Research Article

Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements

Number: Advanced Online Publication Early Pub Date: June 10, 2026
TR EN

Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements

Abstract

Nowadays, numerous studies focus on Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning, primarily utilizing RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) and FTM (Fine Time Measurement). These studies aim to mitigate noisy results caused by physical obstacles and hardware limitations. Beyond standard noise, edge cases like connection loss represent critical environmental dynamics. The rarity of such disconnections and packet loss events complicates analytical investigation and results in limited literature. However, research suggests that these anomalies are driven by environmental factors rather than being purely random events. This study provides a statistical and machine learning-based evaluation to examine the relationship between signal behaviors and packet loss anomalies across different locations. A dataset from an industrial automation laboratory is utilized to analyze packet losses within RSSI and FTM-based distance measurements. A classification and Moran’s I-based framework is developed to distinguish anomaly states from normal operating conditions. To analyze regional packet loss behaviors, time series data are collected with equal sampling at each location. Features such as RSSI Slope and FTM Distance Error Slope are extracted using a sliding window approach. Relationships are analyzed via Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, with significance validated through permutation tests. Anomaly detection is framed as a supervised learning problem, utilizing RandomizedSearchCV and Random Under Sampler. Performance is evaluated using Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Isolation Forest models. Additionally, Local Moran’s I is applied to analyze regional spatial relationships. Permutation tests revealed that while Pearson correlations are statistically significant, the magnitude of the relationship remained limited. Under normal conditions, the standard deviation of correlation values for RSSI and FTM features ranged between 0.0708–0.0855. In contrast, for packet loss anomalies, this standard deviation increased approximately 4–6 fold, reaching levels between 0.3898 and 0.4163. In supervised learning trials, XGBoost achieved the highest performance with 0.7351 Accuracy and a 0.7348 Macro-F1 score, whereas Isolation Forest showed the lowest effectiveness. Regional analysis yielded a Moran’s I score of 0.20 for FTM distance error-based features. The findings demonstrate that packet loss events are not random but exhibit systematic behaviors linked to electromagnetic and structural environmental properties. The marked increase in correlation values during anomalies shows that packet loss can be characterized both temporally and regionally. Results indicate that tree-based methods capture these anomalies more effectively than linear models. Furthermore, Local Moran’s I analysis confirms that packet loss behaviors possess regional dependency and spatial clustering.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This work is supported by the Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) under Grant No. 124E283.

Project Number

124E283

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required for this study.

Thanks

This work is supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) in collaboration with the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD) under Grant No. 124E283; the authors would like to thank both institutions for their funding.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pattern Recognition, Cyberphysical Systems and Internet of Things, Modelling and Simulation

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

June 10, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

February 9, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

APA
Payal, E., & Ozturk, I. (2026). Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1883367
AMA
1.Payal E, Ozturk I. Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1883367
Chicago
Payal, Ergün, and Ibrahim Ozturk. 2026. “Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1883367.
EndNote
Payal E, Ozturk I (June 1, 2026) Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]E. Payal and I. Ozturk, “Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, June 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1883367.
ISNAD
Payal, Ergün - Ozturk, Ibrahim. “Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (June 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1883367.
JAMA
1.Payal E, Ozturk I. Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1883367.
MLA
Payal, Ergün, and Ibrahim Ozturk. “Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, June 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1883367.
Vancouver
1.Ergün Payal, Ibrahim Ozturk. Spatial and Classification-Based Analysis of Packet Loss Using FTM and RSSI Measurements. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 Jun. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1883367