E. Personality traits, childbirth expectations, and childbirth experiences: a prospective study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2023;41(4):403-16. doi:10.1080/02646838.2021.2009451
-
Kanbur A, Özlem K. Investigation of the level of fear of childbirth and related variables in pregnant women. Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Lokman Hekim Journal of History of Medicine and Folkloric Medicine. 2023;13(1):188-95. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1162395
-
Rúger-Navarrete A, Vázquez-Lara JM, Antúnez-Calvente I, et al. Antenatal fear of childbirth as a risk factor for a bad childbirth experience. Healthcare. 2023;18;11(3):297 doi:10.3390/healthcare11030297
-
Mandar O, Idrees MB, Ahmed A, ALhabardi N, Hassan B, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of fear for childbirth among pregnant women in eastern Sudan. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2023;41(3):319-29. doi:10.1080/02646838.2021.1995598
-
Lewis-Jones B, Nielsen TC, Svensson J, et al. Cross-sectional survey of antenatal education attendance among nulliparous pregnant women in Sydney, Australia. Women and Birth. 2023;36(2):e276-e82. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2022.08.003
-
Vaajala M, Liukkonen R, Kuitunen I, Ponkilainen V, Mattila VM, Kekki M. Factors associated with fear of childbirth in a subsequent pregnancy: a nationwide case–control analysis in Finland. BMC Women's Health. 2023;23(1):1-8. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02185-7
-
Jenabi E, Khazaei S, Bashirian S, Aghababaei S, Matinnia N. Reasons for elective cesarean section on maternal request: a systematic review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2020;33(22):3867-72. doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1587407
-
Ilska M, Brandt-Salmeri A, Kołodziej-Zaleska A, Banaś E, Gelner H, Cnota W. Factors associated with fear of childbirth among Polish pregnant women. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):4397. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83915-5
-
Simpson M, Catling C. Understanding psychological traumatic birth experiences: A literature review. Women and birth: journal of the Australian College of Midwives. 2016;29(3):203–7. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2015.10.009
-
Place K, Rahkonen L, Adler K, Kruit H. Women’s subjective perceptions and background factors associated with poor maternal childbirth experience among induced and spontaneous onset of labour: a two-year tertiary hospital cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023;23(1):349. doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05665-8
-
Reshef S, Mouadeb D, Sela Y, Weiniger FC, Freedman SA. Childbirth, trauma and family relationships. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2023;14(1):2157481. doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2157481
-
Pop-Jordanova N, Jakovska-Maretti T, Zorcec T. Perceived birth trauma in Macedonian women. PRILOZI. 2023;44(1):37-46. doi:10.2478/prilozi-2023-0005
-
Fenaroli V, Molgora S, Dodaro S, et al. The childbirth experience: obstetric and psychological predictors in Italian primiparous women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2019;19(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2561-7
Doğum Eylemindeki Gebelerin Doğum Korkusu Düzeyini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Doğum Korkusunun, Doğum Ağrısı, Doğum Travması Algısı ve Duygulanım Düzeyine Etkisi: Analitik Kesitsel Çalışma
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 304 - 311, 15.09.2025
Melek Balçık Çolak
,
Hafize Öztürk Can
,
Büşra Yolcu
,
Sare Cansu Kalkan
,
Nazlı Ünlü Bıdık
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, gebe kadınların doğum için hastaneye geldiklerinde, doğum sırasında yaşadıkları korkuyu etkileyen faktörleri araştırmaktır.
Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışma, Sakarya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kadın Doğum Kliniği’ne başvuran 244 gebe ile yapılan analitik, kesitsel bir araştırmadır. Veriler Tanımlayıcı Bilgi Formu, Doğum Korkusu Ölçeği, Görsel Analog Ölçeği, City Doğum Travması Ölçeği ve Doğum Duygulanım Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma SPPS 25.0 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların doğum korkusu ölçek puan ortalaması orta düzeyin altında bulunmuştur. Korku düzeyleri, doğuma hazırlık eğitimine katılım ve doğum şekliyle önemli ölçüde ilişkili bulunurken (p<0,05), doğum müdahaleleri veya ağrı algısıyla ilişkili bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Korku, algılanan kontrol ile negatif, doğum travması puanlarıyla pozitif korelasyon göstermiştir (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Doğum korkusu, doğum öncesi dönemde bütünsel ve destekleyici bakım sağlanarak hafifletilebilir. Bu korkunun azaltılması, doğum sonuçlarının iyileştirilmesine yol açacaktır. Gelecekteki araştırmaların, daha büyük, çok merkezli örnekleri içermesi ve psikolojik, sosyal ve kültürel değişkenleri belirlemeye odaklanması ve doğum korkusunu etkili bir şekilde azaltan müdahaleleri değerlendirmesi önerilir.
Ethical Statement
Çalışmaya başlamadan önce Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Girişimsel Olmayan Etik Kurulu'ndan etik onay (Tarih: 15.11.2022, karar no: 324) ve çalışmanın yürütüldüğü hastane yönetiminden izin alındı. Tüm katılımcılar, anonimleştirilmiş verilerinin akademik amaçlarla kullanılmasına izin veren sözlü onam verdiler. Çalışma Helsinki Bildirgesi'ne uygun olarak yürütüldü.
Thanks
Araştırmaya katılan gebelere ve bu gebelerin bakımını üstlenen ebelere teşekkür ederiz. Ayrıca, makalenin İngilizce çevirisindeki yardımları için Mustafa Demir'e de teşekkür ederiz.
References
-
Serçekuş P, İsbir GG, İnci FH. Reliability and validity of the delivery fear scale. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2017;10(4):179-185.
-
do Souto SPA, da Silva RCG, Prata AP, Guerra MJ, Couto C, de Albuquerque RS. Midwives’ interventions for reducing fear of childbirth in pregnant women: a scoping review. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2022;20(12):2867-935. doi:10.11124/JBIES-21-00382
-
İsbir GG, Serçekuş P, Yenal K, et al. The prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth among Turkish pregnant women. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2024;42(1):62-77. doi:10.1080/02646838.2022.2057938
-
Bilge Ç, Dönmez S, Olgaç Z, Pirinççi F. Fear of labour during pregnancy and factors affecting. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer. 2022;12(2):330-5. doi:10.33631/sabd.1067958
-
Grundström H, Malmquist A, Ivarsson A, Torbjörnsson E, Walz M, Nieminen K. Fear of childbirth postpartum and its correlation with post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life among women with birth complications-A cross-sectional study. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2022;25(2):485-91. doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01289-7
-
Balçık Çolak M, Öztürk Can H, Denizci Zirek Z. Annelerin doğumda duygulanım düzeyi ve etkileyen faktörler. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;10(2): 180-185. doi:10.53424/balikesirsbd.773611
-
Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. Postpartum bonding and association with depressive symptoms and prenatal attachment in women with fear of birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04197-3
-
Asselmann E, Garthus-Niegel S, Martini J. Personality impacts fear of childbirth and subjective birth experiences: A prospective-longitudinal study. PloS One. 2021;16(11):e0258696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258696
-
Hendrix YM, Baas MA, Vanhommerig JW, de Jongh A, Van Pampus MG. Fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:923819. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923819
-
Bıyık İ, Aslan MM. The effect of education during pregnancy on fear of labour and caesarean section rates. Kocaeli Medical Journal. 2020;9(2):77-82. doi:10.5505/ktd.2020.37097
-
O'Connell MA, Leahy‐Warren P, Khashan AS, Kenny LC, O'Neill SM. Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2017;96(8):907-20. doi:10.1111/aogs.13138
-
Wijma K, Alehagen S, Wijma B. Development of the delivery fear scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2002;23(2):97-107. doi:10.3109/01674820209042791
-
Sakorntanun W, Chatchawan U, Hongrattana K. The characteristics of labour pain during the active phase of primipara. Journal of Medical Technology and Physical Therapy. 2012;24(2):191-200.
-
Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A. Development of a measure of postpartum PTSD: the city birth trauma scale. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2018;9:409. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409
-
Bayrı Bingöl F, Bal MD, Dişsiz M, Sormageç MT, Yildiz PD. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2021;41(7):1023-31. doi:10.1080/01443615.2020.1821354
-
Hodnett ED, Simmons‐Tropea DA. The labour agentry scale: psychometric properties of an instrument measuring control during childbirth. Research in Nursing & Health. 1987;10(5):301-10. doi:10.1002/nur.4770100503
-
Gençalp, NS. Doğum eyleminde anneye verilen destekleyici hemşirelik bakımının doğum sürecine etkisi. T.C. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doğum-Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Programı. Doktora Tezi. Ankara, Türkiye. 1998.
-
Conrad MS, Trachtenberg E. Personality traits, childbirth expectations, and childbirth experiences: a prospective study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2023;41(4):403-16. doi:10.1080/02646838.2021.2009451
-
Kanbur A, Özlem K. Investigation of the level of fear of childbirth and related variables in pregnant women. Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Lokman Hekim Journal of History of Medicine and Folkloric Medicine. 2023;13(1):188-95. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1162395
-
Rúger-Navarrete A, Vázquez-Lara JM, Antúnez-Calvente I, et al. Antenatal fear of childbirth as a risk factor for a bad childbirth experience. Healthcare. 2023;18;11(3):297 doi:10.3390/healthcare11030297
-
Mandar O, Idrees MB, Ahmed A, ALhabardi N, Hassan B, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of fear for childbirth among pregnant women in eastern Sudan. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2023;41(3):319-29. doi:10.1080/02646838.2021.1995598
-
Lewis-Jones B, Nielsen TC, Svensson J, et al. Cross-sectional survey of antenatal education attendance among nulliparous pregnant women in Sydney, Australia. Women and Birth. 2023;36(2):e276-e82. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2022.08.003
-
Vaajala M, Liukkonen R, Kuitunen I, Ponkilainen V, Mattila VM, Kekki M. Factors associated with fear of childbirth in a subsequent pregnancy: a nationwide case–control analysis in Finland. BMC Women's Health. 2023;23(1):1-8. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02185-7
-
Jenabi E, Khazaei S, Bashirian S, Aghababaei S, Matinnia N. Reasons for elective cesarean section on maternal request: a systematic review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2020;33(22):3867-72. doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1587407
-
Ilska M, Brandt-Salmeri A, Kołodziej-Zaleska A, Banaś E, Gelner H, Cnota W. Factors associated with fear of childbirth among Polish pregnant women. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):4397. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83915-5
-
Simpson M, Catling C. Understanding psychological traumatic birth experiences: A literature review. Women and birth: journal of the Australian College of Midwives. 2016;29(3):203–7. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2015.10.009
-
Place K, Rahkonen L, Adler K, Kruit H. Women’s subjective perceptions and background factors associated with poor maternal childbirth experience among induced and spontaneous onset of labour: a two-year tertiary hospital cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023;23(1):349. doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05665-8
-
Reshef S, Mouadeb D, Sela Y, Weiniger FC, Freedman SA. Childbirth, trauma and family relationships. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2023;14(1):2157481. doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2157481
-
Pop-Jordanova N, Jakovska-Maretti T, Zorcec T. Perceived birth trauma in Macedonian women. PRILOZI. 2023;44(1):37-46. doi:10.2478/prilozi-2023-0005
-
Fenaroli V, Molgora S, Dodaro S, et al. The childbirth experience: obstetric and psychological predictors in Italian primiparous women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2019;19(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2561-7