Türkiye'nin Trakya ve Marmara bölgesindeki pirinç tarlalarında toprak, su ve pirinç bileşenlerinde pestisit kirliliği: Oluşumu, transferi ve sağlık riski değerlendirmesi

Abstract

Arka Plan—Çeltik tarlaları, uzun süreli su altında kalma koşullarında pestisitlerin toprak, su ve bitki arasında geçiş yapabilmesi nedeniyle bu ortamların birlikte kirlenmesine yatkındır. Bu koşullar, pestisit kalıntılarının çevrede uzun süre kalmasına ve yenilebilir dokularına ulaşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Türkiye’nin başlıca çeltik üretim bölgelerinde, çevresel ortamlardaki ve çeltik dokularındaki pestisit kalıntılarını yetiştirme döneminin farklı aşamalarında inceleyen ve bunları maruziyet ve sağlık riski göstergeleriyle birlikte değerlendiren çalışmalar sınırlıdır.

Amaç—Bu çalışmada, 2024 yetiştirme sezonunda İpsala ve Biga’daki (Türkiye) monokültür çeltik tarlalarında pestisit kalıntılarının varlığı, sezon boyunca gösterdiği değişim ve insan sağlığı açısından oluşturabileceği riskler araştırılmıştır.

Yöntem—Pestisit kalıntıları QuEChERS yöntemiyle ekstrakte edilmiş ve toprak, su, bitki, anız, kavuz ve pirinç örneklerinde LC–MS/MS kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Tespit edilen bileşiklerin farklı örnek türlerindeki dağılımını ve bölgelere göre birlikte bulunma eğilimlerini belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve korelasyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Pestisitlerin toprak, su ve bitki arasındaki geçişi, su altında kalan tarla koşullarındaki dağılımını göstermek amacıyla konsantrasyon oranları kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yetişkinler ve çocuklar için kanserojen ve kanserojen olmayan sağlık riskleri, ABD EPA’nın önerdiği hesaplama yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular—En yüksek pestisit kalıntısı görülme sıklığı %45–52 ile toprakta belirlenmiş; bunu anız ve bitki örnekleri izlemiştir. Pestisit konsantrasyonlarının yetiştirme sezonu boyunca gösterdiği değişim, bileşiğe ve bölgeye göre farklılık göstermiştir. Biga’da tridemorph, toprak ve suda yüksek düzeylerde varlığını sürdürmüş; hasat döneminde kavuz ve pirinç tanesindeki konsantrasyonu artmıştır. Buna karşılık okzadiazon, hasat döneminde ağırlıklı olarak anızda belirlenmiş; kavuz ve pirinç tanesinde ise çok düşük düzeylerde tespit edilmiştir. İpsala’da klomazone, ekim öncesinde toprakta yüksek bir konsantrasyonda tespit edilmiş, sezonun ilerleyen dönemlerinde ise daha düşük düzeylerde belirlenmiştir. Tridemorph konsantrasyonu anızdan pirinç tanesine doğru azalmıştır (anız: 40.7; kavuz: 29.5; pirinç tanesi: 21.7 µg kg⁻¹). Tridemorph ve oxadiazon, Türkiye’de ruhsatlı olmamalarına rağmen her iki bölgede de tespit edilmiş; ayrıca tridemorph, hasat edilen pirinç tanelerinde maksimum kalıntı limitini (MRL) aşmıştır. Korelasyon analizi bölgelere göre farklı ilişkiler ortaya koymuştur. Biga’da azoxystrobin ile flutriafol arasında güçlü ve pozitif bir ilişki belirlenirken (r = 0.97; p < 0.001), İpsala’da bileşiklerin birlikte bulunmasını veya farklı örnek türlerindeki dağılımını yansıtabilecek daha karmaşık ilişkiler gözlenmiştir. Bu aktif maddeler, çalışma alanlarının pestisit uygulama kayıtlarında da yer almaktadır. İnsan sağlığı risk değerlendirmesi sonuçları, ABD EPA yöntemi kullanılarak yetişkinler ve çocuklar için hesaplanan kanserojen olmayan risklerin ve uygun toksikolojik veri bulunan bileşikler için hesaplanan kanserojen risklerin genel kabul gören risk sınırları içinde kaldığını göstermiştir.

Sonuç—Bulgular, pestisit kalıntılarının tarla koşullarında toprak, su ve bitki ortamlarında kalıcılık gösterebildiğini ve bu ortamlar arasında farklı düzeylerde geçiş yapabildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de ruhsatlı olmayan veya geçmiş uygulamalardan kaynaklanabilecek pestisitlerin, pirinç tanesi de dâhil olmak üzere farklı örnek türlerinde bulunabildiği belirlenmiştir. Yetiştirme sezonunun farklı aşamalarını kapsayan düzenli izleme çalışmaları ve kirleticilerin kaynaktan pirinç tanesine kadar izlediği geçiş yollarının değerlendirilmesi, mevzuata uygunluğun denetlenmesine ve risk temelli yönetim uygulamalarına katkı sağlayarak Türkiye’nin başlıca çeltik üretim bölgelerinde pirinç üretiminin uzun vadeli sürdürülebilirliğini destekleyebilir.

Keywords

• sağlık riski değerlendirmesi
• çeltik
• pestisit
• pirinç
• kirleticilerin transferi

Project Number

ÇOMÜ BAP FDK-2023-4439

Pesticides contamination across soil, water, and components of a paddy in paddy fields of Thrace and Marmara region, Türkiye: Occurrence, transfer, and health risk assessment

Abstract

Context—Paddy fields are prone to multi-matrix contamination because prolonged flooding can enhance exchanges between soil, water, and plant compartments, allowing pesticide residues to persist and potentially reach edible tissues. In Türkiye, evidence remains limited for stage-resolved monitoring that simultaneously links residue occurrence in environmental compartments and rice tissues with exposure and health-risk metrics in major rice-producing regions.

Objective—This study investigated the occurrence, temporal variation, and health risk implications of pesticide residues in monoculture paddy fields in Ipsala and Biga (Türkiye) during the 2024 growing season.

Method—Residues were extracted using the QuEChERS procedure and analyzed by LC–MS/MS across multiple matrices, including soil, water, shoot, stubble, husk, and harvested rice grain. Descriptive and association analyses were applied to characterize matrix-specific occurrence patterns and site-dependent co-occurrence among detected compounds. Matrix-to- matrix transfer was evaluated using concentration-ratio metrics to indicate empirical partitioning under flooded field conditions. Human health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) for adults and children were assessed using the US EPA modeling framework.

Results—Soil showed the highest residue occurrence, with detection frequencies of 45–52%, followed by notable detections in stubble and shoot. Temporal profiles differed by compound and site. In Biga, tridemorph remained elevated in soil and water and increased in husk and grain at harvest, whereas oxadiazon was largely associated with stubble at harvest with minimal levels in husk and grain. In Ipsala, clomazone showed a high pre-planting soil concentration followed by lower levels later in the season, and tridemorph decreased across harvest fractions (stubble: 40.7; husk: 29.5; grain: 21.7 µg kg⁻¹). Tridemorph and oxadiazon were detected in both regions despite being unauthorized in Türkiye, with tridemorph exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) in harvested rice grains. Correlation analysis suggested region-specific patterns, with a strong positive association between azoxystrobin and flutriafol in Biga (r = 0.97; p < 0.001) and a more complex co-variation structure was observed in Ipsala, which may reflect co-occurrence or matrix-specific distribution patterns. These active ingredients were also recorded in the pesticide application history of the study fields. Human health risk assessment results suggested that estimated non- carcinogenic and, where applicable carcinogenic risks for adults and children, calculated using the US EPA framework, remained within commonly applied regulatory acceptability thresholds.

Conclusion—The findings suggest that pesticide residues may persist and partition differently across interconnected paddy matrices under field conditions and that unauthorized or legacy compounds can be detected, including in edible grain. Continued multi-matrix monitoring that considers stage-dependent behavior, together with source-to-receptor evaluation of transfer pathways, may support compliance checks and risk-informed management to improve the long-term sustainability of rice production in key Turkish rice-growing regions.

Keywords

• health risk assessment
• paddy
• pesticides
• rice
• transfer of the contaminants

Supporting Institution

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Project Number

ÇOMÜ BAP FDK-2023-4439

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required for this article

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