Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklar ve Normal Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Statik ve Hareketli Materyallerde Yüz İşlemelerinin Karşılaştırılması

Year 2017, , 271 - 290, 11.07.2017

Selda Özdemir , Ömür Gürel Selimoğlu Gökhan Töret Hayri Eren Suna

https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.327784

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Sosyal dikkat eksikliği
otizm spektrum bozukluğunun temel özelliklerinden biri olmasına rağmen, OSB’li
bireylerde bu probleme neden olan faktörler yeterince anlaşılabilmiş değildir.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan (OSB) çocukların bilgisayar ekranında kendilerine
sunulan statik ve hareketli yüz ifadelerini izlerken sergiledikleri yüz
işlemelerini göz izleme tekniği ile incelemek ve normal gelişim gösteren (NG)
çocukların yüz işleme örüntüleri ile karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları
yaşları 5 ile 12
arasında değişen OSB’li 21 çocuk ile 22 NG'li çocuktur. Araştırmada
OSB’li ve NG’li çocuklara bilgisayar ekranında fotoğraf ve video izlettirilerek
göz izleme verileri toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında incelenen bağımlı
değişken, katılımcı çocukların odaklanma sayısıdır. Araştırma kapsamında uyaran
türünün (fotoğraf-video) ve gelişim durumunun (OSB'li grup-NG'li grup)
katılımcı çocukların odaklanma sayısı üzerindeki etkileri karşılaştırılmıştır.
Araştırma sonuçları bölge bazında yapılan karşılaştırmalarda OSB’li çocukların
NG’li çocuklara göre alt gövde alanında daha fazla odaklandıklarını ve NG’li
çocukların da ağız bölgesine OSB’li çocuklardan daha fazla odaklandıklarını
göstermiştir. Statik fotoğraf ve dinamik video değişkenlerinin etkisini
gösteren sonuçlar ise fotoğraf uyarını koşulunda hem OSB’li hem de NG’li
çocukların daha fazla odaklanma sergilediklerini göstermiştir. Araştırma
bulguları ilgili araştırmalar doğrultusunda tartışılmış ve ileri araştırmalara
yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu, göz izleme, yüz işleme, sosyal dikkat

References

• Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(7), 267-278.
• American Psychiatric Association, (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Bathke, A. (2004). The ANOVA F test can still be used in some balanced designs with unequal variances and nonnormal data. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 126(2), 413-422.
• Bhat, A. N., Galloway, J. C., & Landa, R. (2010). Social and non-social visual attention patterns and associative learning in infants at risk for autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(9), 989-997.
• Birmingham, E., Bischof, W. F., & Kingstone, A. (2008). Social attention and real-world scenes: The roles of action, competition and social content. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(7), 986-998.
• Birmingham, E., Bischof, W. F., & Kingstone, A. (2009). Saliency does not account for fixations to eyes within social scenes. Vision Research, 49(24), 2992-3000.
• Bradshaw, J., Shic, F., & Chawarska, K. (2010). Brief report: Face-specific recognition deficits in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(10), 1429-1435.
• Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33(5), 843-859.
• Calvert, G. A., & Campbell, R. (2003). Reading speech from still and moving faces: The neural substrates of visible speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(1), 57-70.
• Chawarska, K., & Shic, F. (2009). Looking but not seeing: atypical visual scanning and recognition of faces in 2 and 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1663-1672.
• Chawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2012). Context modulates attention to social scenes in toddlers with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(8), 903-913.
• Chawarska, K., & Volkmar, F. (2007). Impairments in monkey and human face recognition in 2-year-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay. Developmental Science, 10, 266-279.
• Chawarska, K., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2003). Automatic attention cueing through eye movement in 2-year-old children with autism. Child Development, 74, 1108-1122.
• Chawarska, K., Volkmar, F., & Klin, A. (2010). Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(4), 178-185.
• Coffman, M., Shic, F., Meltvedt, M., Bradshaw, J., & Chawarska, K. (2011, May). Where’s Wendy? Toddlers with ASD exhibit limited attentional capture by faces. Poster session presented at the 2011 International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR 2011), San Diego, CA.
• Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C., Van Amelsvoort, T., & Robertson, D. M., at.al. (2000). The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: Changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain, 123(11), 2203-2212.
• Dawson, G., Toth, K., Abbott, R., Osterling, J., Munson, J., & Estes, A., at.al. (2004). Early social attention impairments in autism: Social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress. Developmental Psychology, 40(2), 271-283.
• Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(6), 479-485.
• Diken, I. H., Ardıç, A., Diken, Ö., & Gilliam, E. J. (2012). Exploring the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2: Turkish standardization study. Eğitim & Bilim, 37(166), 318-328.
• Elison, J. T., Reznick, J. S., Holtzclaw, T. N., Piven, J., & Bodfish, J. W. (2008, May). Children with autism disengage from a social stimulus slower than typically developing controls. Paper presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR 2011), London.
• Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces. Cognition & Emotion, 16(3), 355-379.
• Frank, M. C., Vul, E., & Saxe, R. (2012). Measuring the development of social attention using free-viewing. Infancy, 17(4), 355-375.
• Gervais, H., Belin, P., Boddaert, N., Leboyer, M., Coez, A., & Sfaello, I., at.al. (2004). Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 801-802.
• Greene, D. J., Colich, N., Iacoboni, M., Zaidel, E., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Dapretto, M. (2011). Atypical neural networks for social orienting in autism spectrum disorders. Neurolmage, 56(1), 354-362.
• Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C. S. (1987). Experience and brain development. Child Development, 58(3), 539-559.
• Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A. J., Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Cohen, D. J., Gore, J. C., Volkmar, F. R., & Schultz, R.T. (2005). MRI activation of the fusiform gyrus and amygdala to cartoon characters but not to faces in a boy with autism. Neuropsychologia, 43(3), 373-385.
• Guillon, Q., Hadjikhani, N., Baduel, S., & Roge, B. (2014). Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 279-297.
• Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 59-67.
• Jones, W., Carr, K., & Klin, A. (2008). Absence of preferential looking to the eyes of approaching adults predicts level of social disability in 2-year-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(8), 946-954.
• Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44(4), 529-542.
• Kikuchi, Y., Senju, A., Tojo, Y., Osanai, H., & Hasegawa, T. (2009). Faces do not capture special attention in children with autism spectrum disorder: a change blindness study. Children Development, 80(5), 1421-1433.
• Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R. T., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002a). Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism. American Journal Psychiatry, 159(6), 895-908.
• Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., and Cohen, D. (2002b). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809-816.
• Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R. T., & Volkmar, F. (2003). The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: Lessons from autism. Philosophıcal Transactions, 28, 345-360.
• Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., Debildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F.R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(6), 499-508.
• Kuhl, P. K., Williams, K. A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K. N., & Lindblum, B. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255(5044), 606-608.
• Langton, S. R., Law, A. S., Burton, A., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2008). Attention capture by faces. Cognition, 107(1), 330-342.
• Landry, R., & Bryson, S. E. (2004). Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(6), 1115-1122.
• Leekam, S. R., Lopez, B., & Moore, C. (2000). Attention and joint attention in preschool children with autism. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 261-273.
• Leekam, S. R., & Ramsden, C. A. H. (2006). Dyadic orienting and joint attention in preschool children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(2), 185-197.
• Leppanen, J. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 37-47.
• Maestro, S., Muratori, F., Cavallaro, M. C., Pei, F., Stern, D., & Golse, B., et.al. (2002). Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(10), 1239-1245.
• Moore, D. J., Heavey, L., & Reidy, J. (2012). Attentional processing of faces in ASD: A Dot-Probe study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(10), 2038-2045.
• Noris, B., Nadel, J., Barker, M., Hadjikhani, N., & Billard, A. (2012). Aude Billard investigating gaze of children with ASD in naturalistic settings. PLOS ONE, 7(9), 1-11. Retrieved from www.plosone.org.
• Osterling, J., & Dawson, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 247-257.
• Osterling, J., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of one-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation: A study of first birthday party home videotapes. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 239-51.
• Ozonoff, S., Losif, A. M., & Baguio, F. (2010). A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 256-266.
• Pascalis, O., Scott, L. S., Kelly, D. J., Shannon, R. W., Nicholson, E., Coleman, M., & Nelson, C. (2005). Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(14), 5297-5300.
• Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 249-261.
• Pelphrey, K. A., Mitchell, T. V., McKeown, M. J., Goldstein, J., Allison, T., & McCarthy, G. (2003). Brain activity evoked by the perception of human walking: Controlling for meaningful coherent motion. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(17), 6819-6825.
• Pelphrey, K. A., Morris, J. P., Michelich, C. R., Allison, T., & McCarthy, G. (2005). Functional anatomy of biological motion perception in posterior temporal cortex: An fMRI study of eye, mouth and hand movements. Cerebral Cortex, 15(12), 1866-1876.
• Pierce, K., Haist, F., Sedaghat, F., & Courchesne, E. (2004). The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: findings of fusiform activity and beyond. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 127(12), 2703-2716.
• Pierce, K., Mueller, R. A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: Evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124(10), 2059-2073.
• Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13(1), 25-42.
• Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. (2009). Do faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism? Evidence from tracking eye movements. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(3), 421-431.
• Riby, D. M., Brown, P. H., Jones, N., & Hanley, M. (2012). Brief report: faces cause less distraction in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 634-639.
• Ro, T., Friggel, A., & Lavie, N. (2007). Attentional biases for faces and body parts. Visual Cognition, 15(3), 322-348.
• Rutherford, M. D., Clements, K. A., & Sekuler, A. B. (2007). Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 47(15), 2099-2110.
• Rutherford, M. D., & Towns, M. T. (2008). Scan path differences and similarities during emotion perception in those with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1371-1381.
• Sasson, N., & Elison, J. T. (2012). Eye tracking young children with autism. Journal of Visualized Experiments, JoVE, (61), 1-5.
• Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F... (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 331-340.
• Shic, F., Chawarska, K., Bradshaw, J., & Scassellati, B. (2008). Autism, eye-tracking, entropy. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning, Monterrey, California, August.
• Shic, F., Bradshaw, J., Klin, A., Scassellati, B., & Chawarska, K. (2011). Limited activity monitoring in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Research, 1380, 246-254.
• Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., & Drew, A., Wheel-Wright, S. (1998). The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(5), 747-753.
• Tanaka, J. W., Kiefer, M., & Bukach, C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study. Cognition, 93(1), B1-B9.
• Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: the inversion and composite effects. Brain and Cognition, 52(3), 285-294.
• Thiessen, E. D., Hill, D., & Saffran, J. R. (2007). Learning to learn: Infants’ acquisition of stress-based strategies for word segmentation. Language Learning and Development, 3(1), 72-100.
• Trepagnier, C., Sebrechts, M. M., & Peterson, R. (2002). Atypical face gaze in autism. Cyberpssychology and Behavior, 5(3), 213-217.
• Webb, S. J., Jones, E. J., Merkle, K., Namkung, J., Toth, K., & Greenson, J., et.al. (2010). Toddlers with elevated autism symptoms show slowed habituation to faces. Child Neuropsychology, 16(3), 255-278.
• Zwaigenbaum, L., Thurm, A., Stone, W., Baranek, G., Bryson, S., & Iverson, J., et.al. (2007). Studying the emergence of autism spectrum disorders in high-risk infants: Methodological and practical issues. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(3), 466-480.