The Effects of Inhaler Aromatherapy in Women with Essential Hypertension on Vital Signs and Anxiety: A Crossover Clinical Trial

Year 2022, , 274 - 285, 05.12.2022

Hafize Özdemir , Gürsel Öztunç

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.975802

Abstract

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effect of inhaled aromatherapy applied to women with essential hypertension on blood pressure, pulse and anxiety levels.
Methods: This crossover design, single-blind study was conducted with 40 women with essential hypertension. Data were collected over two periods using a fully automatic sphygmomanometer, State Anxiety Scale, and recordings made with the BIOPAC MP 35 Data Acquisition System (Version 3.7.3, Santa Barbara, USA). In the first period of the study, inhaler aromatherapy was applied to the women once a day for two weeks, for five minutes, with a 5:3:2 ratio of lavender, bergamot and ylang-ylang aromatic oils. On the other hand, women receiving placebo were given sunflower oil inhalation once a day for five minutes for two weeks. After a one-week washout period, the groups changed places and the second phase of the study was started and the practices were continued for two more weeks. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured once a week to determine efficacy; in addition, State Anxiety Scale and Data Acquisition System records were taken once at the beginning and end of each period.
Results: It was found that in women with essential hypertension in the first week of inhaled aromatherapy, decreasing systolic (p<0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001), pulse rate (p<0.01), State Anxiety Score (p<0.001), body temperature (p˂0.05) and a significant decrease in respiratory depth (p˂0.05) from Data Acquisition System records.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that inhaled aromatherapy had positive effects on blood pressure, pulse and anxiety level for women with essential hypertension. For this reason, it may be recommended to include aromatherapy in nursing practices.

Keywords

hypertension, aromatherapy, blood pressure, pulse, anxiety

Esansiyel Hipertansiyonu Olan Kadınlarda İnhaler Aromaterapinin Yaşam Bulguları ve Kaygı Üzerine Etkisi: Çapraz Desenli Klinik Bir Çalışma

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, esansiyel hipertansiyonu olan kadınlara uygulanan inhaler aromaterapinin yaşam bulguları ve kaygı düzeyine etkisini saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Çapraz desenli tek kör nitelikteki bu çalışma esansiyel hipertansiyonu olan 40 kadın ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler tam otomatik tansiyon aleti, Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği ve BIOPAC MP 35 Veri Edinim Sistemi (Version 3.7.3, Santa Barbara, ABD) cihazı ile yapılan kayıtlar kullanılarak iki dönemde toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci döneminde kadınlara iki hafta süresince günde bir kez, beşer dakika, 5:3:2 oranında lavanta, bergamot ve ylang-ylang aromatik yağ karışımıyla inhaler aromaterapi uygulanmıştır. Plasebo uygulanan kadınlara ise günde bir kez, beş dakika olmak üzere iki hafta süresince ayçiçek yağı inhalasyonu yaptırılmıştır. Bir haftalık arınma süresinin ardından gruplar yer değiştirmiş ve çalışmanın ikinci dönemine geçilerek uygulamalar iki hafta daha sürdürülmüştür. Etkinliği saptamak için haftada bir kez kan basıncı ve nabız hızı ölçülmüş; ayrıca dönemlerin başında ve sonunda birer kez Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği ve Veri Edinim Sistemi kayıtları alınmıştır.
Bulgular: İnhaler aromaterapinin ilk haftasında esansiyel hipertansiyonu olan kadınlarda sistolik (p<0.01) ve diyastolik kan basıncı (p=0.001), nabız hızı (p<0.01), durumluk kaygı puanı (p<0.001), Veri Edinim Sistemi kayıtlarından vücut sıcaklığı (p˂0.05) ve solunum derinliğinde (p˂0.05) anlamlı azalmanın olduğu saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçları esansiyel hipertansiyonu olan kadınlara inhaler aromaterapinin kan basıncı, nabız ve kaygı düzeyi üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle hemşirelik uygulamalarında aromaterapi uygulamasına yer verilmesi önerilebilir.

Keywords

hipertansiyon, aromaterapi, kan basıncı, nabız, kaygı

References

• Ahmad A, Oparil S. (2017). Hypertension in women: Recent advances and lingering questions. Hypertension, 70(1), 19-26.
• Bensafi M, Rouby C, Farget V, Bertrand B, Vigouroux M, Holley A. (2002). Influence of affective and cognitive judgments on autonomic parameters during inhalation of pleasant and unpleasant odors in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 319(3), 162-166.
• Boucsein, W. (2012). Electrodermal Activity. New York, Springer Science, p.37 Buckle, J. (2003). Clinical Aromatherapy. Second edition, New York, Elsevier Limited Churchill Livingstone, 3-250.
• Cha JH, Lee SH, Yoo YS. (2010). Effects of aromatherapy on changes in the autonomic nervous system, aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic augmentation index in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40(5), 705-713.
• Chien LW, Cheng SL, Liu CF. (2012). The effect of lavender aromatherapy on autonomic nervous system in midlife women with insomnia. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 740813.
• Donelli D, Antonelli M, Bellinazzi C, Gensini GF, Firenzuoli F. (2019). Effects of lavender on anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine, 65, 153099.
• Eguchi E, Funakubo N, Tomooka K, Ohira T, Ogino K, Tanigawa T. (2016). The effects of aroma foot massage on blood pressure and anxiety in japanese community-dwelling men and women: a crossover randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 11(3), e0151712.
• Heuberger E, Redhammer S, Buchbauer G. (2004). Transdermal absorption of (-)- linalool induces autonomic deactivation but has no impact on ratings of well-being in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(10), 1925-1932.
• Hongratanaworakit T. (2004). Physiological effects in aromatherapy. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology (SJST), 26, 117-125.
• Hongratanaworakit T. (2011). Aroma-therapeutic effects of massage blended essential oils on humans. Natural Product Communications, 6(8), 1199-1204.
• Hongratanaworakit T, Buchbauer G. (2004). Evaluation of the harmonizing effect of ylang-ylang oil on humans after inhalation. Planta Medica, 70(7), 632-636.
• Howard S, Hughes BM. (2008). Expectancies, not aroma, explain impact of lavender aromatherapy on psychophysiological indices of relaxation in young healthy women. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(Pt 4), 603-617.
• Hur MH, Lee MS, Kim C, Ernst E. (2012). Aromatherapy for treatment of hypertension: a systematic review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 37-41.
• Hur MH, Oh H, Lee MS, Kim C, Choi AN, Shin GR. (2007). Effects of aromatherapy massage on blood pressure and lipid profile in korean climacteric women. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(9), 1281-1287.
• Hur MH, Song JA, Lee J, Lee MS. (2014). Aromatherapy for stress reduction in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Maturitas 79(4), 362-369.
• Hwang JH. (2006). The effects of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 36(7), 1123-1134.
• Jäger W, Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Fritzer M. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of lavender oil from a massage oil. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 43, 49-54.
• Johnson HM. (2019). Anxiety and hypertension: ıs there a link? A literature review of the comorbidity relationship between anxiety and hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports, 21(9), 66.
• Jung DJ, Cha JY, Kim SE, Ko IG, Jee YS. (2013). Effects of Ylang-Ylang aroma on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy men. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 9(2), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.130007.
• Kim IH, Kim C, Seong K, Hur MH, Lim HM, Lee MS. (2012). Essential oil inhalation on blood pressure and salivary cortisol levels in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 984203. doi: 10.1155/2012/984203.
• Kuriyama H, Watanabe S, Nakaya T, Shigemori I, Kita M, Yoshida N, Masaki D, Tadai T, Ozasa K, Fukui K, Imanishi J. (2005). Immunological and psychological benefits of aromatherapy massage. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(2), 179-184.
• Levenstein S, Smith MW, Kaplan GA. (2001). Psychosocial predictors of hypertension in men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(10), 1341-1346.
• Lin PW, Chan WC, Ng BF, Lam LC. (2007). Efficacy of aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) as an intervention for agitated behaviours in Chinese older persons with dementia: A cross-over randomized trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(5), 405-410.
• Liu MY, Li N, Li WA, Khan H. (2017). Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological Research, 39(6), 573-580.
• Markovitz JH, Matthews KA, Wing RR, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN. (1991). Psychological, biological and health behavior predictors of blood pressure changes in middle-aged women. Journal of Hypertension, 9(5), 399-406.
• Öner N, Le Compte A. (1998). Süreksiz durumluk/ sürekli kaygı envanteri. İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
• Player MS, Peterson LE. (2011). Anxiety disorders, hypertension, and cardiovascular risk: a review. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 41(4), 365-377.
• Rhee TG, Harris IM. (2017). Gender differences in the use of complementary and alternative medicine and their association with moderate mental distress in u.s.adults with migraines/severe headaches. Headache, 57(1), 97-108.
• Saeki Y. (2000). The effect of foot-bath with or without the essential oil of lavender on the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 8(1), 2-7.
• Salamati A, Mashouf S, Mojab F. (2017). Effect of ınhalation of lavender essential oil on vital signs in open heart surgery ICU. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(1), 404-409.
• Seong K, Hong JH, Hur MH, Lee MS. (2013). Two-week aroma inhalation effects on blood pressure in young men with essential hypertension. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 5(3), 254-260.
• Sowndhararajan K, Kim S. (2016). Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response. Scientia pharmaceutica, 84(4), 724–751. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm84040724
• Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety ınventory. Palo Alto, California, Consulting Psychologists Press.
• Walla P, Imhof H, Lang W. (2009). A gender difference related to the effect of a background odor: a magnetoencephalographic study. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna) 116(10), 1227-1236.
• Watanabe E, Kuchta K, Kimura M, Rauwald HW, Kamei T, Imanishi J. (2015). Effects of bergamot ( Citrus bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn.) essential oil aromatherapy on mood states, parasympathetic nervous system activity, and salivary cortisol levels in 41 healthy females. Forsch Komplementmed, 22(1):43-49. doi: 10.1159/000380989.
• Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M. (2018). 2018 Practice Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the european society of hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH/ESC task force for the management of arterial hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 36(12), 2284-2309.
• Zhang N, L Zhang, L Feng, Yao L.(2018). Cananga odorata essential oil reverses the anxiety induced by 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine through regulating the MAPK pathway and serotonin system in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 219, 23-30.