Analysis of permaculture potential of agro-ecological regions with GIS and RS techniques: An example of Ankara Stream Basin

Abstract

Conventional agricultural practices have led to widespread environmental degradation, prompting the need for sustainable alternatives like permaculture that offer resilience and ecological harmony. As a holistic approach, permaculture emphasizes the creation of self-sustaining agricultural systems that work in concert with natural ecosystems. This study aims to assess the viability of permaculture practices in the Ankara Stream Basin, located in Central Anatolia, Türkiye, which is known for its challenging agricultural conditions due to poor soil quality and low rainfall, by utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies. The analysis integrates climatic data (precipitation, humidity, average temperature), topographical factors (elevation, slope, aspect), and soil characteristics (texture, fertility, erosion) to identify potential permaculture zones. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and weighted overlay analysis were used to evaluate these factors. Results indicate that areas around Ova Stream and the northern parts of Çubuk Stream exhibit high suitability for permaculture due to favorable climate, topography, and productivity. Conversely, urban areas, regions with significant erosion, and low soil fertility are deemed unsuitable. The study highlights that permaculture could enhance production and rehabilitate systems damaged by conventional agriculture, providing a sustainable alternative for the region's ecological and economic development.

Keywords

• Permaculture
• Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP)
• Suitability for Site Selection
• Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ)
• Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
• Remote Sensing (RS)

Agro-ekolojik bölgelerin permakültür potansiyelinin CBS ve UA teknikleri ile analizi: Ankara Çayı Havzası örneği

Öz

Geleneksel tarım uygulamaları, yaygın çevresel tahribata yol açmış ve bu durum, direnç ve ekolojik uyum sunan sürdürülebilir alternatifler olan permakültür gibi yöntemlerin ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bütünsel bir yaklaşım olan permakültür, doğal ekosistemlerle uyum içinde çalışan kendi kendine sürdürülebilir tarım sistemlerinin oluşturulmasını vurgular. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Orta Anadolu bölgesinde yer alan ve zayıf toprak kalitesi ile düşük yağış nedeniyle zorlu tarım koşullarıyla bilinen Ankara Çayı Havzası'nda, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) teknolojileri kullanarak, permakültür uygulamalarının yaşayabilirliğini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Analizde, potansiyel permakültür bölgelerin belirlenmesi için iklim verileri (yağış, nem, ortalama sıcaklık), topografik faktörler (yükseklik, eğim, yön) ve toprak özellikleri (doku, verimlilik, erozyon) entegre edilmiştir. Bu faktörler, Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHP) ve ağırlıklı örtüşme analizi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, Ova Deresi çevresindeki alanların ve Çubuk Çayı'nın kuzey kısımlarının, elverişli iklim, topografi ve verimlilik nedeniyle permakültür için yüksek uygunluk gösterdiğini belirtmektedir. Buna karşılık, kentsel alanlar, önemli erozyonu olan bölgeler ve düşük toprak verimliliği olan bölgeler uygun görülmemektedir. Çalışma, permakültürün, geleneksel tarım tarafından zarar görmüş sistemleri iyileştirebileceğini ve bölgenin ekolojik ve ekonomik kalkınması için sürdürülebilir bir alternatif sağlayabileceğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Permakültür
• Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHP)
• Yer seçimine uygunluk
• Agro-Ekolojik Bölgeler (AEB)
• Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)
• Uzaktan Algılama (UA)

References

1. [1] Aneja VP, Schlesinger WH, Erisman JW. “Effects of agriculture upon the air quality and climate: research, policy, and regulations”. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(12), 4234-4240, 2009.
2. [2] Sims B, Kienzle J. “Sustainable agricultural mechanization for smallholders: what is it and how can we implement it?”. Agriculture, 7(6), 50, 2017.
3. [3] Kılıç O, Boz İ, Eryılmaz GA. “Comparison of conventional and good agricultural practices farms: a socio-economic and technical perspective”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120666, 2020.
4. [4] Van Loon J, Woltering L, Krupnik TJ, Baudron F, Boa M, Govaerts B. “Scaling agricultural mechanization services in smallholder farming systems: Case studies from subSaharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America”. Agricultural Systems, 180, 102792, 2020.
5. [5] National Academy of Sciences. The Challenge of Feeding the World Sustainably: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Sustainable Agriculture. Washington, D.C., USA, The National Academies Press, 2021.
6. [6] Sumberg J, Giller KE. “What is ‘conventional’ agriculture?”. Global Food Security, 32, 100617, 2022.
7. [7] Zhang H, Yang Z, Wang Y, Ankrah Twumasi M, Chandio AA. “Impact of agricultural mechanization level on farmers’ health status in Western China: analysis based on CHARLS Data”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4654, 2023.
8. [8] Gomiero T, Paoletti MG, Pimentel D. “Energy and environmental issues in organic and conventional agriculture”. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 27(4), 239-254, 2008.

9. [9] Geiger F, Bengtsson J, Berendse F, Weisser WW, Emmerson M, Morales MB, Ceryngier P, Liira J, Tscharntke T, Winqvist C, Eggers S, Bommarco R, Pärt T, Bretagnolle V, Plantegenest M, Clement LW, Dennis C, Palmer C, Oñate JJ, Guerrero I, Hawro V, Aavik T, Thies C, Flohre A, Hänke S, Fischer C, Goedhart PW, Inchausti P. “Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland”. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11(2), 97-105, 2010.
10. [10] Felton A, Nilsson U, Sonesson J, Felton AM, Roberge J-M, Ranius T, Ahlström M, Bergh J, Björkman C, Boberg J, Drössler L, Fahlvik N, Gong P, Holmström E, Keskitalo ECH, Klapwijk MJ, Laudon H, Lundmark T, Niklasson M, Nordin A, Pettersson M, Stenlid J, Sténs A, Wallertz K. “Replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: Ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in Sweden”. Ambio, 45, 124-139, 2016.
11. [11] Mollison B, Holmgren D. Permaculture One: A Perennial Agriculture for Human Settlements, 6th ed. Tasmania, Australia, Tagari Press, 1990.
12. [12] Savci S. “Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on environment”. APCBEE Procedia, 1, 287-292, 2012.
13. [13] Bohan DA, Raybould A, Mulder C, Woodward G, Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Bluthgen N, Pocock MJO, Muggleton S, Evans DM, Astegiano J, Massol F, Loeuille N, Petit S, Macfadyen S. “Chapter One-Networking Agroecology: Integrating the Diversity of Agroecosystem Interactions”. Advances in Ecological Research, 49, 1-67, 2013.
14. [14] Sharma N, Singhvi R. “Effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on human health and environment: a review”. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 10, 675-680, 2017.
15. [15] Krebs J, Bach S. “Permaculture-scientific evidence of principles for the agroecological design of farming systems”. Sustainability, 10(9), 3218, 2018.
16. [16] Baweja P, Kumar S, Kumar G. Fertilizers and Pesticides: Their Impact on Soil Health and Environment. Editors: Giri B, Varma A. Soil Health. Soil Biology, 265-285, Cham, Springer, 2020.
17. [17] Pahalvi HN, Rafiya L, Rashid S, Nisar B, Kamili AN. Chemical Fertilizers and Their Impact on Soil Health. Editors: Dar GH, Bhat RA, Mehmood MA, Hakeem KR. Microbiota and Biofertilizers, 1-20, Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 2021.
18. [18] Wezel A, Bellon S, Doré T, Francis C, Vallod D, David C. “Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review”. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 503-515, 2009.
19. [19] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Agroecology Knowledge https://www.fao.org/agroecology/overview/en/ (22.06.2023) Hub”.
20. [20] Marsh J. “Water Conservation and Management for Permaculture”. https://www.permaculturenews.org/2021/07/26/wate r-conservation-and-management-for-permaculture/ (24.10.2023).
21. [21] Mollison B. Permaculture: A Designers’ Manual. 2nd ed. Tasmania, Australia, Tagari Press, 2002.
22. [22] Holmgren D. Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability. 1st ed. Victoria, Australia, Permanent Publications, 2011.
23. [23] Akhtar F, Lodhi SA, Khan SS, Sarwar F. “Incorporating permaculture and strategic management for sustainable ecological resource management”. Journal of Environmental Management, 179, 31-37, 2016.
24. [24] Hemenway T. The Permaculture City: Regenerative Design for Urban, Suburban and Town Resilience. Vermont, USA, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2015.
25. [25] Alonso B, Guiochon C. Human Permaculture: Life Design for Resilient Living. 1st ed. British Columbia, Canada, New Society Publishers, 2020.
26. [26] Mollison B. Introduction to Permaculture. 1st ed. Tasmania, Australia, Tagari Press, 1991.
27. [27] Biasotti A. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Permaculture”. https://www.acbconsultingservices.com/sustainableconstruction-project-management/the-advantages-anddisadvantages-of-permaculture/ (24.10.2023).
28. [28] Ergas C. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Permaculture”. https://www.acbconsultingservices.com/sustainableconstruction-project-management/the-advantages-anddisadvantages-of-permaculture/ (24.10.2023).
29. [29] Kasper D. “Permaculture|EM SC 470: Applied Sustainability in Contemporary Culture”. https://www.eeducation.psu.edu/emsc297/node/704 (24.10.2023).
30. [30] Karakurt E. “Toprak verimliliği yönünden yeşil gübreler ve gübreleme”. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1-2), 48-54, 2009.
31. [31] Öner N, Erşahin S, Ayan S, Özel HB. “İç Anadolu’da yarıkurak alanların rehabilitasyonu”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1-2), 32-44, 2016.
32. [32] Permaculture Apprentice. “How To Design Your Property - the Process of Permaculture Design Explained”. https://permacultureapprentice.com/how-to-designyour-property/ (24.10.2023).
33. [33] Flores HJ. “S.I.T.E.S. Model for Permaculture Site Assessment”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cv4Mp7mkM0 (24.10.2023).
34. [34] Freepermaculture. “Permaculture Sector Analysis and Mapping”. https://www.freepermaculture.com/sectoranalysis/ (24.10.2023).
35. [35] Ferguson RS, Lovell ST. “Permaculture for agroecology: design, movement, practice, and worldview. A review”. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34, 251-274, 2014.
36. [36] Diquit JS, Palarca HT. “PERMACUL(SU+RE): designing a sustainable and regenerative agricultural eco-park through permaculture”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 879, 012034, 2021.
37. [37] Bilgi MG. “Türkiye’nin sakin şehirlerinde permakültürel koruma, planlama, yönetim ve eğitim pratikleri”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29, 45-59, 2013.
38. [38] Ar H, Uğuz SÇ. “Sürdürülebilir turizm çerçevesinde gönüllü turizmi ve permakültür ilişkisi: permakültür çiftlik ve köy uygulamaları”. VII. Lisansüstü Turizm Öğrencileri Araştırma Kongresi, Aydın, Türkiye, 4-5 Nisan 2014.
39. [39] Tatar S, Olay N. “Agro-turizm kapsamında permakültür’ün uygulanabilirliği ve geliştirilmesi: Belentepe permakültür çiftliği örneği”. Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 5(2), 29-34, 2015.
40. [40] Eren S. “Ekolojik restoranlar ve perma-kültür uygulamaları: EkBiçYeİç restoranı üzerine bir araştırma”. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, Ek Sayı 1, 534-552, 2018.
41. [41] Hirschfeld S, Van Acker R. “Permaculture farmers consistently cultivate perennials, crop diversity, landscape heterogeneity and nature conservation”. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 35(3), 342-351, 2020.
42. [42] Najafidashtape A, Hamamcıoğlu C. “Sorumlu üretim ve tüketim bağlamında permakültür ve kentsel açık ve yeşil alan ilişkisi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mimarlık Bilimleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(1), 1-17, 2018.
43. [43] Mancebo CE, Fuente de Val GDl. “Permaculture, a tool for adaptation to climate change in the communities of the Laguna Oca Biosphere Reserve, Argentina”. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34, 62-69, 2016.
44. [44] Vovk Korže A. “Permaculture for sustainable life style”. International Journal of Inspiration & Resilience Economy, 2(2), 34-39, 2018.
45. [45] Luna JM. Sustainable Land Development Using Permaculture. Editor: Yang P. Cases on Green Energy and Sustainable Development, Hershey, 170-192, Pennsylvania, USA, IGI Global, 2020.
46. [46] Norton JB. Agroecology Hydrology and Conservation of Ephemeral Streams And Alluvial Fans Zuni Pueblo New Mexico. PhD Thesis, University of Montana, Montana, USA, 2000.
47. [47] Patel NR, Mandal UK, Pande LM. “Agro-ecological zoning system - A remote sensing and GIS perspective”. Journal of Agrometeorology, 2(1), 1-13, 2000.
48. [48] Quiroz R, Zorogastúa P, Baigorria GA, Barreda C, Valdivia RO, Cruz M, Reinoso J. Toward a dynamic definition of agroecological zones using modern information technology tools. CIP Program Report 1999-2000, 361-370, Lima, Peru, International Potato Center, 2001.
49. [49] Dalgaard T, Hutchings N, Hansen JF, Børgesen CD. Agroecology and GIS: Managing interactions between agriculture, nature and economy. Editors: Stuczynski T, Maliszewska B, Jadeczyszyn J, Zawadzka B, Galazka R. Identification of the current status and needs of GIS and databases Technology in the Agricultural Sector, 1-19, Pulawy, Poland, The EC Centre of Excellence, 2004.
50. [50] Jalhoum ME, Belal AB, Farag FM, Hassan MA. “Delineation of Agro-Ecological Zones Based for Agricultural Development in Halayib area Using GIS techniques”. The 13th International Conference of ESSS Management of Water and Soil Resources under Global Climate Changes, Dokki, Egypt, 4-5 December 2018.
51. [51] Abou-Shleel SM, Jalhoum ME, Belal A. “Agro-ecological zones delineation based for agricultural development in Sinai Peninsula using geo-ınformatics techniques”. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 45(1), 23-37, 2020.
52. [52] Kazancı N, Aytun A, Günok E. “Kanlıgöl ve Ankara’nın kent kimliğini oluşturabilecek yerbilimsel özellikler”. Ankara Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 97-109, 2018.
53. [53] Kaymaz I. “The lost streams of Ankara: a case study of Bentderesi”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 603, 052040, 2019.
54. [54] Akman Y, Daget P. “Quelques aspects synoptiques des climats de la Turquie”. Bulletin de la Société Longitudinale de Géographie, 5(3), 269-300, 1971.
55. [55] Çalışkan D. Research for the Usability of Ankara Creek for Agricultural Irritation Purpose, MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye, 2010.
56. [56] Kazancı N, Girgin S. “Distribution of Oligochaeta species as bioindicators of organic pollution in Ankara Stream and their use in biomonitoring”. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 22(1), 83-88, 1998.
57. [57] Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı “2009 Yılı Ankara İl Çevre Durum Raporu”. Ankara Çevre ve Orman İl Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye, 2009.
58. [58] Atıcı T, Ahıska S. “Pollution and algae of Ankara Stream”. Gazi University Journal of Science, 18(1), 51-59, 2005.
59. [59] Morecroft MD, Paterson JS. Effects of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Plant Communities. Editors: Morison JIL, Morecroft MD. Plant Growth and Climate Change, 146-164, Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
60. [60] Pereira JS, Chaves MM, Caldeira MC, Correia AV. Water Availability and Productivity. Editors: Morison JIL, Morecroft MD. Plant Growth and Climate Change, 118-145, Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
61. [61] Loik ME. “Sensitivity of water relations and photosynthesis to summer precipitation pulses for Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata”. Plant Ecology, 191, 95-108, 2007.
62. [62] Prieto I, Armas C, Pugnaire FI. “Water release through plant roots: new insights into its consequences at the plant and ecosystem level”. New Phytologist, 193(4), 830-841, 2012.
63. [63] Brendel O. “The relationship between plant growth and water consumption: a history from the classical four elements to modern stable isotopes”. Annals of Forest Science, 78, 47, 2021.
64. [64] Daly E, Porporato A, Rodriguez-Iturbe I. “Coupled dynamics of photosynthesis, transpiration, and soil water balance. Part II: tochastic analysis and ecohydrological significance”. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5(3), 559-566, 2004.
65. [65] Körner C. Significance of Temperature in Plant Life. Editors: Morison JIL, Morecroft MD. Plant Growth and Climate Change, 48-69, Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
66. [66] Menzel A, Sparks T. Temperature and Plant Development: Phenology and Seasonality. Editors: Morison JIL, Morecroft MD. Plant Growth and Climate Change, 70-95, Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
67. [67] Seyfried M, Flerchinger G, Bryden S, Link T, Marks D, McNamara J. “Slope and aspect controls on soil climate: Field documentation and implications for large‐scale simulation of critical zone processes”. Vadose Zone Journal, 20(6), e20158, 2021.
68. [68] World Bank Group. “Turkey-Key Agricultural Product Risk Assessment (KAPRA): Report on the Financial Resilience of Key Agricultural Products to Climate Change”. Washington, D.C., USA, Report, 151105, 2018.
69. [69] Foster S, Schultz B, McCuin G, Neibling H, Shewmaker G. “Soil Properties, Part 1 of 3: Physical Characteristics – University of Nevada Cooperative Extension”. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=216 1 (23.10.2023).
70. [70] National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary. “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 6-Global Soil Resources and Distribution”. https://passelold.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformatio nmodule=1130447033&maxto=12&minto=1&topicorde r=3 (07.08.2023).
71. [71] Klingebiel AA, Montgomery PH. “Land-Capability Classification”. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA, Handbook, 210, 1961.
72. [72] Purdue University. “Chapter II. Soil and Landscape Properties” https://www.agry.purdue.edu/soils_judging/new_manu al/Ch2-texture.html (07.08.2023).
73. [73] Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. “National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology.” Aberdeen, USA, Mimeo Publication, 1972.
74. [74] Ross CW, Prihodko L, Anchang J, Kumar S, Ji W, Hanan NP. “HYSOGs250m, global gridded hydrologic soil groups for curve-number-based runoff modeling”. Scientific Data, 5, 180091, 2018.
75. [75] Ross CW, Prihodko L, Anchang J, Kumar S, Ji W, Hanan NP. “Global Hydrologic Soil Groups (HYSOGs250m) for Curve Number-Based Runoff Modeling”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Tennessee, USA, Scientific Data, 2018.
76. [76] Torrefranca I, Otadoy RE, Tongco A. “Incorporating landscape dynamics in small-scale hydropower site location using a GIS and spatial analysis tool: The case of Bohol, Central Philippines”. Energies, 15, 1130, 2022.
77. [77] Zhao Q, Wen Z, Chen S, Ding S, Zhang M. “Quantifying land use/land cover and landscape pattern changes and impacts on ecosystem services”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 126, 2020.
78. [78] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Compendium of Chemical Terminology. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing, 1997.
79. [79] Sellers PJ. “Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration”. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 6(8), 1335-1372, 1985.
80. [80] Curran PJ, Steven MD, Houghton JT, Cook AH, Charnock H. “Multispectral remote sensing for the estimation of green leaf area index”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 309, 1508, 257-270, 1997.
81. [81] Watson D. “A refinement of inverse distance weighted interpolation”. Geoprocessing, 2(4), 315-327, 1985.
82. [82] Shaxson F, Barber R. “Optimizing Soil Moisture For Plant Production: The Significance of Soil Porosity”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, FAO Soils Bulletin, 79, 2003.
83. [83] Barnes D. The Permaculture Earthworks Handbook. British Columbia, Canada, New Society Publishers, 2017.
84. [84] Missa V, Tarnaras I, Papavasiliou C, Papatzani S, Aftias E. “Methodology for adapting hydrological impacts and adapting hydrological model to risk assessment. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece, Project Report, 6.3-6.4, 2004.
85. [85] Ünal U, Akyüz DE. “Yağmur hendeklerinin kapasite ve maliyet hesapları”. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 19-46, 2017.
86. [86] Mollison B. Permaculture Design Course Pamphlets. 9th ed. Florida, USA, Barking Frogs Permaculture Center, 2001.
87. [87] Gates DM. Biophysical Ecology. New York, USA, Springer, 1980.
88. [88] Benedetti R, Rossini P. “On the use of NDVI profiles as a tool for agricultural statistics: The case study of wheat yield estimate and forecast in Emilia Romagna”. Remote Sensing of Environment, 45, 311-326, 1993.
89. [89] Cheng EWI, Li H, Ho DCK. “Analytic hierarchy process (AHP): A defective tool when used improperly”. Measuring Business Excellence, 6, 33–37, 2002.
90. [90] Brunelli M. Introduction to the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 2015.
91. [91] Saaty TL. The Analytic Hierarchy Process. New York, USA, McGraw-Hill, 1980.
92. [92] Saaty RW. “The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used”. Mathematical Modelling, 9, 161–176, 1987.
93. [93] Vargas LG. “An overview of the analytic hierarchy: process and its applications”. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, 2–8, 1990.
94. [94] Forman EH, Gass SI. “The analytic hierarchy process: an exposition”. Operational Research, 49(4), 469-486, 2001.
95. [95] Ceylan Ş, Yılmaz I. “Orta ölçekli yerleşime uygunluk planlarının CBS tabanlı analitik hiyerarşi süreci (AHS) kullanılarak hazırlanması: Sivas il merkezi örneği”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 545-558, 2020.
96. [96] Akyol E, Alkan M, Akgündüz H. “Determining settlement suitability by geographic information systems and analytical hierarchy process”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(6), 254-259, 2016.
97. [97] Çeliker M, Yıldız O, Koçer NN. “Evaluating solid waste landfill site selection using multi-criteria decision analysis and geographic information systems in the city of Elazığ, Turkey”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 25(6), 683-691, 2019.
98. [98] Bostancı E, Kabaş Ö, Aksoy E. “Çok kriterli karar verme metodu AHP ve CBS teknolojisi kullanılarak sera yer seçimi: Aksu ilçesi örneği”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(2), 184-195, 2024.
99. [99] Yalçın C, Yüce M. “Burdur’da güneş enerjisi santrali (GES) yatırımına uygun alanların CBS yöntemiyle tespiti”. Geomatik, 5(1), 36-46, 2020.
100. [100] Environmental Systems Research Institute. “How Weighted Overlay works”. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/toolreference/spatial-analyst/how-weighted-overlayworks.htm 10.08.2023. (10.03.2023).