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Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 455 - 467, 26.08.2025

Rabia Aydın , Selma Atay

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1436214

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, hasta refakatçi ve ziyaretçilerinin el hijyenine uyum durumuna ilişkin yapılan çalışmaların incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmada Scholar Google, MEDLINE, pubmed, CINAHL, Science Direct, Ebscohost veri tabanlarında “el hijyeni” ve “ziyaretçi”, “el hijyeni uyumu” ve “ziyaretçi”, “el hijyeni” ve “hasta refakatçisi”, “el hi̇jyeni̇ uyumu” ve “hasta refakatçi̇si̇”, “hand hygiene and visitor”, “hand hygiene compliance and visitor”, “hand hygiene and patient companion”, “hand hygiene compliance and patient companion” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak tarama yapılmıştır. Araştırmada 2010-2020 yıllarında yayımlanan ve dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan 20 çalışma incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: İncelemeye alınan çalışmalardan 12’sinin tanımlayıcı, 8’inin de girişimsel çalışma olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmaların çoğu hasta refakatçi ve ziyaretçilerinin el hijyen uyum oranlarına ve uyumu artırma girişimlerine yönelik yapılmıştır. Değerlendirmeye alınan çalışmaların bulgularına göre; hasta refakatçi ve ziyaretçilerinin el hijyenine uyumda problem yaşadıkları görülmüştür. El hijyeni uyumunu etkileyen faktörler arasında ise; hijyen alışkanlıkları, malzeme eksikliği gibi durumlar yer almıştır. El hijyenine uyumu artırmaya yönelik girişim olarak ise; incelenen araştırmalarda gözlem yapma ile görsel ve işitsel uyaran kullanımının el hijyenine uyumu artırdığı bulgulanmıştır.
Sonuç: Hasta refakatçi ve ziyaretçilerinin el hijyenine uyum durumuna yönelik araştırmaların sayısında son yıllarda artış olsa da ülkemizde tek çalışmaya rastlanmıştır. Bu konuda ulusal çalışmaların artırılması, hasta refakatçi ve ziyaretçilerinin el hijyen uyum durumlarını artırmak için girişimsel çalışmaların yapılması önerilebilir.

Keywords

El hijyeni refakatçi ziyaretçi

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

yok

Thanks

-

References

  • Allegranzi B, Pittet D. (2009). Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 73(4), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2009.04.019
  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Tambyah PA. (2014). Healthcare associated infections (HAI) perspectives. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 7(4), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2014.04.003
  • Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, Hudson PM, Mitchell SA, Crosby C. (2017). Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 96(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.004
  • Birnbach DJ, Nevo I, Barnes S, Fitzpatrick M, Rosen LF, Everett-Thomas R et al. (2012). Do hospital visitors wash their hands? Assessing the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer in a hospital lobby. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(4), 340–343. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.006
  • Birnbach DJ, Rosen LF, Fitzpatrick M, Arheart KL, Munoz-Price LS. (2015). An evaluation of hand hygiene in an intensive care unit: Are visitors a potential vector for pathogens?. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 8(6), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.04.027
  • Birnbach DJ, Thiesen TC, Rosen LF, Fitzpatrick M, Arheart KL. (2020). A new approach to infection prevention: A pilot study to evaluate a hand hygiene ambassador program in hospitals and clinics. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(3), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.007
  • Biswal M, Angrup A, Rajpoot S, Kaur R, Kaur K, Kaur H et al. (2020). Hand hygiene compliance of patients' family members in India: importance of educating the unofficial 'fourth category' of healthcare personnel. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(4), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2019.09.013
  • Burke JP. (2003). Infection control-a problem for patient safety. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(7), 651-656. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr020557
  • Davis CR. (2010). Infection-free surgery: how to improve hand-hygiene compliance and eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surgical wards. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 92(4), 316–319. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588410 X12628812459931
  • D'Egidio G, Patel R, Rashidi B, Mansour M, Sabri E, Milgram P. (2014). A study of the efficacy of flashing lights to increase the salience of alcohol-gel dispensers for improving hand hygiene compliance. American Journal of Infection Control, 42(8), 852–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.04.017
  • El Marjiya Villarreal S, Khan S, Oduwole M, Sutanto E, Vleck K, Katz M et al. (2020). Can educational speech intervention improve visitors' hand hygiene compliance?. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(4), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin .2019 .12.002
  • Fakhry M, Hanna GB, Anderson O, Holmes A, Nathwani D. (2012). Effectiveness of an audible reminder on hand hygiene adherence. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(4), 320–323. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.023
  • Hancı H, Ayyıldız A, Çelebi D. (2012). Hasta ziyaretleri için hastaneye gelen kişilerin ziyaret öncesi ve sonrası el floralarının karşılaştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 113-121.
  • Hansen PG, Larsen EG, Modin A, Gundersen CD, Schilling M. (2021). Nudging hand hygiene compliance: a large-scale field experiment on hospital visitors. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 118, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.009
  • Hoang D, Khawar N, George M, Gad A, Sy F, Narula P. (2018). Video didactic at the point of care impacts hand hygiene compliance in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Journal of Healthcare Risk Management : The Journal of the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management, 37(4), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrm.21314
  • Hobbs MA, Robinson S, Neyens DM, Steed C. (2016). Visitor characteristics and alcohol-based hand sanitizer dispenser locations at the hospital entrance: Effect on visitor use rates. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(3), 258–262. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.041
  • Horng LM, Unicomb L, Alam MU, Halder AK, Shoab AK, Ghosh PK et al. (2016). Healthcare worker and family caregiver hand hygiene in Bangladeshi healthcare facilities: results from the Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 94(3), 286–294. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.08.016
  • Irmak H, Yardım N, Temel F. (2019) Türkiye Sağlık Hizmeti ile İlişkili Enfeksiyonları Önleme ve Kontrol Programı 2019 – 2024. 1. Baskı, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayını, Ankara, s.1-48.
  • Kim D, Lee O. (2019). Effects of Audio-Visual Stimulation on Hand Hygiene Compliance among Family and Non-Family Visitors of Pediatric Wards: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-post Intervention Study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 46, E92–E97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2019.03.017
  • Kouni S, Kourlaba G, Mougkou K, Maroudi S, Chavela B, Nteli C et al. (2014). Assessment of hand hygiene resources and practices at the 2 children's hospitals in Greece. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(10), E247–E251. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.000 0000000000376
  • Lary D, Calvert A, Nerlich B, Segal J, Vaughan N, Randle J et al. (2020). Improving children's and their visitors' hand hygiene compliance. Journal of Infection Prevention, 21(2), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177419892065
  • Linam WM, Marrero EM, Honeycutt MD, Wisdom CM, Gaspar A, Vijayan V. (2019). Focusing on Families and Visitors Reduces Healthcare Associated Respiratory Viral Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Pediatric Quality & Safety, 4(6), E242. https://doi.org/10.1097/pq9.0000000000000242
  • Randle J, Arthur A, Vaughan N, Wharrad H, Windle R. (2014). An observational study of hand hygiene adherence following the introduction of an education intervention. Journal of Infection Prevention, 15(4), 142–147.https://doi.org/10.1177/17571774145 310 57
  • Randle J, Arthur A, Vaughan N. (2010). Twenty-four-hour observational study of hospital hand hygiene compliance. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 76(3), 252–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.06.027
  • Randle J, Firth J, Vaughan N. (2013). An observational study of hand hygiene compliance in paediatric wards. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(17-18), 2586–2592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04103.x
  • Willison-Parry TA, Haidar EAC, Martini LG, Coates ARM. (2013). Handwashing adherence by visitors is poor: is there a simple solution?. American Journal of Infection Control, 41(10), 928–929. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.023
  • World Health Organization, WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in healthcare: first global patient safety challenge; clean care is safer care. Geneva: WHO; 2009a. Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2023. http://whqlibdoc. who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. Hand hygiene: Why, how & when?. Geneva: WHO;2009b. Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2023. https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/pdf/Health%20topics/Hand_Hygiene_Why_How_and_When_Brochure.pdf
  • World Health Organization. The burden of health care-associated infection worldwide. World Health Organization; 2010. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories /detail/the-burden-of-health-care-associated-infection-worldwide
  • World Health Organization. Report on the burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide. World Health Organization; 2011. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item /report-on-the-burden-of-endemic-health-care-associated-infection-worldwide
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2023.https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-wastemanagement-for-covid-19
  • Young JM, JaHyun K. (2019). Hand hygiene compliance among visitors at a long-term care hospital in Korea: a covert observation study. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 30(1), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.1.99

Hand Hygiene Compliance among Patient Companions and Visitors: A Systematic Review

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 455 - 467, 26.08.2025

Rabia Aydın , Selma Atay

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1436214

Abstract

Objective: This literature review aims to investigate the studies on hand hygiene compliance among patient companions and visitors.
Methods: In the study, the keywords "hand hygiene and visitor", "hand hygiene compliance and visitor", "hand hygiene and patient companion", and "hand hygiene compliance and patient companion" were searched in Scholar Google, MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct and Ebscohost databases. The study reviewed twenty studies published between 2010 and 2020 that met the inclusion criteria.
Results: Of the studies included in this review, 12 were descriptive and 8 were interventional studies. The majority of these studies focused on the hand-hygiene compliance rates and increasing these rates in patient companions and visitors. The studies revealed that these individuals often encountered difficulties in complying with hand hygiene protocols. The factors that influenced hand hygiene compliance included hygiene habits and the lack of appropriate materials. As an intervention to increase hand hygiene compliance, observation and the use of visual and auditory stimuli were found to increase hand hygiene compliance in the studies reviewed.
Conclusion: Although the number of studies investigating hand hygiene compliance among patient companions and visitors has increased in recent years, only one study conducted in Turkey was identified. Recommendations may include increasing the number of national studies on this topic and conducting interventional studies aimed at improving hand hygiene compliance among patient companions and visitors.

Keywords

Hand hygiene companions visitors

References

  • Allegranzi B, Pittet D. (2009). Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 73(4), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2009.04.019
  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Tambyah PA. (2014). Healthcare associated infections (HAI) perspectives. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 7(4), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2014.04.003
  • Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, Hudson PM, Mitchell SA, Crosby C. (2017). Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 96(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.004
  • Birnbach DJ, Nevo I, Barnes S, Fitzpatrick M, Rosen LF, Everett-Thomas R et al. (2012). Do hospital visitors wash their hands? Assessing the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer in a hospital lobby. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(4), 340–343. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.006
  • Birnbach DJ, Rosen LF, Fitzpatrick M, Arheart KL, Munoz-Price LS. (2015). An evaluation of hand hygiene in an intensive care unit: Are visitors a potential vector for pathogens?. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 8(6), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.04.027
  • Birnbach DJ, Thiesen TC, Rosen LF, Fitzpatrick M, Arheart KL. (2020). A new approach to infection prevention: A pilot study to evaluate a hand hygiene ambassador program in hospitals and clinics. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(3), 246–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.007
  • Biswal M, Angrup A, Rajpoot S, Kaur R, Kaur K, Kaur H et al. (2020). Hand hygiene compliance of patients' family members in India: importance of educating the unofficial 'fourth category' of healthcare personnel. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(4), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2019.09.013
  • Burke JP. (2003). Infection control-a problem for patient safety. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(7), 651-656. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr020557
  • Davis CR. (2010). Infection-free surgery: how to improve hand-hygiene compliance and eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surgical wards. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 92(4), 316–319. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588410 X12628812459931
  • D'Egidio G, Patel R, Rashidi B, Mansour M, Sabri E, Milgram P. (2014). A study of the efficacy of flashing lights to increase the salience of alcohol-gel dispensers for improving hand hygiene compliance. American Journal of Infection Control, 42(8), 852–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.04.017
  • El Marjiya Villarreal S, Khan S, Oduwole M, Sutanto E, Vleck K, Katz M et al. (2020). Can educational speech intervention improve visitors' hand hygiene compliance?. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(4), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin .2019 .12.002
  • Fakhry M, Hanna GB, Anderson O, Holmes A, Nathwani D. (2012). Effectiveness of an audible reminder on hand hygiene adherence. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(4), 320–323. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.023
  • Hancı H, Ayyıldız A, Çelebi D. (2012). Hasta ziyaretleri için hastaneye gelen kişilerin ziyaret öncesi ve sonrası el floralarının karşılaştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 113-121.
  • Hansen PG, Larsen EG, Modin A, Gundersen CD, Schilling M. (2021). Nudging hand hygiene compliance: a large-scale field experiment on hospital visitors. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 118, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.009
  • Hoang D, Khawar N, George M, Gad A, Sy F, Narula P. (2018). Video didactic at the point of care impacts hand hygiene compliance in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Journal of Healthcare Risk Management : The Journal of the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management, 37(4), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrm.21314
  • Hobbs MA, Robinson S, Neyens DM, Steed C. (2016). Visitor characteristics and alcohol-based hand sanitizer dispenser locations at the hospital entrance: Effect on visitor use rates. American Journal of Infection Control, 44(3), 258–262. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.041
  • Horng LM, Unicomb L, Alam MU, Halder AK, Shoab AK, Ghosh PK et al. (2016). Healthcare worker and family caregiver hand hygiene in Bangladeshi healthcare facilities: results from the Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 94(3), 286–294. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.08.016
  • Irmak H, Yardım N, Temel F. (2019) Türkiye Sağlık Hizmeti ile İlişkili Enfeksiyonları Önleme ve Kontrol Programı 2019 – 2024. 1. Baskı, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayını, Ankara, s.1-48.
  • Kim D, Lee O. (2019). Effects of Audio-Visual Stimulation on Hand Hygiene Compliance among Family and Non-Family Visitors of Pediatric Wards: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-post Intervention Study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 46, E92–E97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2019.03.017
  • Kouni S, Kourlaba G, Mougkou K, Maroudi S, Chavela B, Nteli C et al. (2014). Assessment of hand hygiene resources and practices at the 2 children's hospitals in Greece. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 33(10), E247–E251. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.000 0000000000376
  • Lary D, Calvert A, Nerlich B, Segal J, Vaughan N, Randle J et al. (2020). Improving children's and their visitors' hand hygiene compliance. Journal of Infection Prevention, 21(2), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177419892065
  • Linam WM, Marrero EM, Honeycutt MD, Wisdom CM, Gaspar A, Vijayan V. (2019). Focusing on Families and Visitors Reduces Healthcare Associated Respiratory Viral Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Pediatric Quality & Safety, 4(6), E242. https://doi.org/10.1097/pq9.0000000000000242
  • Randle J, Arthur A, Vaughan N, Wharrad H, Windle R. (2014). An observational study of hand hygiene adherence following the introduction of an education intervention. Journal of Infection Prevention, 15(4), 142–147.https://doi.org/10.1177/17571774145 310 57
  • Randle J, Arthur A, Vaughan N. (2010). Twenty-four-hour observational study of hospital hand hygiene compliance. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 76(3), 252–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.06.027
  • Randle J, Firth J, Vaughan N. (2013). An observational study of hand hygiene compliance in paediatric wards. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(17-18), 2586–2592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04103.x
  • Willison-Parry TA, Haidar EAC, Martini LG, Coates ARM. (2013). Handwashing adherence by visitors is poor: is there a simple solution?. American Journal of Infection Control, 41(10), 928–929. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.023
  • World Health Organization, WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in healthcare: first global patient safety challenge; clean care is safer care. Geneva: WHO; 2009a. Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2023. http://whqlibdoc. who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. Hand hygiene: Why, how & when?. Geneva: WHO;2009b. Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2023. https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/pdf/Health%20topics/Hand_Hygiene_Why_How_and_When_Brochure.pdf
  • World Health Organization. The burden of health care-associated infection worldwide. World Health Organization; 2010. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories /detail/the-burden-of-health-care-associated-infection-worldwide
  • World Health Organization. Report on the burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide. World Health Organization; 2011. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item /report-on-the-burden-of-endemic-health-care-associated-infection-worldwide
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2023.https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-wastemanagement-for-covid-19
  • Young JM, JaHyun K. (2019). Hand hygiene compliance among visitors at a long-term care hospital in Korea: a covert observation study. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 30(1), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2019.30.1.99
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Fundamentals of Nursing, Nursing (Other)
Journal Section Systematic Review
Authors

Rabia Aydın 0009-0003-0151-5081

Selma Atay 0000-0002-2068-1099

Publication Date August 26, 2025
Submission Date February 13, 2024
Acceptance Date July 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydın, R., & Atay, S. (2025). Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 455-467. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1436214
AMA Aydın R, Atay S. Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme. Ordu University J Nurs Stud. August 2025;8(2):455-467. doi:10.38108/ouhcd.1436214
Chicago Aydın, Rabia, and Selma Atay. “Hasta Refakatçi Ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme”. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi 8, no. 2 (August 2025): 455-67. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1436214.
EndNote Aydın R, Atay S (August 1, 2025) Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi 8 2 455–467.
IEEE R. Aydın and S. Atay, “Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme”, Ordu University J Nurs Stud, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 455–467, 2025, doi: 10.38108/ouhcd.1436214.
ISNAD Aydın, Rabia - Atay, Selma. “Hasta Refakatçi Ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme”. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi 8/2 (August2025), 455-467. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1436214.
JAMA Aydın R, Atay S. Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme. Ordu University J Nurs Stud. 2025;8:455–467.
MLA Aydın, Rabia and Selma Atay. “Hasta Refakatçi Ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme”. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2025, pp. 455-67, doi:10.38108/ouhcd.1436214.
Vancouver Aydın R, Atay S. Hasta Refakatçi ve Ziyaretçilerinin El Hijyenine Uyum Durumları: Sistematik Derleme. Ordu University J Nurs Stud. 2025;8(2):455-67.