Mothers’ Reflections of Ambiguous-Loss on Personal Family Functioning in Families with Autistic-Children
Year 2018,
Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 723 - 745, 01.12.2018
Hilal Çelik
,
Halil Ekşi
Abstract
The objective of this phenomenological study was to explore the impact
of having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on mothers and its impact
on their family relations. Using descriptive phenomenology design, eight
mothers were reached in the age range of 20-48 years and were interviewed for
this study in 2010. Findings indicated that mothers perceived having a child
with autism as an ambiguous loss. The sense of ambiguous loss was found to
impair their emotional well-being and caused mood changes. This study has also
provided evidence for the sense of ambiguous loss caused by autism to lead to
structural and relational problems in family relationships. This study is one
of the first studies to reveal that having a child with autism creates a sense
of ambiguous loss and provides a basis for understanding its effects on the
mother-child relationship, as well as the related effects on family relationships.
References
- Abbeduto L, Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, Krauss MW, Osmond G, Murphy MM. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109,237–254.
- Altiere, M. J., & von Kluge, S. (2009). Searching for acceptance: Challenges encountered while raising a child with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(2), 142–152.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Austin, V. L., & Sciarra, D. T. (2010). Children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
- Banach, M., Iudice, J., Conway, L., & Couse, L. J. (2010). Family support and empowerment: post Autism diagnosis support group for parents. Social Work with Groups, 33(1), 69–83.
- Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L., L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavior disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 50, 84–198.
- Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. The Harvard University Press.
- Boss, P. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. New York: Norton.
- Boss, P. (2010).The trauma and complicated grief of ambiguous loss. Pastoral Psychol, 59,137–145. doi: 10.1007/s11089-009-0264-0
- Bristol, M. M. (1984). Family resources and successful adaptation to autistic children. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), The effects of autism on the family (pp. 289-310). New York: Plenum Press.
- Cassidy, A., McConkey, R., Kennedy, M., & Slevin, E. (2008). Preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders: The impact on families and the supports available to them. Early Child Development and Care, 178(2), 115–128.
- Cavkaytar, A., Batu, S., & Çetin, O. (2008). Perspectives of Turkish mothers on having a child with developmental disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 23(2): 101-109.
- Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48-71). New York: Plenum
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, (4th Ed.) Boston: Pearson.
- Darıca, N., Abioğlu, U., & Gümüşçü, Ş. (2005). Otizm ve otistik çocuklar [Autism and Autistic children] (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları
- Doğru, S.S.Y., & Arslan, E. (2006). Engelli çocuğu olan annelerin sürekli kaygı düzeyi ile durumluk kaygı düzeylerinin kaşılaştırılması [Comparison of permanent anxiety and situational anxiety level of mothers who have disabled child]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19, 543–553.
- Eisenhower, A. S., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2005). Preschool children with intellectual disability: Syndrome specificity, behaviour problems, and maternal well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 657-671.
- Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J., Bolt, D., Floyd, F., & Orsmond, G. (2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 449–457.
- Hooyman, N., & Kramer, B. (2006). Living through loss: Interventions across the life span. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi kültürel psikoloji [Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications]. Istanbul: Koc Universitesi Yayinlari.
- Karpat, D., & Girli, A. (2012). Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk tanılı çocukların anne-babalarının yas tepkilerinin, evlilik uyumlarının ve sosyal destek algılarının incelenmesi [Examination of the percieved grief, marital adjustment and social support of the parents who have children with pervasive development disorder] Ankara Universitesi Egitim Bilimleri Fakultesi Özel Egitim Dergisi, 13(2), 69-85.
- Kaner, S., & Bayrakli, H. (2009). Zihin engelli ve engelli olmayan çocuklu annelerde yılmazlık sosyal destek ve başa çıkma becerileri [Resilience, social support, and coping among mothers having disabled and nondisabled children]. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 8(15), 115-133.
- Lincoln, Y., S. & Guba, E.G. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.
Ludlow, A., Skelly, C., & Rohleder, P. (2012). Challenges faced by parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 701-711.
- McCubbin, H., & McCubbin, M. (1987). Family stress theory and assessment: The T-Double ABCX Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation. In H. McCubbin & A. Thompson (Eds.), Family assessment inventories for research and practice. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Madison.
- Meadan, H., Halle, J. W., & Ebata, A. T. (2010). Families with children who have autism spectrum disorders: Stress and support. Exceptional Children, 77(1), 7–36 Retrieved from http://cec.metapress.com/content/e76u3n1m8t51781x/
- Neely-Barnes, S., Hall, H., Roberts, R., & Graff, J. (2011). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: Public perceptions and parental conceptualizations, Journal of Family Social Work, 14(3), 208-225. doi: 10.1080/10522158. 2011.571539
- Nealy, C. E., O’Hare, L., Powers, J. D., & Swick, D.C. (2012). The impact of autism spectrum disorders on the family: a qualitative study of mothers’ perspectives. Journal of Family Social Work, 15, 3, 187-201. doi: 10.1080/10522158.2012.675624
- Özkubat, U., Özdemir, S., Selimoğlu, O., G., & Töret, G. (2014). Otizme yolculuk: Otizmli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin sosyal destek algılarına ilişkin görüşleri [A journey to autism: social support perceptions of parents of children with autism]. On Dokuz Mayis Üniversitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 33(1), 323-348.
- Özşenol, F., Isikhan, V., Unay, B., Aydin, H. I, Akin, R., & Gokcay, E. (2003). Engelli çocuga sahip ailelerin aile işlevlerinin değerlendirilmesi [The evaluation of family functions of families with handicapped children]. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 45(2): 156 - 164
- Selimoğlu, O., Özdemir, S., Töret, G., & Özkubat, U. (2014). An Examination of the views of parents of children with autism about their experiences at the post-diagnosis period of autism. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 5(2), 129-161.
- Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 257-261.
Üstüner-Top, F. (2012). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin yaşadıkları sorunlar ile ruhsal durumlarının değerlendirilmesi: Niteliksel araştırma [Evaluation of psychological situations and problems of families with autistic child: A qualitative research]. Çocuk Dergisi 9(1), 34-42.
- Sencar B. (2007). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin algıladıkları sosyal destek ve stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Research of interrelationships between social support and stress level that the families of autistic child perceived]. Yüksek Lisans Tezi; Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi EĞitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Şimşek- Bekir, H., & Köroğlu A. (2012). A study on the demographical characteristics of parents with children diagnosed with autism, problem they face and their knowledge on alternative treatment methods. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 577 – 585
- Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2011). The brief family distress scale: a measure of crisis in caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(4), 521-528
Çocuğu Otizm Tanısı Alan Annelerin Deneyimledikleri Belirsiz Kaybın Aile İşlevselliklerine Yansımaları
Year 2018,
Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 723 - 745, 01.12.2018
Hilal Çelik
,
Halil Ekşi
Abstract
The objective of this phenomenological study
was to explore the impact of having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
on mothers and its impact on their family relations. Using descriptive
phenomenology design, 8 mothers were reached in the age range of 20-48 years
and were interviewed for this study in 2010. Findings indicated that mothers
perceived having a child with autism as an ambiguous loss. The sense of
ambiguous loss was found to impair their emotional well-being and caused mood
changes. This study has also provided evidence for the sense of ambiguous loss
caused by autism to lead to structural and relational problems in family
relationships. This study is one of the first studies to reveal that having a
child with autism creates a sense of ambiguous loss and provides a basis for
understanding its effects on the mother-child relationship, as well as the
related effects on family relationships.
References
- Abbeduto L, Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, Krauss MW, Osmond G, Murphy MM. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109,237–254.
- Altiere, M. J., & von Kluge, S. (2009). Searching for acceptance: Challenges encountered while raising a child with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(2), 142–152.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Austin, V. L., & Sciarra, D. T. (2010). Children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
- Banach, M., Iudice, J., Conway, L., & Couse, L. J. (2010). Family support and empowerment: post Autism diagnosis support group for parents. Social Work with Groups, 33(1), 69–83.
- Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L., L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavior disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 50, 84–198.
- Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. The Harvard University Press.
- Boss, P. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. New York: Norton.
- Boss, P. (2010).The trauma and complicated grief of ambiguous loss. Pastoral Psychol, 59,137–145. doi: 10.1007/s11089-009-0264-0
- Bristol, M. M. (1984). Family resources and successful adaptation to autistic children. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), The effects of autism on the family (pp. 289-310). New York: Plenum Press.
- Cassidy, A., McConkey, R., Kennedy, M., & Slevin, E. (2008). Preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders: The impact on families and the supports available to them. Early Child Development and Care, 178(2), 115–128.
- Cavkaytar, A., Batu, S., & Çetin, O. (2008). Perspectives of Turkish mothers on having a child with developmental disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 23(2): 101-109.
- Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48-71). New York: Plenum
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, (4th Ed.) Boston: Pearson.
- Darıca, N., Abioğlu, U., & Gümüşçü, Ş. (2005). Otizm ve otistik çocuklar [Autism and Autistic children] (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları
- Doğru, S.S.Y., & Arslan, E. (2006). Engelli çocuğu olan annelerin sürekli kaygı düzeyi ile durumluk kaygı düzeylerinin kaşılaştırılması [Comparison of permanent anxiety and situational anxiety level of mothers who have disabled child]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19, 543–553.
- Eisenhower, A. S., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2005). Preschool children with intellectual disability: Syndrome specificity, behaviour problems, and maternal well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 657-671.
- Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J., Bolt, D., Floyd, F., & Orsmond, G. (2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 449–457.
- Hooyman, N., & Kramer, B. (2006). Living through loss: Interventions across the life span. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi kültürel psikoloji [Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications]. Istanbul: Koc Universitesi Yayinlari.
- Karpat, D., & Girli, A. (2012). Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk tanılı çocukların anne-babalarının yas tepkilerinin, evlilik uyumlarının ve sosyal destek algılarının incelenmesi [Examination of the percieved grief, marital adjustment and social support of the parents who have children with pervasive development disorder] Ankara Universitesi Egitim Bilimleri Fakultesi Özel Egitim Dergisi, 13(2), 69-85.
- Kaner, S., & Bayrakli, H. (2009). Zihin engelli ve engelli olmayan çocuklu annelerde yılmazlık sosyal destek ve başa çıkma becerileri [Resilience, social support, and coping among mothers having disabled and nondisabled children]. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 8(15), 115-133.
- Lincoln, Y., S. & Guba, E.G. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.
Ludlow, A., Skelly, C., & Rohleder, P. (2012). Challenges faced by parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 701-711.
- McCubbin, H., & McCubbin, M. (1987). Family stress theory and assessment: The T-Double ABCX Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation. In H. McCubbin & A. Thompson (Eds.), Family assessment inventories for research and practice. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Madison.
- Meadan, H., Halle, J. W., & Ebata, A. T. (2010). Families with children who have autism spectrum disorders: Stress and support. Exceptional Children, 77(1), 7–36 Retrieved from http://cec.metapress.com/content/e76u3n1m8t51781x/
- Neely-Barnes, S., Hall, H., Roberts, R., & Graff, J. (2011). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: Public perceptions and parental conceptualizations, Journal of Family Social Work, 14(3), 208-225. doi: 10.1080/10522158. 2011.571539
- Nealy, C. E., O’Hare, L., Powers, J. D., & Swick, D.C. (2012). The impact of autism spectrum disorders on the family: a qualitative study of mothers’ perspectives. Journal of Family Social Work, 15, 3, 187-201. doi: 10.1080/10522158.2012.675624
- Özkubat, U., Özdemir, S., Selimoğlu, O., G., & Töret, G. (2014). Otizme yolculuk: Otizmli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin sosyal destek algılarına ilişkin görüşleri [A journey to autism: social support perceptions of parents of children with autism]. On Dokuz Mayis Üniversitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 33(1), 323-348.
- Özşenol, F., Isikhan, V., Unay, B., Aydin, H. I, Akin, R., & Gokcay, E. (2003). Engelli çocuga sahip ailelerin aile işlevlerinin değerlendirilmesi [The evaluation of family functions of families with handicapped children]. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi, 45(2): 156 - 164
- Selimoğlu, O., Özdemir, S., Töret, G., & Özkubat, U. (2014). An Examination of the views of parents of children with autism about their experiences at the post-diagnosis period of autism. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 5(2), 129-161.
- Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting stress in families of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 257-261.
Üstüner-Top, F. (2012). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin yaşadıkları sorunlar ile ruhsal durumlarının değerlendirilmesi: Niteliksel araştırma [Evaluation of psychological situations and problems of families with autistic child: A qualitative research]. Çocuk Dergisi 9(1), 34-42.
- Sencar B. (2007). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin algıladıkları sosyal destek ve stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Research of interrelationships between social support and stress level that the families of autistic child perceived]. Yüksek Lisans Tezi; Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi EĞitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Şimşek- Bekir, H., & Köroğlu A. (2012). A study on the demographical characteristics of parents with children diagnosed with autism, problem they face and their knowledge on alternative treatment methods. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 577 – 585
- Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2011). The brief family distress scale: a measure of crisis in caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(4), 521-528